Suchergebnisse

Seit dem Jahr 2013 sind Begegnungszonen in Österreich in der StVO verankert. Zahlreiche Städte und Gemeinden haben bereits von dieser Möglichkeit Gebrauch gemacht und Begegnungszonen verord-net. Begegnungszonen sind eine Verkehrsberuhigungsmaßnahme und sollen dazu dienen, dass be-stimmte Abschnitte im Straßenraum allen VerkehrsteilnehmerInnen gleichberechtigt zur Verfügung stehen. Daher stellen sie auch eine politisch sehr beliebte Maßnahme zur Verkehrsberuhigung, vor allem in Ortszentren, dar. Zumal bei guter Planung und Umsetzung eine sozial- als auch wirtschafts-fördernde Wirkung erzielt werden kann. Begegnungszonenprojekte bedürfen gewisser Voraussetzun-gen, vor allem hinsichtlich der Siedlungs-, Nutzungs- und Verkehrsstruktur. Zudem spielt die Einbin-dung von BürgerInnen im Planungsprozess eine wichtige Rolle. In dieser Arbeit wird daher der Frage nachgegangen, welche Qualität Begegnungszonen in Österreich, hinsichtlich der Planung, Gestaltung und Evaluierung, haben. Zu diesem Zweck wurden die Begegnungszonen in Österreich erhoben und davon zehn ausgewählt. Die Zonen wurden in einem Lokalaugenschein fotografisch und schriftlich dokumentiert. In der Litera-turrecherche wurden anhand Literatur aus der Schweiz, Deutschland und Österreich Kriterien her-ausgearbeitet, die zur Bewertung der Begegnungszonen dienen. Die Bewertung der zehn ausgewähl-ten Begegnungszonen zeichnet ein heterogenes Bild. Die Umsetzung der Begegnungszonen fand auf sehr unterschiedlichem qualitativem Niveau statt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Projekte mit Bürgerbe-teiligung und detaillierten Voruntersuchungen, zu Verkehrszusammensetzung und Nutzung, tenden-ziell besser bewertet werden können. Zudem spielt das Verhältnis zwischen MIV und NMV eine wichti-ge Rolle. Es zeigt sich auch, dass aufgrund fehlender rechtlicher Vorgaben wichtige Elemente der Pla-nung und Evaluierung bei einigen Begegnungszonenprojekten fehlen. Hier ergibt sich der Bedarf einer Homogenisierung anhand rechtlicher Vorgaben. ; Since 2013 Shared Zones are implemented in the Austrian road traffic regulations. Numerous cities and communities made use of this option and have built Shared Zones. Shared Zones are a measure for traffic calming. They should provide equality in the use of the road space, on certain street sec-tions, for all road users. Therefore, they are a popular political measure for traffic calming, especially in town and village centres. Particularly with a good planning and implementation a social and economic promoting effect can be achieved. Shared Zone Projects require certain prerequisites, especially in terms of settlement, utilisation and traffic structures. Additionally the participation of citizens in the planning process plays an important role. Therefore this paper raises the question, which quality the Shared Zones in Austria have, considering of the planning, design and evaluation. For this purpose, ten Shared Zones in Austria were selected. The Zones were documented photo-graphically and surveyed during an on-site inspection. In the literature research criteria, from Swiss, German and Austrian literature, have been elaborated as a basis for the evaluation of the Shared Zones. The rating of the ten Shared zones shows a heterogeneous picture. The realization of the Shared Zones took place on a very diverse quality level. The results show that the proportion of mo-torized personal transport and non-motorized personal transport plays an important role. Further-more, due to missing legal regulations, important elements for planning and evaluating are missing on some Shared Zone Projects. In this context the need of homogenization, in terms of legal regulations, arises. ; Verfasser: Florian Hofer ; Mit englischer Zusammenfassung ; Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Masterarbeit, 2016 ; Unbekannt ; (VLID)1935901

