Suchergebnisse

Esta investigación analiza el proceso evolutivo de la UE, concretamente de su política exterior y específicamente de su política de cooperación al desarrollo, aterrizando la misma en un estudio de caso de programación y ejecución de una política pública concreta relacionada con el desplazamiento forzado, basado en un proyecto que la UE financió al municipio de Bello (Antioquia). ; This research analyses the European Union (EU) evolution process, in particular its foreign affairs policy and, specifically, its development cooperation policies, though a study case on programming and implementation of a concrete public policy related with force displacement, and based in a project that the EU financed in the Bello Municipality (Antioquia).

¿Die politisch-territoriale Abgrenzung der Europäischen Union an ihren Außengrenzen bringt tief greifende Veränderungen für die östlichen Nachbarstaaten mit sich. Kristine Müller thematisiert diese Abschottung in ihrer Wirksamkeit einer sozialräumlichen Grenzziehung und untersucht ihre Auswirkungen auf die alltäglichen Praktiken von grenzüberschreitend handelnden Akteuren in Russland und der Ukraine. Aus sozialgeographischer Perspektive zeigt die Autorin, wie differenzierte Auswirkungen der Schengen-Regulierungen zur Verstärkung bereits bestehender sozialer Ungleichheitsstrukturen in der Grenz

Before the crisis, flexicurity was a leading European Union (EU) policy concept, which aimed to balance labor-market flexibility and security. The recent focus on austerity measures to reduce public deficits might be thought to have reduced attention to the 'security' component of flexicurity. Accordingly, a 'farewell to flexicurity' has been claimed to have occurred. This paper challenges that claim and explores the role of flexicurity within the European Semester. It analyses the European Semester's policy goals between 2007 and 2016, as well as the country-specific recommendations (CSRs) to member states between 2009 and 2015. The analysis shows that the EU flexicurity concept has been revitalized, while its definition changed to encompass more social concerns. Even at the peak of the crisis, CSRs continued to devote attention to elements of both flexibility and security, although the precise details differed across countries and have changed over time.

Defence date: 22 June 2015 ; Examining Board: Professor Marise Cremona, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor Patrizia Vigni, University of Siena; Professor Craig Barker, London South Bank University; Professor Rainer Bauböck, European University Institute. ; This thesis explores the development of European Union's model of protecting its citizens in the world, demonstrating it to be a unique and complex mixture of EU internal and external policies and instruments that is unlike any other international, regional, or domestic model of protecting individuals abroad. The thesis will critically assess the three main stages of development of the EU model until the present day. The first stage started in 1993, when the Maastricht Treaty introduced an EU citizenship right to equal protection abroad and this continued for the following decade. It will be shown that during this period the EU model of protecting the Union citizens abroad consisted of a purely horizontal form of cooperation among the Member States that materialised in a sui generis type of international agreement that has restricted the efficiency of the EU citizenship right, due to the Member States' reluctance to lose their State prerogatives in favour of the EU. The second stage of development started in 2004 when a number of international disasters affecting EU citizens in third countries led the Member States to accept cooperation with EU institutions and external policy instruments for the purpose of complementing their capacity to secure the effective protection of unrepresented Union citizens abroad. The third stage started with the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, which conferred an unprecedented power to an international organisation (the EU) to exercise State-like consular protection functions directly with respect to the Union citizens in the world. The thesis will offer a critical assessment of two decades of application of the least-researched EU citizenship right (to consular and diplomatic protection), its nexus with other EU external relations policies and its implementation by the Member States. It will show the added value of the EU model of protecting citizens abroad for the EU citizens, the Member States and the Union, while also making policy recommendations addressing the shortcomings in its current implementation. The thesis will demonstrate that, in spite of the scholarly critiques of the incompatibility of the Union model with public international law, the international community has widely accepted.

