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The article is devoted to the study of gender linguistics, its origins and main trends. Gender linguists have done a great job in finding evidence of the androcentricity of the language. The most impressive results were obtained by lexicographical investigations. Analysis of the vocabulary of the German and English languages showed a significant asymmetry in the names of professions, titles, positions: socially prestigious positions are represented only by the masculine gender (der Architekt, der Doktor, President, House of Lords), while the lower classes of the social hierarchy are given to women (maid, nanny, Putzfrau). The revealed gender asymmetry led to the beginning of prescriptive linguistic activity – the elimination of linguistic gender inequality, which was expressed in the introduction into the dictionary of parallel forms of the feminine, formed either affixively or in a composite way (Professor / Professorin; Frau Professor; M-me Professor), or the replacement of gender marked lexemes by neutral ones (chairman → chairperson; stewardess → flight attendant). The lexicographic proposals of gender scientists have become part of a "politically correct vocabulary" on both sides of the ocean. However, the "total feminization of the dictionary" (totale Feminisierung) provoked a negative reaction from more moderate philologists. Agreeing with the need for a more balanced approach to the phenomenon of "masculine / feminine" in society and in the language, we note the undoubted merits of the feminist movement, which led to the revision of gender stereotypes that dominated society, consciousness and culture throughout the development of mankind. ; Статья посвящена исследованию гендерной лингвистики, её истоков и направлений. Гендерные лингвисты проделали огромную работу в поисках доказательств андроцентричности языка. Наиболее впечатляющие результаты дали лексикографические разыскания. Анализ словарного фонда немецкого и английского языков показал существенную асимметричность в наименованиях профессий, титулов, должностей: социально престижные позиции представлены только мужским родом (der Architekt, der Doktor, President, House of Lords), тогда, как низы социальной иерархии отданы женщинам (maid, nanny, Putzfrau). Обнаруженная гендерная асимметрия привела к началу прескриптивной лингвистической деятельности – выправлению языкового гендерного неравенства, что выразилось во введении в словарь параллельных форм женского рода, сформированных либо аффиксальным, либо композитным образом (Professor/Professorin; Frau Professor; M-me Professor), или замене гендерно маркированной лексемы нейтральной (chairman→chairperson; stewardess→flight attendant). Лексикографические предложения гендерологов стали частью «политически корректного словаря» по обе стороны океана. Однако, «тотальная феминизация словаря» (totale Feminisierung) вызвала негативную реакцию более умеренно настроенных филологов. Соглашаясь с необходимостью более взвешенного подхода к феномену «мужское/женское» в обществе и в языке, отметим при этом несомненные заслуги феминистского движения, приведшие к пересмотру гендерных стереотипов, доминировавших в социуме, сознании и культуре на протяжении всего развития человечества. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню гендерної лінгвістики, її витоків і напрямків. Гендерні лінгвісти виконали величезну роботу в пошуках доказів андроцентричності мови. Найбільш вражаючі результати дали лексикографічні розвідки. Аналіз словникового фонду німецької та англійської мов показав істотну асиметричність в найменуваннях професій, титулів, посад: соціально престижні позиції представлені тільки чоловічим родом (der Architekt, der Doktor, President, House of Lords), тоді, як низи соціальної ієрархії віддані жінкам (maid, nanny, Putzfrau). Виявлена гендерна асиметрія призвела до початку прескриптивної лінгвістичної діяльності – виправленню мовної гендерної нерівності, що виразилося у введенні в словник паралельних форм жіночого роду, сформованих або афіксальним, або композитним чином (Professor / Professorin; Frau Professor; M-me Professor), або заміні гендерно маркованої лексеми нейтральною (chairman → chairperson; stewardess → flight attendant). Лексикографічні пропозиції гендерології стали частиною «політично коректного словника» по обидва боки океану. Однак, «тотальна фемінізація словника» (totale Feminisierung) викликала негативну реакцію більш помірковано налаштованих філологів. Погоджуючись з необхідністю більш зваженого підходу до феномену «чоловіче / жіноче» в суспільстві і в мові, відзначимо при цьому безсумнівні заслуги феміністського руху, що призвели до перегляду гендерних стереотипів, які домінували в соціумі, свідомості і культурі протягом усього розвитку людства.

Die hier vorliegende Stellungnahme beinhaltet die Antworten des IAB zum Fragenkatalog aller Fraktionen im Rahmen der Anhörung der Enquete-Kommission "Berufliche Bildung in der digita-len Arbeitswelt" des Deutschen Bundestags am 10.12.2018. Der Fragenkatalog deckt ein sehr brei-tes Themenspektrum ab. Eine ausführliche Zusammenfassung findet sich in Kapitel 6. Im Folgen-den wird deshalb ein Überblick zu den in der Stellungnahme behandelten Themen gegeben. Das IAB geht in der Stellungnahme zunächst auf die Konsequenzen der Digitalisierung für die be-ruflichen Arbeitsmärkte ein. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Substituierbarkeitspotenziale in den letzten Jahren angestiegen sind, dass also zunehmend mehr berufliche Tätigkeiten durch Computer oder Maschinen ersetzt werden können. Das Substituierbarkeitspotenzial fällt dabei in den verschiede-nen beruflichen Teilarbeitsmärkten sehr unterschiedlich aus. Für die Arbeitswelt der Zukunft ge-hen Projektionsrechnungen davon aus, dass sich diese in ihrer Branchen-, Berufs- und Anforde-rungsstruktur deutlich von der heutigen unterscheiden wird. Dieser Wandel der Arbeitswelten führt zu steigenden Kompetenzanforderungen. Neben digitalen Kompetenzen gewinnen insbesondere auch soziale Kompetenzen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Auch wenn eine berufliche Ausbildung oder ein Hochschulstudium weiterhin die Basis für die Be-wältigung zukünftiger Herausforderungen der Arbeitswelt bilden, werden Weiterbildung bezie-hungsweise Lebenslanges Lernen immer wichtiger. Der zweite Teil der Stellungnahme geht auf die betriebliche Ausbildung ein. Die aktuelle Situation am deutschen Ausbildungsmarkt ist durch Passungsprobleme geprägt. Einer hohen Zahl an un-versorgten Ausbildungsplatzbewerbern steht eine steigende Zahl an unbesetzten Ausbildungs-plätzen gegenüber. Um auch den Auszubildenden einen Einblick in die neuen Technologien, die in Betrieben ausgebildet werden, die nicht mit solchen Technologien ausgestattet sind, bieten sich Ausbildungsverbünde an. Anschließend widmet sich die Stellungnahme dem Thema Weiterbildung. Die Teilnahmechancen an beruflicher Weiterbildung sind nach wie vor ungleich verteilt. Zur Förderung der Weiterbildung bestimmter