Time is a major element in the Parliament and is usually analyzed from a very political perspective. Time is at the core of the clash between members of parliaments, whose aim would be to prolong the procedure, and members of the Government, who in contrary would attempt to shorten it. While such statement seems to be pertinent talking about the political reality of the Parliament, it can only result from the research of the political parties strategies and not of parliamentary rules.Yet a large number of norms are devoted to parliamentary time, including constitutional texts and rules of procedure of parliaments, which shows its importance for the legislative process. Consequently, this research proposes to conduct a strictly legal analysis of the temporal framework of the legislative procedure in the British, French, German and Spanish parliaments.The use of the comparative method allows to distinguish between two types of legal norms concerning the parliamentary time. Peremptory norms, which impose to parliamentarians and ministers precisely determined deadlines for actions and dispositive norms, that empower them to act throughout the legislative procedure. This legal classification allows to see that temporal rules are mostly very precise though not always respected. Therefore in order to be able to reassess the parliamentary practice, it is essential to start with the analysis of these rules. ; Le temps constitue un enjeu essentiel pour le Parlement et se trouve généralement étudié dans une perspective très politique. Il serait ainsi au cœur de l'affrontement entre les membres des assemblées parlementaires, dont la motivation serait de prolonger la procédure, et les membres du Gouvernement, qui tenteraient au contraire de l'écourter. Si un tel constat apparait pertinent au regard de la réalité sociopolitique du Parlement, celui-ci relève toutefois essentiellement de l'étude des stratégies partisanes et non de celle des règles parlementaires.Or, le grand nombre de normes consacrées au temps parlementaire, issues des textes constitutionnels et des règlements des assemblées, témoigne de son importance au cours de la procédure législative. En conséquence, la présente recherche se propose de mener une analyse strictement juridique de l'encadrement temporel de la procédure législative dans les parlements allemands, britanniques, espagnols et français.Le recours à la méthode comparative permet de distinguer deux types de normes relatives au temps parlementaire. Des normes impératives qui imposent aux parlementaires et aux ministres d'intervenir dans des délais précisément déterminés et des normes dispositives qui les habilitent à agir sur la durée de la procédure législative. Dès lors, cette classification juridique permet de comprendre que, en dépit des apparences, les règles temporelles sont pour la plupart très précisément déterminées et que même si certaines d'entre elles ne sont pas toujours respectées, il est essentiel de partir de leur analyse pour reconsidérer la pratique parlementaire.

OpenMP tasking supports parallelization of irregular algorithms. Recent OpenMP specifications extended tasking to increase functionality and to support optimizations, for instance with the taskloop construct. However, task scheduling remains opaque, which leads to inconsistent performance on NUMA architectures. We assess design issues for task affinity and explore several approaches to enable it. We evaluate these proposals with implementations in the Nanos++ and LLVM OpenMP runtimes that improve performance up to 40 % and significantly reduce execution time variation. ; Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. This work has been developed with the support of the grant SEV-2011-00067 of the Severo Ochoa Program, awarded by the Spanish Government, by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (TIN2015-65316-P, Computacion de Altas Prestaciones VII) and by the Intel-BSC Exascale Lab collaboration project. Some of the experiments were performed with computing resources granted by JARA- HPC from RWTH Aachen University under project jara0001. Parts of this work were funded by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF) under grant numbers 01IH13008A(ELP). Intel and Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. * Other names and brands are the property of their respective owners. Software and workloads used in performance tests may have been optimized for per- formance only on Intel microprocessors. Performance tests, such as SYSmark and Mobile-Mark, are measured using specific computer systems, components, software, operations and functions. Any change to any of those factors may cause the results to vary. You should consult other information and performance tests to assist you in fully evaluating your contemplated purchases, including the performance of that product when combined with other products. For more information go to http://www.intel.com/performance. Intel's compilers may or may not optimize to the same degree for non-Intel micro- processors for optimizations that are not unique to Intel microprocessors. These opti- mizations include SSE2, SSE3, and SSSE3 instruction sets and other optimizations. Intel does not guarantee the availability, functionality, or effectiveness of any optimization on microprocessors not manufactured by Intel. Microprocessor-dependent optimizations in this product are intended for use with Intel microprocessors. Certain optimizations not specific to Intel microarchitecture are reserved for Intel microprocessors. Please refer to the applicable product User and Reference Guides for more information regarding the specific instruction sets covered by this notice. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (author's final draft)

Warum mussten die in den letzten drei Jahren nach Deutschland gekommenen Geflüchteten ihre Heimat verlassen, welche Erfahrungen haben sie auf der Flucht gemacht und warum haben sie Deutschland als Zielland ausgewählt? Was bringen sie im Hinblick auf Bildung, Ausbildung und andere Fähigkeiten mit? Welche Einstellungen, Werte und Vorstellungen von einem Leben in Deutschland haben sie? Welche Voraussetzungen haben sie für eine Integration in Arbeitsmarkt, Bildungssystem und Gesellschaft und auf welche Hürden treffen sie? Eine Studie im Auftrag des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), des Forschungszentrums Migration, Integration und Asyl des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF-FZ) und des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) am Deutschen Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW Berlin) gibt erste Antworten auf diese Fragen. Im Rahmen dieser Studie hat TNS Infratest Sozialforschung und QMR - Qualitative Mind Research 123 Flüchtlinge und 26 Experten aus der Flüchtlingsarbeit in eineinhalb- bis zweistündigen Interviews befragt. In den Interviews berichten die meisten Befragten, mit Ausnahme derjenigen aus den Balkanländern, von persönlichen Bedrohungen durch Krieg und Verfolgung, viele von traumatischen Erlebnissen auf der Flucht. Die Bildungsbiografien der befragten Flüchtlinge variieren stark in Abhängigkeit der Situation in den Herkunftsländern. Mit Deutschland verbinden sie Grundwerte wie Freiheit, Rechtsstaatlichkeit, Demokratie sowie die Trennung von Staat und Religion - und die meisten befürworten diese Werte ausdrücklich. Die Asylverfahren, das Warten auf Termine und die Entscheidung wurden von den meisten als sehr belastend beschrieben. Über den konkreten Zugang zum Arbeitsmarkt hat der überwiegende Teil der Befragten bisher nur vage Vorstellungen, fast alle zeigen jedoch eine starke Arbeitsmotivation und Integrationsbereitschaft. ; Studie im Rahmen der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von geflüchteten Menschen in Deutschland. 100 Einzelexplorationen mit 123 Flüchtlingen und Migranten und 26 Expertengespräche. ; Why have refugees left their home countries, what experiences have they made when fleeing to other countries and why have they chosen Germany as their county of destination? What are their characteristics in terms of education, vocational training and other abilities? What are their attitudes, values and expectations regarding a living in Germany? What are their preconditions for their integration into the labour market, the educational system and other areas of the society? What are the hurdles and limitations for integration? This study provides first insights on these questions. On behalf of the Institute for Employment Research (IAB), the Research Centre on Migration, Integration and Asylum of the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF-FZ) and the Socioeconomic Panel (SOEP) at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), TNS Infratest Sozialforschung and QMR - Qualitative Mind Research have interviewed 123 refugees and 26 experts qualitatively to address these questions. As main reasons to leave their home country the respondents, except for those from the Balkan countries, name personal threats of war and persecution. Many made traumatic experiences on their escape. The educational biographies of the respondents highly vary depending on the situation in their home countries. The refugees associate values such as freedom, constitutionality, democracy and separation of church and state with Germany and most of them strongly support these values. Furthermore, many interviewed refugees describe the asylum procedures and the associated long waiting times for appointments and decisions as very incriminating. At the time of survey most respondents had hardly any idea about how to access the labor market. However, almost all of them showed high work motivation and willingness to integrate.