In this paper, a practicable scheme of SO2-emission permits for European power producers is developed. Background is the second UN-ECE Sulphur Protocol from 1994 (Protocol of Oslo). After discussing some theoretical models of spatially differentiated permit schemes, evaluating the U.S. Acid Rain and RECLAIM Program, and considering the setting in the EU-15 countries, a scheme of locally undifferentiated emission permits is proposed which is distinguished by a high degree of both economic efficiency and market functioning. However, as our model simulations indicate, national deposition targets will be violated in all probability due to the scheme?s missing differentiation regarding the receptors. The risk of hot spots is addressed adequately by a differentiated bundle of countermeasures. The general economic impact of an EU-wide permit scheme is low, and, in terms of change in GDP, lower compared to a non-coordinated SO2 policy. The proposed mode of the initial permit allocation allows for early price signals and guarantees maximum static and dynamic efficiency. Balancing the interests of existing and new emitters, a long-term transition from the grandfathering to the free auction procedure is chosen.

Consumer protection is not the only area of EU law in which significant progress has been made both through the adoption of formal legal instruments and through the interpretation of existing rules by the Court of Justice of the European Union, mostly on the initiative of national courts through the preliminary reference procedure provided for in Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. However, EU consumer law is unique in that the Court of Justice, with the assistance of national judges, has developed what can be described as a surprising interpretation of the secondary legislation in this area, going beyond the substantive aspects which it seeks to regulate and touching on important procedural aspects relating to the procedural position of consumers seeking to enforce their rights under European law and the remedies which can be used within the national legal systems of the Member States to promote more effective enforcement of consumer protection law..
The article begins by highlighting the approach taken by the Court of Justice in this decision and the implications of this approach, and then goes on to highlight two of the main mechanisms used in this approach - the progressive development of a broad concept of consumer in its procedural dimension and the principle of ex officio action by the national judge in consumer cases. The case-law relating to these mechanisms is presented in terms of its dynamics, including the most recent developments and a reading grid is proposed for each of them, which goes beyond the issue of consumer protection in order to identify the implications from an institutional perspective of the relationship between the European Union and the Member States. The final part of the paper brings the two sets of jurisprudence together in order to draw some conclusions on the growing role of European jurisprudence.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal regulation of the lawyer's activity in the countries of the European Union. Particular attention is paid to the supranational and national level of legal regulation of lawyers in the Member States of the European Union. The most important features of the legal regulation of lawyers, which are common to all member states of the European Union, have been identified. The system of supranational regulation of the common market of legal services in the EU is detailed. The article substantiates that the institute of advocacy occupies an important place in our society, is part of the state mechanism of administration of justice in Ukraine. It is stated that the name of this human rights institution differs in different European countries, also despite the diversity of names of this institution, the fact that in the European Union there is no unified normative document for EU member states that would define the legal status of a lawyer. Legislation at the supranational level in the EU is universally binding, but the form and methods of implementing its provisions are determined by the EU member states themselves, in accordance with the approaches and standards specific to a particular country. It is emphasized that supranational sources of legal regulation of lawyers include directives, framework decisions, other legal acts, international treaties, recommendations, conclusions, declarations, etc., which relate to unified standards for the formation of a common market for lawyers, pan-European regulation of lawyers in countries EU, freedom of legal services, the same approach to the provision of services by lawyers in a Member State other than the one where the person received the status of a lawyer. It is stated that in determining the legal status of lawyers, EU member states set strict requirements for obtaining the status of a lawyer (concerning education, experience in the legal field, knowledge of the state language, qualification exam, internship and swearing in ...

Discusses the status of European Union enlargement, current trade and investment relations between South Korea and Central and Eastern Europe, and South Korea-European Union and South Korea-Eastern European economic relations after enlargement.

Does EU participation in the multilateral system lead to the goal of effective multilateralism? This book examines 8 multilateral organizations, showing how EU policies harm the organizations they mean to help. The multilateral system is too heterogeneous for a one-size-fits-all approach; we must understand multilateralism working in practice.

This article conducts a brief historical excursus on the evolution of the EU's readmission policy through the analysis of readmission agreements, meant as its main legal instruments. The Lisbon Treaty is herein portrayed as an historical watershed in the recognition of both an express competence of the Union with regard to measures aimed to address the readmission of irregular migrants, and a new role of the Parliament entrusted with the fundamental power to be consulted before a readmission agreement is definitively concluded by the Council. Finally, while a scrutiny of the close relationship between national and supranational readmission strategies reveals the unwillingness of Member States to renounce their national readmission policies, a preliminary assessment of the potential role of the Charter of Fundamental Rights in the field of return of irregular migrants after Lisbon is performed.