Personengruppen kommen verschiedene Instrumente wie Gutscheine, finanzielle An-reize oder eine qualifizierte Weiterbildungsberatung in Frage. Problematisch an der gegenwärti-gen Ausgestaltung des Weiterbildungsmarktes und der Weiterbildung selbst ist ihre Intransparenz, die zu möglichen negativen Folgen für die Teilnahme, aber auch für die Mobilität am Arbeitsmarkt führen kann. Basierend auf den vorherigen Kapiteln wird abschließend auf eine Reihe von Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung für die Aus- und Weiterbildung eingegangen. ; The present statement contains IAB's answers to the questionnaire of all parliamentary groups at the hearing of the Enquete Commission "Vocational Education and Training in the Digital World of Work" of the German Bundestag on 10 December 2018. The questionnaire covers a very broad spectrum of topics. A detailed summary can be found in Chapter 6. The following therefore gives an overview of the topics dealt with in the statement. In its statement, the IAB first deals with the consequences of digitisation for occupational labour markets. This shows that the potential for substitution has risen in recent years, i.e. that more and more occupational activities can be replaced by computers or machines. The substitutability po-tential in the various vocational sub-markets varies greatly. For the working world of the future, projections assume that it will differ significantly from today's in its sector, occupational and re-quirements structure. This change in the world of work leads to increasing competence requirements. In addition to dig-ital competences, social competences in particular are becoming increasingly important. Even if vocational training or university studies continue to form the basis for coping with future chal-lenges in the world of work, continuing education and lifelong learning are becoming increasingly important. The second part of the statement deals with vocational training. The current situation on the Ger-man vocational training market is characterised by fitting problems. The high number of unplaced training place applicants is offset by an increasing number of unfilled training places. Training al-liances are an ideal way of giving trainees an insight into the new technologies that are being trained in companies that are not equipped with such technologies. Subsequently, the statement will be devoted to the subject of continuing vocational training. The chances of participating in continuing vocational training are still unequally distributed. Various instruments such as vouchers, financial incentives or qualified further training advice can be used to promote further training for certain groups of people. A problem with the current structure of the continuing training market and continuing training itself is its lack of transparency, which can lead to possible negative consequences for participation, but also for mobility on the labour mar-ket. Based on the previous chapters, a series of challenges of digitisation for initial and continuing vo-cational education and training is finally discussed.

Zeitgeist's nineteenth-century concept is defined as "spirit of an era". It emerged from romanticism and german Philosophy of History. It represents the spiritual and conceptual essence (or the geist) of a particular time, place and people (Germany of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries) and is also the product of a zeist (an era). We propose that the zeitgeist of our times predominantly manifests itself through Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), social networks, the increasing digitalization of information and the material production itself, as well as everyday human practices mediatized by technologies. Social institutions themselves, politics and the physical economy tend to "materialize" on the screens of a virtual world governed by the processes of digitalization (the Information Society emerging through the processes of the cognitive economy). A reality physically based on screens, on material devices whose intrinsic value is not found in "objects" but in processes, images and data. An inmaterial world of signs and information conditioning all forms of reality. A reality governed by algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, interfaces, pixels, images, etc. The idealist "nineteenth-century spirit" of the zeitgeist of the 21st century has materialized in a universe of ubiquitous screens. ; El concepto decimonónico de zeitgeist se define como "espíritu de época". Es un emergente del romanticismo y de la Filosofía de la Historia alemana. Representa la propia esencia (o la geist) espiritual y conceptual de una época, un lugar y un pueblo determinados (Alemania de fines del siglo XVIII y comienzos del XIX) y es también producto de un zeist (una época). Proponemos que la zeitgeist de nuestros tiempos se manifiesta preponderantemente en las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (TIC), en las redes sociales, la digitalización creciente de la información y la propia producción material, así como las prácticas humanas cotidianas. Las instituciones, la política y la economía tienden a "mediatizarse" en el mundo virtual de pantallas omnipresentes. Mundo regido por los procesos de digitalización (la Economía de la Información y de signos y la economía cognitiva). Una realidad asentada físicamente en registros y en pantallas, en dispositivos materiales cuyo valor intrínseco no se halla en "objetos" sino en procesos, imágenes y datos. Un mundo inmaterial de información que condiciona toda forma de realidad, rigiéndose por algoritmos, interfases, pixeles, imágenes, etc. El "espíritu decimonónico" e ideal del zeitgeist del siglo XXI se ha materializado en un universo de pantallas omnipresentes. ; O conceito do zeitgeist no século XIX é definido como "espírito da época". O romantismo e uma filosofia emergentes da história alemã. Representa a essência muito espiritual e conceitual (ou geist) de um tempo, lugar e povo específicos (Alemanha do final do século XVIII e início do século XIX) e também é o produto de um zeist (uma época). Propomos que o zeitgeist de nossos tempos se manifesta predominantemente nas Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC), nas redes sociais, na crescente digitalização da informação e na própria produção material, bem como nas práticas humanas cotidianas. Instituições, política e economia tendem a "mediar" no mundo virtual de telas onipresentes. Mundo governado pelos processos de digitalização (Economia da Informação e dos Sinais e economia cognitiva). Uma realidade fisicamente baseada em registros e telas, em dispositivos materiais cujo valor intrínseco não é encontrado em "objetos", mas em processos, imagens e dados. Um mundo imaterial de informações que condiciona todas as formas de realidade, governadas por algoritmos, interfaces, pixels, imagens etc. O "espírito do século XIX" e o ideal do zeitgeist do século XXI se materializaram em um universo de telas onipresentes.