OpenMP tasking supports parallelization of irregular algorithms. Recent OpenMP specifications extended tasking to increase functionality and to support optimizations, for instance with the taskloop construct. However, task scheduling remains opaque, which leads to inconsistent performance on NUMA architectures. We assess design issues for task affinity and explore several approaches to enable it. We evaluate these proposals with implementations in the Nanos++ and LLVM OpenMP runtimes that improve performance up to 40 % and significantly reduce execution time variation. ; Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. This work has been developed with the support of the grant SEV-2011-00067 of the Severo Ochoa Program, awarded by the Spanish Government, by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (TIN2015-65316-P, Computacion de Altas Prestaciones VII) and by the Intel-BSC Exascale Lab collaboration project. Some of the experiments were performed with computing resources granted by JARA- HPC from RWTH Aachen University under project jara0001. Parts of this work were funded by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF) under grant numbers 01IH13008A(ELP). Intel and Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. * Other names and brands are the property of their respective owners. Software and workloads used in performance tests may have been optimized for per- formance only on Intel microprocessors. Performance tests, such as SYSmark and Mobile-Mark, are measured using specific computer systems, components, software, operations and functions. Any change to any of those factors may cause the results to vary. You should consult other information and performance tests to assist you in fully evaluating your contemplated purchases, including the performance of that product when combined with other products. For more information go to http://www.intel.com/performance. Intel's compilers may or may not optimize to the same degree for non-Intel micro- processors for optimizations that are not unique to Intel microprocessors. These opti- mizations include SSE2, SSE3, and SSSE3 instruction sets and other optimizations. Intel does not guarantee the availability, functionality, or effectiveness of any optimization on microprocessors not manufactured by Intel. Microprocessor-dependent optimizations in this product are intended for use with Intel microprocessors. Certain optimizations not specific to Intel microarchitecture are reserved for Intel microprocessors. Please refer to the applicable product User and Reference Guides for more information regarding the specific instruction sets covered by this notice. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (author's final draft)

Despite the large body of research generated by Australian historians about the First World War, little work has been done on the atrocity propaganda that was produced during the conflict. Nor has there been adequate investigation into the humanitarian ideals that influenced atrocity propaganda, and the role these ideals played in gaining support for the war. As a consequence, the multifaceted reasons behind why Australians supported or condemned the First World War have been neglected. Instead, some Australian historians have depicted support for the war as having been driven by unthinking imperial sentiment that was fed by jingoistic government propaganda. This thesis demonstrates that imperial sentiment was in fact far more complex, and was not merely jingoistic. It establishes that imperial sentiment was influenced by a variety of ideological and political factors that heavily impacted upon how Australians regarded the moral legitimacy of the war. One of the primary forms of imperial sentiment that influenced Australian support for the war was liberal humanitarian imperial sentiment. Liberal humanitarian imperial sentiment mobilised people to support the Great War not simply on the grounds that it was a war fought on behalf of the British Empire, but also because it was a just war. It both influenced, and was influenced by, Great War atrocity propaganda. Through an investigation of atrocity propaganda and the liberal and humanitarian ideals that largely underpinned it, this study demonstrates that Australians had a complicated relationship with the British Empire. I establish that liberal imperial humanitarian sentiment was vital in securing support for the war in two communities that had an ambivalent and sometimes extremely negative engagement with the British Empire: the labour movement and the Irish Australian community.This thesis provides an original contribution to the field of Australian historical studies in three ways. Firstly, it provides a new interpretation of how Australians engaged with war propaganda: they were not passive recipients who embraced the war after being exposed to propaganda. Instead they were also producers of pro and anti war propaganda who worked in a politically contested space. Secondly, by showing that not all Australian supporters of the war were imperial jingoists, this thesis provides a more nuanced portrait of how Australians related to the British Empire. Imperial sentiment was not restricted to simple patriotism – it also was concerned with moral and ethical issues that were intertwined with liberalism and humanitarianism. This thesis proposes that the liberal imperial humanitarian sentiment contained in atrocity propaganda was of crucial importance in gaining Australian approval of the war. Atrocity propaganda contended that it was the duty of the British to protect Belgian civilians from the violence of the German military. This humanitarian interventionist argument appealed strongly to liberal imperialists. Thirdly, by mapping out the multidimensional relationship that Australians had with the British Empire, liberalism and atrocity propaganda, the thesis provides new insights into the political complexities that influenced whether Australians supported or opposed the war.