Police patrol dogs face many challenging situations, and only a proportion of dogs are suitable for this work. It is desirable to identify suitable dogs as early as possible, allowing unsuited dogs to be released for other purposes and reducing the emotional cost of separating the dog and handler at a later age. However, the selection process may be less reliable when dogs are young and their personality is less established. I investigated the stability of dog behavior in the different successive subtests of a standardized behavior test conducted at two different ages, and test outcome of each test (pass or fail, based on expert evaluation by testers). I also examined the extent to which behavior in the first test predicted the outcome of the second test. A standardized test was administered twice to 62 male German shepherds by Norwegian and Swedish police dog testers (N = 31 dogs per country) approximately 6 and 12 months of age (mean ± SD: 6.14 ± 0.50 vs 12.31 ± 0.64 months). Tests comprised 63 behavioral variables assessed across 14 subtests designed to measure behavioral responses in different situations. Each variable was scored from 1 to 5, with higher scores representing more desirable responses, and the mean score for each subtest was calculated. A positive association was found between test outcomes at 6 and 12 months (χ2 = 14.78, p <0.001), with 74.2% of dogs having the same outcome at both ages. Bland-Altman plots identified 7 subtests with mean scores that showed consistency in the interval 6-12 months. Binary logistic regression models identified that the mean scores from 3 subtests at 6 months, and 4 at 12 months, were significant predictors of test outcomes at the age tested. Furthermore, 3 subtests at 6 months were significant predictors of test outcomes at 12 months. I compared the mean score from the 3 subtests between dogs that A) passed at both ages (n = 21), B) failed at 6, but passed at 12 months (n = 13) or C) failed at both ages (n = 25). Back-transformed least squares mean scores (± SD) adjusted for multiple comparisons were higher for dogs in category A (4.23 ± 0.36) than B (3.90 ± 0.37, z = 2.62, p = 0.024) or C (3.41 ± 0.35, z = 7.74, p <0.001), and category B scores also exceeded category C scores (z = 4.00, p <0.001). These results suggest that some subtests are more predictive of test outcomes than others. They also suggest that testing can be implemented at the earlier age to exclude low scoring dogs and accept high scoring dogs while leaving open the possibility of a second test when older for a relatively small subset of young dogs with ambiguous (intermediate) test results. ; Politiets patruljehunder må takle mange utfordrende situasjoner, og bare et fåtall hunder er egnet for dette arbeidet. Muligheten til å identifisere egnete hunder som tidlig som mulig er svært ønskelig, slik at uegnede hunder kan frigjøres til andre oppgaver eller omplasseres. Tidligere omplassering vil redusere den emosjonellbelastningen det er å skille hund og hundefører ved et senere tidspunkt. Seleksjonsprosessen kan være mindre pålitelig når hundene er yngre og deres personlighet er mindre etablert. Jeg undersøkte stabiliteten til hundeadferd i ulike suksessive deltester i en standardisert adferdstest utført ved to ulike aldere, og testresultatet fra hver testalder (bestått vs. stryk, basert på ekspertevaluering fra testledere). Jeg undersøkte også til hvilken grad adferden i den første testen predikterte testresultatet i den andre testen. ; M-BIOL

By 1800, national surveys had become a priority for regimes around Europe, keen to centralise government and secure territories during a period of significant political upheaval. Military requirements were paramount but the representation of relief remained woefully inadequate. Commanders, not content with simple rough impressions of relief, demanded effective representations from which absolute altitudes and gradients could be derived. However, innovative methods of relief depiction were unlikely to be spearheaded by new national mapping institutions, already committed to long-term mapping programmes. Conversely, for those independent cartographers and model makers, unfettered by the constraints that characterised national institutions, the pursuit of the optimum depiction of relief became a preoccupation verging on obsession. Inspired by early map and model makers, Swiss, German and Austrian cartographers embarked on a phase of developing more artistic, naturalistic means to create an illusion of the third dimension on the two-dimensional face of the map. Chromolithography had made possible the replacement of hachures by shading tones and the production of multicolour printed maps. As a result, a wide variety of maps appeared during the second half of the 19th century with hypsometric tints generating images of naturalistic and symbolic landscapes. Alternative and often competing methods of assigning colour in sequence were developed most notably in central Europe. This culminated in the publication of Schatthenplastik and Farbenplastik in 1898 in Vienna by Karl Peucker (1859–1940) a work that injected new life and debate into the pursuit of an optimum colour sequence for layered relief maps that would last well into the next century. This paper aims to assess the role of model making in initiating and fuelling a period of experimentation and development of relief portrayal. The increasing fascination with the natural wonders of the world combined with the growth of Alpine tourism kick started a period of private enterprise in which the production of relief models became a highly valued activity. Starting with the remarkable model of the Relief of Central Switzerland by Franz Ludwig Pfyffer von Wyher (1716–1802), through the exploits of Joachim Eugen Müller (1752–1833) (Figure 1) to the later models crafted by Xaver Imfeld (1853–1909), Simon Simon (1857–1925) and Fridolin Becker (1854–1922), this period witnessed a level of artistry and craftsmanship that has arguably never been surpassed. Opportunity is taken to assess the accuracy of one of the key models produced by Joachim Eugen Müller. This clearly demonstrates that early model making achieved standards of accuracy that were extraordinary for the time. Of course, such feats were not the preserve of European model makers. For example, readers of reports and newspaper articles from expeditions to the interior of the United States had thrilled at the photographs, drawings, sketches and maps of Niagara Falls, Yosemite Valley and the Grand Canyon. No sooner had John Wesley Powell completed his expedition to the Grand Canyon in 1874 and published a detailed report, than its true magnificence was brought to public attention through a model of the Grand Canyon constructed by Edwin Howell in 1875 (McCalmont, 2015). The nineteenth century was characterized by great endeavour and craftsmanship that fashioned some of the most remarkable and visually stunning maps ever published. This paper pulls together the various strands of this complex story into a coherent narrative and assesses the role of model makers in underpinning this 'golden age'.

The police, as well as other government agencies is a rather conservative mechanism not prone to rapid changes of style, techniques and methods of work and management methods as well. Despite more than a four-year "experience" of police reform in Russia, the police, is still the subject of constant criticism both from policing practitioners and theorists. This article describes the "cooperative" management system. The goal of the proposed material to the reader is the opening for the Russian reader leadership practices of the German police. The authors suggest that familiarity with the data presented below will help the continued practice of reforming of the Russian police, as well as police forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Today, both in Europe and Russia the traditional authoritarian system management and administration of the force dominates the factthat due to authors does not meet modern requirements of a changing and globalizing society and in the Police Science there is almost complete lack of international studies and those present are very scattered and fragmentary. It seems that this material will be useful for the further work of managers in the Russian police and possibly other countries of the so-called the former Soviet Union. ; La policía, como otros organismos estatales, es un mecanismo bastante conservador, no propenso a cambios rápidos en el estilo, los métodos y los métodos de trabajo, así como los métodos de gestión. A pesar de más de cuatro años de "experiencia" en la reforma de la policía en Rusia, la policía sigue siendo objeto de críticas constantes por parte de la policía y los teóricos. Este artículo describe un sistema de gestión "cooperativo". El propósito del material ofrecido al lector es la divulgación de las prácticas líderes de la policía alemana para el lector ruso. Los autores sugieren que conocer los datos que se presentan a continuación ayudará a continuar la práctica de reformar la policía rusa, así como las fuerzas policiales de los países de la Comunidad de Estados Independientes (CEI). Hoy en día, tanto en Europa como en Rusia, el sistema autoritario tradicional de gestión y administración de fuerzas domina en que, según los autores, no cumple con los requisitos modernos de una sociedad de globalización cambiante, y casi no hay investigación internacional en ciencia policial. Este material será útil para el trabajo posterior de los gerentes de la policía rusa y, posiblemente, de otros países de la llamada antigua Unión Soviética. ; Полиция, как и другие государственные органы, является довольно консервативным механизмом, не склонным к быстрым изменениям стиля, приемов и методов работы, а также методов управления. Несмотря на более чем четырехлетний «опыт» реформирования полиции в России, полиция по-прежнему подвергается постоянной критике со стороны как полицейских, так и теоретиков. В данной статье описывается «кооперативная» система управления. Целью предлагаемого читателю материала является раскрытие для российского читателя лидерских практик немецкой полиции. Авторы предполагают, что знакомство с данными, представленными ниже, поможет продолжить практику реформирования российской полиции, а также сил полиции стран СодружестваНезависимых Государств (СНГ). Сегодня как в Европе, так и в России традиционная авторитарная система управления и администрирования сил доминирует в том, что, по мнению авторов, не отвечает современным требованиям изменяющегося общества глобализации, а в науке о полиции почти полностью отсутствуют международные исследования. Этот материал будет полезен для дальнейшей работы менеджеров российской полиции и, возможно, других стран так называемого бывшего Советского Союза.

Приведен краткий научно-исторический очерк о выдающемся советском конструкторе ракетно-космической техники Сергее Павловиче Королеве, ставшем одним из основоположников отечественного ракетостроения и практической космонавтики. Отмечен важный вклад бывших немецких ракетчиков, работавших в СССР после окончания Второй мировой войны, в разработку первых советских баллистических ракет. Описаны основные научно-технические достижения С.П. Королева в области создания советского стратегического ракетного оружия и современной ракетно-космической техники для освоения землянами ближнего и дальнего космического пространства. Показано, что главный конструктор С.П. Королев является «отцом» отечественной ракетно-космической техники, обеспечившей запуск первого в мире советского искусственного спутника Земли (1957 г.) и пребывание на околоземной космической орбите первого в истории человечества советского космонавта Ю.А. Гагарина (1961 г.). ; Purpose. Preparation of short scientifically-historical essay about one of founders of domestic rocket production and practical cosmonautics, distinguished Soviet designer of space-rocket technology Sergey Pavlovich Korolev. Methodology. Known scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of scientific and technical information, touching becoming and development in the world of space-rocket technique and resulted in scientific monographs, journals and internet-reports. Results. A short scientifically-historical essay is presented about the distinguished Soviet designer of space-rocket technique S.P. Korolev, becoming one of founders of domestic rocket production and practical cosmonautics. The important deposit of former German people, creating rockets, workings in the USSR after completion of the World War II is marked, in development of the first Soviet ballistic rockets. Basic scientific and technical achievements of talented and purposeful scientist and practical worker, becoming in 1950 a Chief Designer of the Special Design Bureau No. 1 (SDB-1), S.P. Korolev in area of creation of Soviet strategic rocket weapon (rocket-nuclear «shield») and modern space-rocket technique for mastering of near and distant space tellurians. It is pointed out that under the direction of the Chief Designer of SDB-1 S.P. Korolev in the USSR was developed and accepted on the armament of Soviet Army consisting of two stages intercontinental ballistic rocket (ICBR) of type P-7 (1956, military index 8K71, by power of thermonuclear war-head in 5 Mt and distance of its flight in 8 thousands km) with the liquid rocket engines (LRE) of type РД-107 and РД-108 of design of distinguished Soviet designer in area of rocket engines V.P. Glushko. It is indicated that the Chief Designer S.P. Korolev is the «father» of domestic space-rocket technique, providing by powerful launch vehicles, created in the USSR on the basis of ICBR with LRE of РД-7 type (military index 8K71), start of first in the world of Soviet space satellite (on Octobers, 4, 1957) and start on the circumterrestrial space orbit of the first in history humanity of Soviet cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin (on April, 12, 1961). Originality. Certain systematization is executed of known from mass medias of scientific and technical materials, touching becoming and development in the USSR of rocket production, at the sources of which the talented scientist-practical worker and distinguished Soviet designer of space-rocket technique S.P. Korolev. Practical value. Scientific popularization and deepening for the students of higher school, engineer and technical and scientific workers of physical and technical knowledge in area of history of becoming and development in the former USSR of modern rocket production, extending their scientific and technical range of interests and further development of scientific and technical progress in society.