In accordance to the current worldwide trend of reducing CO2 emissions and to make the industry more competitive incrementing its efficiency, some countries are starting to quantify their quantity of Industrial Waste Heat. In fact, to be able to recover and reuse this waste heat from industrial processes as a source for other processes or activities, the availability of reliable data of the Industrial Waste Heat potential found in a region is a key point. For that, after an exhaustive literature research, this article shows Industrial Waste Heat data from 33 countries and 6 subregions of different countries. Their feasibility is assessed in the discussion part as it is expected and shown in most of the cases that the amount of Industrial Waste Heat is proportional to some parameters regarding the country and its industry like: the Energy Consumed by the Country, the Energy Consumed by the Industry and the amount of Industrial Waste Heat Intensive Industry in the country. Country scale has been chosen and it is shown that at other scales these parameters are not always available. Nevertheless, some of the studied cases found show data not fitting into this pattern (approximately 1/6 of the data found). That can be explained taking into account that in most of the studies the methodology to account the quantity of Industrial Waste Heat is not explained. Factors like the reference year of the data, the boundaries of the analysis, the type of waste heat considered, etc. affect to the report of quantity of Industrial Waste Heat. Therefore, the authors provide a set of parameters and recommend checking these in order to confirm the reliability of data referring to Industrial Waste Heat quantities. ; Special thanks to Eberhard Lävemann from ZAE Bayern (Germany) for his advice, intensive revision and support. Moreover, the authors want to thank Nurten Şahan and Prof. Dr. Halime Paksoy from Çukurova University (Turkey), Dr. Yukitaka Kato from Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan) and Dr. Jochen Diekmann from the Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (Germany) for their help finding the data. The work was partially funded by the Spanish Government (project ENE2011-22722) and by BMWi the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (project FKZ 0327383B Mobile Sorption Heat Storage). The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group GREA (2014 SGR 123). Laia Miró would like to thank the Spanish Government for her research fellowship (BES-2012–051861). Sarah Brückner would like to thank Stiftung der Deutschen Wirtschaft for her research fellowship.

Master in the Electric Power Industry ; This thesis was set out to explore the interdependencies between long-term investment decisions of the UK's power and gas industries. The interdependencies between these two network industries have been growing during the past two decades. Technical, commercial, and regulatory decisions made with narrow scope, without considering potential interaction between the two industries, might cause unwanted consequences or fail to take advantage of opportunities. Four complementary studies have been conducted to offer different lenses through which to view gas and power interdependencies: a literature review of research traditions in long-term investments in power and gas sectors, a case study that dissects the UK's gas-to-power supply chain segment-by -segment, an econometric study that test for cointegration between gas and power prices series, and a System Dynamics simulation model that allows for quantitative testing of uncertain scenarios. The findings of the more general studies have been able to inform the research methodology of subsequent, more specific studies. The first study, the methodological review, has identified seven lines of inquiries active in gas and power research on long-term investments. It found that gas sector researchers most commonly investigate the evolution of supply and demand. On the other hand, power sector researchers most commonly investigate the design of regulatory frameworks. The exploratory research objective of this thesis re-articulated in terms of these lines of inquiries. The case study found that in the UK's gas to power supply chain, mainly coordinated through the market mechanism, uncertainties plague two particular segments: domestic gas production and power generation. The regulatory actions carried out by the government to achieve is sustainability and security goals, mainly targeting the power generation segment, exposes power and gas sector agents to regulatory uncertainty. The cointegration study found that the UK's gas prices are cointegrated with the North-western European gas hub's prices, and that the UK's power prices are cointegrated with the Dutch electricity price. It also found that the Dutch power price is driven by the North-western European gas prices, which have experience a transitioning relationships with the German import price during 2011-2015. Finally, the SD simulation model developed is validated using a base case scenario: 2011-2015 historical data and the author's best estimates for 2016-2030 are used. The simulation results show that the model captured key features of the UK gas and power markets and sector investment decisions, but deviation existed concerning the price-responsiveness of LNG supply, the level of gas-fired power generation given historical costs, the uptake of biomass generation, and the price of power and marginal cost for power generation.