У статті розглянуті два законодавчі акти Німеччини, присвячені регулюванню авторського права і суміжних прав в інформаційному суспільстві. Перший введений в дію 10 вересня 2003 гора (Закон 2003 роки), другий посилання — 1 січня 2008 року (Закон 2008 року), якими внесено істотні зміни до Закону Німеччини про авторське право і суміжні права від 9 вересня 1965 року. Досліджено нововведення зазначених законодавчих актів Німеччини, які рекомендовано розглядати при подальшому вдосконаленні національного законодавства України у сфері авторського права і суміжних прав. ; В статье рассмотрены два законодательных акта Германии, посвященные регулированию авторского права и смежных прав в информационном обществе.Первый введен в действие 10 сентября 2003 гора (Закон 2003 года), второй — 1 января 2008 года (Закон 2008 года), которыми внесены значительные изменения в Закон Германии об авторском праве и смежных правах от 9 сентября 1965 года. Исследованы нововведения указанных законодательных актов Германии, которые рекомендовано рассматривать при дельнейшем совершенствовании национального законодательства Украины в области авторского права и смежных прав. ; The article discusses two legislative acts of Germany on the regulation of copyright and related rights in the information society. The first was enacted on September 10, 2003 (the 2003 law) and the second — January 1, 2008 (the 2008 law), which introduced significant changes to the German law of September 3, 1965 (on copyright and related rights).The main innovation of the 2003 law introduced the rights to publicity post rights works on the Internet and its restrictions prohibit the use of technical means of protecting works without the consent of the authors. The law also prohibits the copying of works for personal use in cases where a copy is used to create a copy (the counterfeitingof which is obvious). The main points of the reform envisaged by the 2008 law: in paragraph 31 of the «Copyright and Related Rights» Law the fourth paragraph containing a ban on granting rights use was crossed out. The system of determining the amount of funds that arepayable by importers of manufacturers and equipment and material carriers used to reproduce works replacement by contractual. Amendments were made to the article containing the rules of free coping for personal purposes. New laws were established on thelegislative framework for the use of copyright works in the field of education and science.As of March 1, 2017, new rules for exclusive licenses apply in Germany. Thus, «exclusivity » under an exclusive license reduced to 10 years (paragraph 40 A); after a ten-year license period, are considered non-exclusive and the author may freely and free of chargeoperate the licensed work and grant licenses to other persons. After the first five years of the period, only its licenses may be agreed by the parties and agreed to extend the exclusivity beyond ten years. This provides the authors with the opportunity to claim additionalcompensation for extended exclusivity, especially where practice has shown that there is real commercial success by the end of the first five years of the license.Introducing also reporting obligations (paragraphs 32 d and 32 c): new rules for author authorizing the right to require licensees of annual reports detailing how licensed works are used and the amount of revenue generated from such use.Investigated the innovations of legislative acts in Germany, which is recommended to take into account while further improving of the legislation of Ukraine in the field of copyright and adjacent rights are investigated.

By 1800, national surveys had become a priority for regimes around Europe, keen to centralise government and secure territories during a period of significant political upheaval. Military requirements were paramount but the representation of relief remained woefully inadequate. Commanders, not content with simple rough impressions of relief, demanded effective representations from which absolute altitudes and gradients could be derived. However, innovative methods of relief depiction were unlikely to be spearheaded by new national mapping institutions, already committed to long-term mapping programmes. Conversely, for those independent cartographers and model makers, unfettered by the constraints that characterised national institutions, the pursuit of the optimum depiction of relief became a preoccupation verging on obsession. Inspired by early map and model makers, Swiss, German and Austrian cartographers embarked on a phase of developing more artistic, naturalistic means to create an illusion of the third dimension on the two-dimensional face of the map. Chromolithography had made possible the replacement of hachures by shading tones and the production of multicolour printed maps. As a result, a wide variety of maps appeared during the second half of the 19th century with hypsometric tints generating images of naturalistic and symbolic landscapes. Alternative and often competing methods of assigning colour in sequence were developed most notably in central Europe. This culminated in the publication of Schatthenplastik and Farbenplastik in 1898 in Vienna by Karl Peucker (1859–1940) a work that injected new life and debate into the pursuit of an optimum colour sequence for layered relief maps that would last well into the next century. This paper aims to assess the role of model making in initiating and fuelling a period of experimentation and development of relief portrayal. The increasing fascination with the natural wonders of the world combined with the growth of Alpine tourism kick started a period of private enterprise in which the production of relief models became a highly valued activity. Starting with the remarkable model of the Relief of Central Switzerland by Franz Ludwig Pfyffer von Wyher (1716–1802), through the exploits of Joachim Eugen Müller (1752–1833) (Figure 1) to the later models crafted by Xaver Imfeld (1853–1909), Simon Simon (1857–1925) and Fridolin Becker (1854–1922), this period witnessed a level of artistry and craftsmanship that has arguably never been surpassed. Opportunity is taken to assess the accuracy of one of the key models produced by Joachim Eugen Müller. This clearly demonstrates that early model making achieved standards of accuracy that were extraordinary for the time. Of course, such feats were not the preserve of European model makers. For example, readers of reports and newspaper articles from expeditions to the interior of the United States had thrilled at the photographs, drawings, sketches and maps of Niagara Falls, Yosemite Valley and the Grand Canyon. No sooner had John Wesley Powell completed his expedition to the Grand Canyon in 1874 and published a detailed report, than its true magnificence was brought to public attention through a model of the Grand Canyon constructed by Edwin Howell in 1875 (McCalmont, 2015). The nineteenth century was characterized by great endeavour and craftsmanship that fashioned some of the most remarkable and visually stunning maps ever published. This paper pulls together the various strands of this complex story into a coherent narrative and assesses the role of model makers in underpinning this 'golden age'.

This paper presents a measurement of quantities related to the formation of jets from high-energy quarks and gluons (fragmentation). Jets with transverse momentum 100 GeV 500 MeV and vertical bar eta vertical bar < 2.5 are used to probe the detailed structure of the jet. The fragmentation properties of the more forward and the more central of the two leading jets from each event are studied. The data are unfolded to correct for detector resolution and acceptance effects. Comparisons with parton shower Monte Carlo generators indicate that existing models provide a reasonable description of the data across a wide range of phase space, but there are also significant differences. Furthermore, the data are interpreted in the context of quark- and gluon-initiated jets by exploiting the rapidity dependence of the jet flavor fraction. A first measurement of the charged-particle multiplicity using model-independent jet labels (topic modeling) provides a promising alternative to traditional quark and gluon extractions using input from simulation. The simulations provide a reasonable description of the quark-like data across the jet p(T) range presented in-this measurement, but the gluon-like data have systematically fewer charged particles than the simulation. ; CERN; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia, Australian Research Council; BMWFW; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERCNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CONICYTComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CRMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; MPO CR; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; BMBFFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ISFIsrael Science Foundation; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXTMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSWMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalFundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT); MNE/IFA, Romania; NRC KI, Russian Federation; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRSSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; MINECO, Spain; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SNSFSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOEUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSFNational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF; CANARIE; COST, ERC; ERDFEuropean Union (EU); Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Investissements d' Avenir LabexFrench National Research Agency (ANR); ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); DFGGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, Germany, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF; GIF, Israel, German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; Royal Society of London; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomLeverhulme Trust; NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden); KIT/GridKA (Germany); INFN-CNAF (Italy); NL-Tl (Netherlands), PIC (Spain); ASGC (Taiwan); BNL (USA) [110] ; Open access article ; This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.

Fracture pattern development has been a challenging area of research in the Earth sciences for more than 100 years. Much has been learned about the spatial and temporal complexity inherent to these systems, but severe challenges remain. Future advances will require new approaches. Chemical processes play a larger role in openingmode fracture pattern development than has hitherto been appreciated. This review examines relationships between mechanical and geochemical processes that influence the fracture patterns recorded in natural settings. For fractures formed in diagenetic settings (~50 to 200 °C), we review evidence of chemical reactions in fractures and show how a chemical perspective helps solve problems in fracture analysis. We also outline impediments to subsurface pattern measurement and interpretation, assess implications of discoveries in fracture history reconstruction for processbased models, review models of fracture cementation and chemically assisted fracture growth, and discuss promising paths for future work. To accurately predict the mechanical and fluid flow properties of fracture systems, a processesbased approach is needed. Progress is possible using observational, experimental, and modeling approaches that view fracture patterns and properties as the result of coupled mechanical and chemical processes. A critical area is reconstructing patterns through time. Such data sets are essential for developing and testing predictive models. Other topics that need work include models of crystal growth and dissolution rates under geological conditions, cement mechanical effects, and subcritical crack propagation. Advances in machine learning and 3D imaging present opportunities for a mechanistic understanding of fracture formation and development, enabling prediction of spatial and temporal complexity over geologic timescales. Geophysical research with a chemical perspective is needed to correctly identify and interpret fractures from geophysical measurements during site characterization and monitoring of subsurface engineering activities. ; This manuscript resulted from discussions at a workshop sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science (SC), Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES), Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences (CSGB) Division that was held in Leesburg, Virginia, in May 2016. We are grateful to James Rustad for his leadership, contributions to discussions at the workshop, and encouragement and support during the preparation of this review. S. E. L. appreciates support in organizing and conducting the workshop and preparing the paper from Grant DEFG0203ER15430 from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division. Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. DOE's National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract DENA0003525. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is a multiprogram national laboratory operated by Battelle Memorial Institute for the U.S. DOE. Contributions from ORNL, SNL and PNNL are based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division. The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. DOE or the U.S. Government. J. L. U. acknowledges funding by the German Science Foundation Project NE 822/341|UR 64/171. We also value discussions with P. Eichhubl, A. Fall, and J. F. W. Gale, contributions to workshop preparation from R. A. Schultz, and discussion and comments from R. Cygan, S.F. Forstner, Q. Wang, and journal reviewers. No data were used in the preparation of this manuscript. ; Published version