Warum mussten die in den letzten drei Jahren nach Deutschland gekommenen Geflüchteten ihre Heimat verlassen, welche Erfahrungen haben sie auf der Flucht gemacht und warum haben sie Deutschland als Zielland ausgewählt? Was bringen sie im Hinblick auf Bildung, Ausbildung und andere Fähigkeiten mit? Welche Einstellungen, Werte und Vorstellungen von einem Leben in Deutschland haben sie? Welche Voraussetzungen haben sie für eine Integration in Arbeitsmarkt, Bildungssystem und Gesellschaft und auf welche Hürden treffen sie? Eine Studie im Auftrag des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), des Forschungszentrums Migration, Integration und Asyl des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF-FZ) und des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) am Deutschen Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW Berlin) gibt erste Antworten auf diese Fragen. Im Rahmen dieser Studie hat TNS Infratest Sozialforschung und QMR - Qualitative Mind Research 123 Flüchtlinge und 26 Experten aus der Flüchtlingsarbeit in eineinhalb- bis zweistündigen Interviews befragt. In den Interviews berichten die meisten Befragten, mit Ausnahme derjenigen aus den Balkanländern, von persönlichen Bedrohungen durch Krieg und Verfolgung, viele von traumatischen Erlebnissen auf der Flucht. Die Bildungsbiografien der befragten Flüchtlinge variieren stark in Abhängigkeit der Situation in den Herkunftsländern. Mit Deutschland verbinden sie Grundwerte wie Freiheit, Rechtsstaatlichkeit, Demokratie sowie die Trennung von Staat und Religion - und die meisten befürworten diese Werte ausdrücklich. Die Asylverfahren, das Warten auf Termine und die Entscheidung wurden von den meisten als sehr belastend beschrieben. Über den konkreten Zugang zum Arbeitsmarkt hat der überwiegende Teil der Befragten bisher nur vage Vorstellungen, fast alle zeigen jedoch eine starke Arbeitsmotivation und Integrationsbereitschaft. ; Why have refugees left their home countries, what experiences have they made when fleeing to other countries and why have they chosen Germany as their county of destination? What are their characteristics in terms of education, vocational training and other abilities? What are their attitudes, values and expectations regarding a living in Germany? What are their preconditions for their integration into the labour market, the educational system and other areas of the society? What are the hurdles and limitations for integration? This study provides first insights on these questions. On behalf of the Institute for Employment Research (IAB), the Research Centre on Migration, Integration and Asylum of the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF-FZ) and the Socioeconomic Panel (SOEP) at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), TNS Infratest Sozialforschung and QMR - Qualitative Mind Research have interviewed 123 refugees and 26 experts qualitatively to address these questions. As main reasons to leave their home country the respondents, except for those from the Balkan countries, name personal threats of war and persecution. Many made traumatic experiences on their escape. The educational biographies of the respondents highly vary depending on the situation in their home countries. The refugees associate values such as freedom, constitutionality, democracy and separation of church and state with Germany and most of them strongly support these values. Furthermore, many interviewed refugees describe the asylum procedures and the associated long waiting times for appointments and decisions as very incriminating. At the time of survey most respondents had hardly any idea about how to access the labor market. However, almost all of them showed high work motivation and willingness to integrate.

The article deals with the cultural processes which have defined the character of the trends in the painting in Galicia at the end of the 19th century and the complete consolidation of the main genres in Ukrainian painting – everyday genre, portrait genre, landscape genre, historic genre, and the conception of the other genres: battle-painting, animalistic genre, still life etc.National painting which was started in Galicia in the 70s of the 19th century, revealed its variety in the differrent art trends performing not only its aesthetics function – under that conditions, the art was also politically charged.Fine Art has also helped to show the pecularities of the west Ukranian culture and to become acquainted with the specific features due to the peculiarities of social and political life of Ukrainian people under the Austro-Hungarian Empire.Nowadays, thanks to the huge efforts of local scientists, cutural and political figures, and also foreign researches, the forgotten names, as well as the lost painting values of that difficult time are being retrieved. It makes it possible to introduce to the science and wide audience those parts of the history of Ukrainian painting which due to different circumstances were unknown till the present time.Only on the basis of a such difficult work the conception about the whole picture of the painting of Lviv in 1870 – 1900 will be formed. It will be possible to show its influence on the general cultural situation in Galicia and whole Ukrainian population, regardless of the state formation of that time.Moreover, the active Ukrainian artistic life of Galicia is an evidence of the fact, that the whole national idea dominates more intesively, and due to the rate of national revival of Ukrainian nation, Galicia of the last third of the twentieth century was ahead of the Eastern Ukraine.On the basis of the research, we may state, that during 1870 – 1900-ies a large numer of artists of different nationalities (Poles, Austrians, Germans etc.) have been residing and working in Lviv.In the article we have defined the number of Ukrainian artists unified by the common aim – to serve Ukrainian art and Ukrainian people.Keywords: west Ukrainian painting, Galicia, genre, 19th century, trend, Ukrainian people, native scientists, Fine Art, west Ukrainian culture. ; У процесі дослідження вивчено та узагальнено найрізноманітніші літературні джерела та виокремлено плеяду митців, яких, передовсім, об'єднувала спільна мета – служіння українському мистецтву та українському народові. З'ясовано, що реальним втіленням цих засад займалися українські меценати (В. Дідушицький, В. Федорович, І. Левинський та багато інших), а також українські підприємці, громадські товариства та християнські громади. Вони відкривали можливості для творчої праці та церковних замовлень на ікони та розписи. На підставі дослідженого, можна говорити про активне мистецьке життя Галичини кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ століття. Ключові слова: західноукраїнське малярство, тенденції, Галичина, живопис, образотворче мистецтво.

[Preface]This special issue of the journal Arkiv is the third volume in a series, Det vita fältet ("The white field"), that gathers Swedish and international research on the extreme or far right. Since the last volume (2013) the Swedish government has brought the disputed concept of "extremism" to the fore and turned it into practicable politics, the Swedish anti-immigrant party Sverigedemokraterna (the Sweden Democrats) has made their mark on and partly paralysed the national parliament, and a surge of Internet hate has affected the public sphere. The issue contains a critical examination of the concept of "extremism" by sociologists Adrienne Sörbom and Magnus Wennerhag. Economic historian Markus Lundström and political scientist Tomas Lundström introduces "radical nationalism" as an alternative conceptualization of right-wing extremism in their exposition of the political project's development during the last hundred years in Sweden. Dutch political scientist Cas Mudde then discusses the impact of right-wing populism as it spreads through Europe. American scientist Benjamin Raphael Teitelbaum points out shortcomings in research on Sverigedemokraterna and their ties to other parts of the far right. Finally, Daniel Köhler and Tine Hutzel discuss the causes of political violence from a German perspective in two articles.Publication history: Published original.(Published 18 April 2016)Citation: Deland, Mats, Paul Fuehrer & Fredrik Hertzberg (2016) "Förord", in Det vita fältet III. Samtida forskning om högerextremism, special issue of Arkiv. Tidskrift för samhällsanalys, issue 5, pp. 7–13. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13068/2000-6217.5.F ; Det här specialnumret av tidskriften Arkiv utgör den tredje volymen i en serie, Det vita fältet, som samlar svensk och internationell forskning om högerextremism. Sedan den förra volymen kom ut (2013) har regeringen aktualiserat det omstridda extremismbegreppet och gjort det till praktisk politik, Sverigedemokraterna har präglat och delvis lamslagit det parlamentariska arbetet och en våg av näthat har drabbat offentligheten. Numret innehåller en kritisk granskning av extremismbegreppet, av sociologerna Adrienne Sörbom och Magnus Wennerhag. Markus Lundström och Tomas Lundström introducerar i stället begreppet "radikal nationalism" för att begreppsliggöra det högerextrema politiska projektet i en exposé över dess utveckling under de senaste hundra åren i Sverige. Vidare diskuterar den nederländske forskaren Cas Mudde omfattningen av den våg av högerpopulism som spridits genom Europa. Bristerna inom forskningen om Sverigedemokraterna, och deras kontakter med andra delar av den högerextrema miljön, behandlas av den amerikanske musikvetaren Benjamin Raphael Teitelbaum. Från tyskt perspektiv diskuteras förutsättningarna för ideologiskt betingat våld av Daniel Köhler och Tine Hutzel i två artiklar.Publiceringshistorik: Originalpublicering.(Publicerad 18 april 2016)Förslag på källangivelse: Deland, Mats, Paul Fuehrer, Fredrik Hertzberg & Thomas Hvitfeldt (2016) "Förord", i Det vita fältet III. Samtida forskning om högerextremism, specialnummer av Arkiv. Tidskrift för samhällsanalys, nr 5, s. 7–13. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13068/2000-6217.5.F

Дневники русского гвардейского офицера В. С. Савонько, недавно приобретенные Отделом рукописей РНБ, представляют собой ценный источник по истории русской гвардии и особенно гвардейского офицерства предреволюционной эпохи. Для того чтобы дать правильную оценку этому источнику, необходимо проанализировать систему подготовки офицеров, сложившуюся в сильнейших армиях Европы (русская, германская, французская, австро-венгерская) к концу XIX века. Изучение этого вопроса привело автора статьи к выводу, что во всех европейских армиях офицерский корпус продолжал оставаться клубом для избранных. В разных странах барьеры для проникновения в офицерскую среду выходцев из низких социальных слоев были оформлены по-разному, но везде они действовали одинаково эффективно. В роли таких барьеров могли выступать законодательно оформленные сословные привилегии, плата за обучение в военно-учебных заведениях, длительный срок обучения в них, негласная фильтрация их абитуриентов, отбор кандидатов для службы в определенном полку обществом офицеров, высокие требования к стандартам жизни офицера, которые предполагали дополнительные расходы. Необходимость обеспечить офицерским корпусом массовые армии приводила к тому, что офицерство могло расслаиваться, выделять из своей среды более и менее привилегированные слои. Кроме того, вооруженные силы вынуждены были выполнять в ряде стран (прежде всего в России) роль рассадника культуры и образования, что ставило перед ними дополнительные задачи. ; Personal diaries of the Russian Guard officer V. S. Savonko, which were recently acquired by the Department of manuscripts of NLR, are a valuable source for the study of the history of the Russian Guard officers and especially for the history of pre-revolutionary era. To assess the value of the obtained historical source properly the system of officers' training, developed in the strongest armies of Europe (Russian, German, French, Austro-Hungarian) by the end of the XIX century, was analyzed. The study of this issue has led the author to a conclusion that in all European armies the officer corps always enjoyed a status of an elite club. In different countries the barriers, preventing infiltration into the officers' environment for the people from lower social classes, had diverse execution tools, but they all acted equally effective. The barriers consisted of such measures as legislated class privileges, high tuition fees in military schools, long-term training, unspoken filtrations of applicants, selection of candidates for particular officers' regiments, high living standards' requirements for officers. The need to provide a sufficient amount of trained officers for the army led to the social stratification in the officers' ranks, their identification, and further development of the more or less privileged groups. In addition, the armed forces of different countries were vested with the responsibility to perform the role of a nursery (especially in Russia) assistive in cultural and educational development, which meant assignment of additional missions.

The Limes Saxoniae remained a stable cultural frontier zone until the year 1147, when Danish and German princes managed to subdue the Slavic lands east of the Elbe lastingly in a joint maritime-terrestrial campaign. It was the first papally authorised crusading campaign "contra Sclavos ceterosque paganos habitantes versus Aquilonem" – the last pagans of northern Europe. This expeditio was a precedent, followed by many more campaigns against the Slavs, Prussians, Lithuanians, Livs, Estonians and other pagan nations of the Baltic Rim; a time frame spanning over four centuries, colloquially captured by the umbrella term 'Northern Crusades'. Most of these campaigns required seaborne transport, which is studied here with an interdisciplinary historical-archaeological approach. The diachronic theme is examined by a number of case studies, which involve different angles: On the one hand, questions of navigation and orientation are addressed, as exemplified by a re-evaluation of a 13th-century Danish itinerary to Estonia. On the other hand, the capabilities and use of ships are assessed, which supplied the Catholic enclaves in the pagan East with crusaders, settlers and goods. Numerous shipwrecks are re-visited to verify the claims of contemporary chroniclers, with discussions on technical aspects of ship-construction, but also with a focus on early trade links. Another major focus lies on timber trade across the Baltic Sea, shedding light on an often overlooked aspect: The Teutonic Order as economic rather than solely militaristic power. This study is concluded by assessing the local maritime transport geography of a Teutonic Order castle and a nearby appertaining shipwreck from a period of political instability and the imminent collapse of the Livonian Confederation. ; Für Jahrhunderte bildete der Limes Saxoniae eine feste Kulturgrenze, bis ins Jahr 1147, als dänische und deutsche Fürsten die slawischen Länder östlich der Elbe in koordinierten see- und landseitigen Angriffen unter ihre Kontrolle brachten. Es war der erste päpstlich angeordnete Kreuzzug "contra Sclavos ceterosque paganos habitantes versus Aquilonem" – gegen die letzten Heiden Nordeuropas. Dieser Kreuzzug war der Ausgangpunkt für zahlreiche weitere Feldzüge gegen Slawen, Pruzzen, Litauer, Liven, Esten und anderen heidnischen Nationen des Ostseeraumes und charakterisierte eine über vier Jahrhunderte umspannende Epoche, die unter dem Begriff 'Nordische Kreuzzüge' verstanden wird. Für die meisten dieser Feldzüge war die Schifffahrt eine Grundvoraussetzung, die hier durch einen interdisziplinär historisch-archäologischen Ansatz erforscht wird. Die diachronische Thematik wird durch eine Reihe von Fallstudien untergliedert, die unterschiedliche Ansatzpunkte haben: Auf der einen Seite wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie man sich im Mittelalter orientierte und welche Navigationstechniken zum Einsatz kamen, exemplarisch anhand eines dänischen Itinerars nach Estland aus dem 13. Jahrhundert veranschaulicht. Auf der anderen Seite werden die Einsatzmöglichkeiten und Einsatzgebiete von Schiffen untersucht, welche die katholischen Enklaven im heidnischen Osten mit Kreuzfahrern, aber auch Kolonisten und Gütern versorgten. Eine Reihe an mittelalterlichen Schiffwracks werden unter dieser Fragestellung evaluiert, um die Aussagen von zeitgenössischen Chronisten, Diskussionen zu schiffbaulichen Eigenheiten, aber auch frühen Handelsverbindungen zu vergleichen. Ein weiteres Augenmerk liegt auf dem baltischen Holzhandel, der einen oft übersehenen Aspekt aufgreift: Der Deutsche Orden als Handelsmacht. Diese Arbeit schließt mit einer Fallstudie zur maritimen Transportgeografie einer Deutschordensburg und eines zugehörigen Schiffwracks ab, die in eine Zeit der politischen Instabilität und des bevorstehenden Zusammenbruchs der Livländischen Konföderation im Jahre 1561 datieren.

В представленной статье автор использует теорию социального аутопоэзиса немецкого социолога Никласа Лумана, описанную в работе «Социальные системы» 1984 года, в попытке объяснить тенденцию на убыль населения и развитие социального неблагополучия внутри полностью застроенных жилых муниципальных округов Санкт-Петербурга. В первой части статьи автор описывает действующую систему государственных учреждений, осуществляющих деятельность, прямо или косвенно направленную на профилактику социального неблагополучия и устранение его негативных последствий. При описании этой системы и особенностей межведомственного взаимодействия внутри нее автор выделяет некоторые объективные проблемы, возникающие в ходе работы у специалистов данной сферы. В этой части автор выдвигает основные гипотезы статьи. В основной части статьи автор, используя теорию аутопоэзиса, описывает самовоспроизводство социального неблагополучия. В теоретической части речь идет о ракурсе общего видения проблемы и ее масштабе, о том, с каких позиций данная теория предлагает оценивать ситуацию. В практической части автор рассматривает самовоспроизводство девиантного поведения, лежащего в основе неблагополучия, на уровне индивида, семьи и муниципалитета. В заключении автор описывает проделанную работу, подтверждает выдвинутые гипотезы и делает обобщенные выводы, предлагая новое видение функционирования системы социальной профилактики в Санкт-Петербурге, основанное на комплексном подходе к системной проблеме неблагополучия.The presented article deals with negative demographic trends and growing social adversity within the typical residential areas in the city of Saint Petersburg. The author uses the theory of social autopoiesis, which was introduced in 1984 by German sociologist Niklas Luhmann as a part of his work called «Social systems». In the introductory section of the article, the author describes the functioning system of the government agencies, which are implementing social adversity prevention and elimination of its negative consequences. Besides, author attempts to distinguish some objective drawbacks within this system, which are important for social adversity autopoiesis and create difficulties for the specialists of this scope. In this part, the main theses of the article are stated. The main section of the article covers self-reproduction of social adversity from the perspective of Luhmann's theory. In the theoretical part of this section, the author describes the common approach to the problem, paying particular attention to its contemporary scale, and also some of the evaluation methods proposed by the theory. In the practical part, the author focuses on behavioral self-reproduction, suggesting that the deviant behavior is the basis of social adversity from the perspective of both an individual and a family, as well as a municipal structure. In the conclusion, the author reviews the whole article, proving its theses and drawing conclusions, and also proposing the new vision of the social prevention system in Saint Petersburg, based on the complex approach to the problem of social adversity.

The article deals with the organization features of architectural education in Russia, in comparison with Western European countries, the USA and Canada; and reveals the differences in organization and plan content. Russian architectural education has passed the same way in its development, as the architectural education in other countries: from craft-labor approach in training (X-XVII centuries) to the academic knowledge. Before the October revolution in 1917, the architectural education in Russia and all over the world was artistic and engineering. But after the October revolution, this division of higher school of architecture, existing in Western countries, has been lost; architectural education has become universal: combining artistic and technical, and independent, getting in specialized institutions. The universality of the Russian architectural education complicates its comparison with the architectural education abroad in terms of content. Modern Russian model of architectural education, as the continuation of the Soviet education, stands against the Anglo-American model, with full liberalization of the education sector, free from the state; the French model, with a fully government-regulated educational standard, and the German model, with strong research component. Besides the superficial differences in the training of architects in Russia and abroad, there are deep differences with social conditionality. These differences are determined by the roles of architects in Western society, which are wider than the functions of Russian architects; and other social order, other requirements, that Western society has for the erected buildings and structures. ; В статье рассматриваются особенности организации архитектурного образования в России по сравнению со странами Западной Европы, США и Канады, выявляются отличия организационного и содержательного плана. Российское архитектурное образование прошло в своем развитии тот же путь, что и архитектурное образование в других странах: от ремесленно-трудового подхода в подготовке специалистов (X-XVII вв.) до знаниево-академического. До Октябрьской революции 1917 г. архитектурное образование в России было представлено, как и во всем мире, художественным и инженерно-техническим. Но после Октябрьской революции такое разделение высшей архитектурной школы, существующее в западных странах и сейчас, было утрачено: архитектурное образование стало универсальным, объединяющим художественное и техническое, и автономным, получаемым в специализированных вузах. Универсальность российского архитектурного образования затрудняет его сравнение с архитектурным образованием за рубежом в содержательном плане. Современная российская модель архитектурного образования как продолжение советской противостоит англо-американской модели с полной либерализацией образовательной сферы и уходом из нее государства; французской модели с максимально государственно регламентированным образовательным стандартом и немецкой модели с ярко выраженным исследовательским компонентом. Содержательные отличия в подготовке архитекторов в России и за рубежом имеют социальную обусловленность. Эти различия определяются теми функциями, которые выполняют архитекторы в западном обществе и которые шире функций российских архитекторов, а также иным социальным заказом, иными требованиями, которые западное общество предъявляет к возводимым зданиям и сооружениям.