Afro-Colombian communities in the South Pacific, such as those that have settled in the Naya river basin -the natural border between the departments of Cauca and Valle del Cauca- have undertaken a series of struggles for recognition of the collective character of their communities and for the demand for their political participation in decision-making spaces at the local, regional and national levels. In these efforts, the role played by black women has been limited by the patriarchal structures of domination that have permeated the thinking and cultural traditions of the Afro-Colombian people since the Colony; promoting the mobilization of Afro women to subjectivize themselves politically, that is, to make themselves visible as subjects in the spaces of political deliberation and decision. However, this process has developed, most of the time, under a dichotomous modality: either they politicize their traditional roles or they distance themselves from them. Seeking to reverse this scheme, the AINÍ Women's Association -an organizational process of black women with a presence in Bajo Naya- intends, with its subjective proposal, to transcend the antagonism between the political and domestic roles of African women in order to find a way that recognizes the importance of both in the defense of Afro-Colombian territory and culture. Thus, the purpose of this research is to understand the proposal of political subjectivation that AINÍ Women have in the light of the political theory of Hannah Arendt, German philosopher who focused her attention on highlighting the moral connotations of appearing in the human world, that is, of being politically subjectivated. The concepts of "political judgement", "political imagination" and "political singularization" will be taken as a reference for this purpose. These concepts make it possible to understand the scope of this theory in the social practices of black women in the Naya river basin. ; Las comunidades afrocolombianas del Pacífico sur, como aquellas que se han asentado en la cuenca del río Naya -frontera natural entre los departamentos del Cauca y del Valle del Cauca- han emprendido una serie de luchas por el reconocimiento del carácter colectivo de sus comunidades y por la exigencia de su participación política en los espacios de toma de decisión a nivel local, regional y nacional. En tales esfuerzos el papel que han jugado las mujeres negras se ha visto limitado por las estructuras patriarcales de dominación que han permeado el pensamiento y las tradiciones culturales del pueblo afrocolombiano desde la Colonia; impulsando la movilización de las mujeres afros para subjetivarse políticamente, es decir, para visibilizarse como sujetos en los espacios de deliberación y decisión política. No obstante, ese proceso se ha desarrollado, la mayoría de las veces, bajo una modalidad dicotómica: o politizan sus roles tradicionales o se distancia de ellos. Buscando revertir este esquema, la Asociación de Mujeres AINÍ -proceso organizativo de mujeres negras con presencia en el Bajo Naya- pretende, con su propuesta de subjetivación, trascender el antagonismo entre los roles políticos y domésticos de las mujeres afros para encontrar una vía que reconozca la importancia de ambos en la defensa del territorio y de la cultura afrocolombiana. Así, el propósito de esta investigación es comprender la propuesta de subjetivación política que tienen las Mujeres AINÍ a la luz de la teoría política de Hannah Arendt, filósofa alemana que centró su atención en poner de relieve las connotaciones morales que tiene el aparecer en el mundo humano, es decir, de subjetivarse políticamente. Para esto, se tomarán como referencia los conceptos de «juicio político», «imaginación política» y «singularización política», los cuales permiten entender los alcances que tiene dicha teoría en las prácticas sociales de las mujeres negras de la cuenca del río Naya. ; Magíster en Estudios Políticos ; Maestría

Статья посвящена исследованию гендерной лингвистики, её истоков и направлений. Гендерные лингвисты проделали огромную работу в поисках доказательств андроцентричности языка. Наиболее впечатляющие результаты дали лексикографические разыскания. Анализ словарного фонда немецкого и английского языков показал существенную асимметричность в наименованиях профессий, титулов, должностей: социально престижные позиции представлены только мужским родом (der Architekt, der Doktor, President, House of Lords), тогда, как низы социальной иерархии отданы женщинам (maid, nanny, Putzfrau). Обнаруженная гендерная асимметрия привела к началу прескриптивной лингвистической деятельности – выправлению языкового гендерного неравенства, что выразилось во введении в словарь параллельных форм женского рода, сформированных либо аффиксальным, либо композитным образом (Professor/Professorin; Frau Professor; M-me Professor), или замене гендерно маркированной лексемы нейтральной (chairman→chairperson; stewardess→flight attendant). Лексикографические предложения гендерологов стали частью «политически корректного словаря» по обе стороны океана. Однако, «тотальная феминизация словаря» (totale Feminisierung) вызвала негативную реакцию более умеренно настроенных филологов. Соглашаясь с необходимостью более взвешенного подхода к феномену «мужское/женское» в обществе и в языке, отметим при этом несомненные заслуги феминистского движения, приведшие к пересмотру гендерных стереотипов, доминировавших в социуме, сознании и культуре на протяжении всего развития человечества. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню гендерної лінгвістики, її витоків і напрямків. Гендерні лінгвісти виконали величезну роботу в пошуках доказів андроцентричності мови. Найбільш вражаючі результати дали лексикографічні розвідки. Аналіз словникового фонду німецької та англійської мов показав істотну асиметричність в найменуваннях професій, титулів, посад: соціально престижні позиції представлені тільки чоловічим родом (der Architekt, der Doktor, President, House of Lords), тоді, як низи соціальної ієрархії віддані жінкам (maid, nanny, Putzfrau). Виявлена гендерна асиметрія призвела до початку прескриптивної лінгвістичної діяльності – виправленню мовної гендерної нерівності, що виразилося у введенні в словник паралельних форм жіночого роду, сформованих або афіксальним, або композитним чином (Professor / Professorin; Frau Professor; M-me Professor), або заміні гендерно маркованої лексеми нейтральною (chairman → chairperson; stewardess → flight attendant). Лексикографічні пропозиції гендерології стали частиною «політично коректного словника» по обидва боки океану. Однак, «тотальна фемінізація словника» (totale Feminisierung) викликала негативну реакцію більш помірковано налаштованих філологів. Погоджуючись з необхідністю більш зваженого підходу до феномену «чоловіче / жіноче» в суспільстві і в мові, відзначимо при цьому безсумнівні заслуги феміністського руху, що призвели до перегляду гендерних стереотипів, які домінували в соціумі, свідомості і культурі протягом усього розвитку людства. ; The article is devoted to the study of gender linguistics, its origins and main trends. Gender linguists have done a great job in finding evidence of the androcentricity of the language. The most impressive results were obtained by lexicographical investigations. Analysis of the vocabulary of the German and English languages showed a significant asymmetry in the names of professions, titles, positions: socially prestigious positions are represented only by the masculine gender (der Architekt, der Doktor, President, House of Lords), while the lower classes of the social hierarchy are given to women (maid, nanny, Putzfrau). The revealed gender asymmetry led to the beginning of prescriptive linguistic activity – the elimination of linguistic gender inequality, which was expressed in the introduction into the dictionary of parallel forms of the feminine, formed either affixively or in a composite way (Professor / Professorin; Frau Professor; M-me Professor), or the replacement of gender marked lexemes by neutral ones (chairman → chairperson; stewardess → flight attendant). The lexicographic proposals of gender scientists have become part of a "politically correct vocabulary" on both sides of the ocean. However, the "total feminization of the dictionary" (totale Feminisierung) provoked a negative reaction from more moderate philologists. Agreeing with the need for a more balanced approach to the phenomenon of "masculine / feminine" in society and in the language, we note the undoubted merits of the feminist movement, which led to the revision of gender stereotypes that dominated society, consciousness and culture throughout the development of mankind.

Приведен краткий научно-исторический очерк о выдающемся советском конструкторе ракетно-космической техники Сергее Павловиче Королеве, ставшем одним из основоположников отечественного ракетостроения и практической космонавтики. Отмечен важный вклад бывших немецких ракетчиков, работавших в СССР после окончания Второй мировой войны, в разработку первых советских баллистических ракет. Описаны основные научно-технические достижения С. П. Королева в области создания советского стратегического ракетного оружия и современной ракетно-космической техники для освоения землянами ближнего и дальнего космического пространства. Показано, что главный конструктор С. П. Королев является«отцом» отечественной ракетно-космической техники, обеспечившей запуск первого в мире советского искусственного спутника Земли(1957 г.) и пребывание на околоземной космической орбите первого в истории человечества советского космонавта Ю. А. Гагарина(1961 г.). ; Purpose. Preparation of short scientifically-historical essay about one of founders of domestic rocket production and practical cos monautics, distinguished Soviet designer of space-rocket technology Sergey Pavlovich Korolev. Methodology.Known scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of scientific and technical information, touching becoming and develop-ment in the world of space-rockettechnique and resulted in scien-tific monographs, journals and internet-reports. Results.A short scientifically-historical essay is presented about the distinguished Soviet designer of space-rocket technique S.P. Korolev, becoming one of founders of domestic rocket production and practical cos-monautics. The important deposit of former German people, creating rockets, workings in the USSR after completion of the World War II is marked, in development of the first Soviet ballistic rockets. Basic scientific and technical achievements of talented and purposeful scientist and practical worker, becoming in 1950 a Chief Designer of the Special Design Bureau No. 1 (SDB-1), S.P. Korolev in area of creation of Soviet strategic rocket weapon (rocket-nuclear «shield») and modern space-rocket technique for mastering of near and distant space tellurians. It is pointed out that under the direction of the Chief Designer of SDB-1 S.P. Korolev in the USSR was developed and accepted on the arma-ment of Soviet Army consisting of two stages intercontinental ballistic rocket (ICBR) of type P-7 (1956, military index 8K71, by power of thermonuclear war-head in 5 Mt and distance of its flight in 8 thousands km) with the liquid rocket engines (LRE) of type РД-107 and РД-108 of design of distinguished Soviet de-signer in area of rocket engines V.P. Glushko. It is indicated that the Chief Designer S.P. Korolev is the «father» of domestic space-rocket technique, providing by powerful launch vehicles, created in the USSR on the basis of ICBR with LRE of РД-7 type (military index 8K71), start of first in the world of Soviet space satellite (on Octobers, 4, 1957) and start on the circumterrestrial space orbit of the first in history humanity of Soviet cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin (on April, 12, 1961). Originality. Certain systematization is exe-cuted of known from mass medias of scientific and technical mate-rials, touching becoming and development in the USSR of rocket production, at the sources of which the talented scientist-practical worker and distinguished Soviet designer of space-rocket technique S.P. Korolev. Practical value.Scientific popularization and deepening for the students of higher school, engineer and technical and scientific workers of physical and technical knowledge in area of history of becoming and development in the former USSR of modern rocket production, extending their scientific and technical range of interests and further development of scientific and technical progress in society

Using highly improved staggered quark (HISQ) N f = 2 + 1 + 1 MILC ensembles with five different values of the lattice spacing, including four ensembles with physical quark masses, we perform the most precise computation to date of the K → π ℓ ν vector form factor at zero momentum transfer, f K 0 π − + ( 0 ) = 0.9696 ( 15 ) stat ( 12 ) syst . This is the first calculation that includes the dominant finite-volume effects, as calculated in chiral perturbation theory at next-to-leading order. Our result for the form factor provides a direct determination of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix element | V u s | = 0.22333 ( 44 ) f + ( 0 ) ( 42 ) exp , with a theory error that is, for the first time, at the same level as the experimental error. The uncertainty of the semileptonic determination is now similar to that from leptonic decays and the ratio f K + / f π + , which uses | V u d | as input. Our value of | V u s | is in tension at the 2 – 2.6 σ level both with the determinations from leptonic decays and with the unitarity of the CKM matrix. In the test of CKM unitarity in the first row, the current limiting factor is the error in | V u d | , although a recent determination of the nucleus-independent radiative corrections to superallowed nuclear β decays could reduce the | V u d | 2 uncertainty nearly to that of | V u s | 2 . Alternative unitarity tests using only kaon decays, for which improvements in the theory and experimental inputs are likely in the next few years, reveal similar tensions and could be further improved by taking correlations between the theory inputs. As part of our analysis, we calculated the correction to f K π + ( 0 ) due to nonequilibrated topological charge at leading order in chiral perturbation theory, for both the full-QCD and the partially quenched cases. We also obtain the combination of low-energy constants in the chiral effective Lagrangian [ C r 12 + C r 34 − ( L r 5 ) 2 ] ( M ρ ) = ( 2.92 ± 0.31 ) × 10 − 6 . ; This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under Grants No. DE-FG02-91ER40628 (C. B.), No. DE-FC02-12ER41879 (C. D.), No. DE-SC0010120 (S. G.), No. DE-FG02-91ER40661 (S. G.), No. DE-FG02- 13ER42001 (A. X. K.), No. DE-SC0015655 (A. X. K.), No. DE-SC0010005 (E. T. N.), No. DE-FG02- 13ER41976 (D. T.); by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grants No. PHY14-14614 and No. PHY17-19626 (C. D.), No. PHY14-17805 (J. L.), and No. PHY13-16748 and No. PHY16-20625 (R. S.); by the MINECO (Spain) under Grants No. FPA2013- 47836-C-1-P and No. FPA2016-78220-C3-3-P (E. G.); by the Junta de Andalucía (Spain) under Grant No. FQM-101 (E. G.); by the European Commission (EC) under Grant No. PCIG10-GA-2011-303781 (E. G.); by the U.K. Science and Technology Facilities Council (J. K.); by the German Excellence Initiative and the European Union Seventh Framework Program under Grant No. 291763 as well as the European Union Marie Curie COFUND program (J. K., A. S. K.). Brookhaven National Laboratory is supported by the United States Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics, under Contract No. DESC0012704. Fermilab is operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under Contract No. DE-AC02- 07CH11359 with the United States Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics.