Suchergebnisse

The National Museum of Australia (NMA) reflects and refracts the communities, environment and social climate around it. The NMA is a recent museum and example of 'new museology'. As such, it is still in the process of defining and negotiating its role in the telling of public history, the form that its narratives should take and the appropriate tenor and tone with which to tell its stories. Every national museum is a product of their unique historiographies, (that is, their own histories and the history of these histories). It is the role of the NMA to best represent to its audiences the reality that Australia is a plural society. This is achieved through creating a mood within which ideas are developed and represented but also which allows the community and visitors to the museum to feel welcome to share their own ideas. The NMA is a museum, but it is also a place that encourages a climate of mutual exchange between visitors and the museum. The museum aims to enhance historical dialogue through recognising, representing, displaying historical narratives, as well as listening and responding to the plural histories of diverse cultures. The socio-political and cultural changes of the twenty-first century helped shape an expectation that national museums would play a role in sharing the plurality of stories in their communities. History, as displayed in many national museums, is no longer about grand and great narratives of the winners of wars but about telling all stories, about sharing all narratives from all voices in a nation. History, and the telling of history is moving towards a more inclusive ethos, it is about representing and recognising many dialogues, texts and social memories. Cultural diversity is now acknowledged as part of the Australian landscape and must be represented, displayed and presented in national museums accordingly. History and cultural diversity are in a constant process of creation, this does not mean that they are fictitious; rather they are a continually changing plural reality. An understanding of cultural diversity, of what is meant by community identities , difference, and plurality, coupled with an effective institutional policy can provide national museums with a forum in which to collect, share, display and exchange the stories of a land, nation and people. Broadly there is a move in new national museums to: Recognise that diversity is a broad and faceted concept, not simply a question of representing ethnicities , but being inclusive of aspects of identity such as sexuality, gender, age, language, faith, politics etc. Acknowledge that there is an implicit link and mix between the culturally diverse and Indigenous communities and, Note that cultural diversity and issues of inclusive representation need to be engaged with and represented at regional, national and international levels. There is also an implicit tension in balancing the way that both the different and the common elements of people in a nation are represented in national museums. It is the role of the museum to negotiate this tension in diversity, to present and balance the commonness and difference of a nation. It is the role of the Museum to mediate these plural narratives, to share the fragments of all Australian stories. This is done with the intention that their audience will link together their own jigsaw pieces of history, recognising that their narratives are unique yet implicitly linked to and a part of others. In this way, singular linear narratives, uncontested facts, are not always possible. The mosaic of Australia is not simple or singular and there is no one truth to be told. Different voices, with differing memories and experiences should all be able to share their diversity of culture within the Museum' s forum of mutually exchanged stories. The Public Programs and Events Division at the NMA provides a dynamic way of communicating historical dialogue by presenting history through a variety of texts, mediums and formats . The goal of Public Programs is to achieve the highest degree of participation possible in the Museum's public programs by all sectors of the Australian community and to encourage an awareness and understanding of Australian history and culture for a wide diversity of audiences. Public Programs includes any event that involves communicating with the Museum's visitors. This is achieved though a variety of formats including lectures , dialogues, film and music events, concerts, live radio and television programs, performing arts, conferences and websites, amongst others. This fluidity and freedom in form allows Public Programs to integrate and reinforce the ideas of mutual exchange that the museum promotes through direct dialogue and interaction with audiences. The promotion of inclusivity in the NMA is achieved by providing an open forum of ideas. Public Programs encourages people to realise that their perspectives are welcome in the museum. They represent and welcome communities of difference through initiatives such as: Targeted events focused on the results of audience visitation statistics and specifically designed programs directed to engage those less likely to normally be involved with the museum. Engagement with culturally diverse communities - be it through virtual space or through specific links with and events hosted with minority communities. Importantly, there is also the acknowledgement that history is plural and that the scope of social memory is endless. They note that perso nal and community narratives are important and encourage these to be exchanged. Any event where people participate, ask questions and feel as they are a part of the museum is because they are. It is unrealistic to assume that museums are agents of conflict resolution, able to solve past, current and future problems. Rather they are meeting places, forums for debate about these concerns. National museums are in the service of their nations; they are multi-vocal and culturally plural and diverse. This inevitably provokes contestation, discussion and debate but it is this very challenge that makes the new museum medium critical and valuable. The NMA is embarking on this path of mutual exchange between audience and institution, utilising new methods of storytelling and new museum practices, this is particularly so in Public Programs. There is awareness at the NMA of the need to continue to monitor and engage in debates about representation, display and content of their collections, public programs, and events. Every museum is uniquely situated . All are able to take advantage of new trends in museology, yet all are firmly placed in their own particular historiographies. This means that every national museum has its own array of representational challenges. Dealing with the diversity of cultures in a nation is one of these challenges. Through embracing the commonality of difference, museums and communities can came to share their narratives in a communal space through a variety of mediums and storytelling methods.

Violence against women is a universal epidemic. It does not discriminate between age, income, ethnicity or religion. One in three women worldwide will experience violence in their lifetime. Despite the monolithic universality of the problem at the global level, the lived experience of being violently abused in the workplace, public spaces or the home is intensely personal. This tension between the particularity of local manifestations of violence against women and the overwhelming prevalence of the issue worldwide confounds traditional aid interventions. Navigating between the local and the global provokes questions about management and governance in aid. Should development be 'top-down' or 'bottom-up'? How can local custom and tradition be reconciled with a 'universal' human rights approach to aid? How do we target an individual's specific encounter with violence, while developing models of aid and assistance that can be replicated on a wider scale? This report seeks to determine how comprehensive the nascent UN Women Safe Cities for Women and Girls Global Programme (2008-2015) will be in addressing key factors contributing to gender-based violence in urban settlements. The 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women' pilot initiative (as an intervention representative of the Global Programme) is examined through the conceptual lens of governance, focusing on those aspects pertinent to the Global Safe Cities Programme: human security, spatial governmentality, active citizenship and multi-stakeholder aid interventions. The Safe Cities Global Programme is a promising initiative born from successful, smaller 'Safe City' interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean. Its approach to reducing violence against women and girls in urban areas is holistic and recognizes how gender intersects with all areas of human development; ending violence against women and girls is viewed in relation to women's increased access to decision-making, economic opportunity and basic social services such as education, health and sanitation. The Global Programme will be piloted in five cities: Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea), Kigali (Rwanda), Quito (Ecuador), New Delhi (India) and Cairo (Egypt). The 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women' pilot initiative is a timely intervention into the situation of women in Papua New Guinea. Violence, poor governance and corruption have plagued the country since its Independence from an Australian-administered UN Trusteeship in 1975. Although rich in natural resources, Papua New Guinea has experienced little economic growth and its citizens suffer from the poverty of opportunities the country offers. Yet Papua New Guinea is at the cusp of a period of potentially radical change. The threat of the raskol gangs, which terrorized Port Moresby in the 1980s, has diminished and the current government includes leaders committed to promoting gender equality and bringing about social reform. Given the extent to which genderbased violence is often embedded in a culture or society, any intervention seeking to target the issue requires significant backing from the relevant government. 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women' hopes to capitalize on this period of trustworthy leadership in the government. Additionally, Port Moresby will benefit from the discovery of significant deposits of Liquid Natural Gas in the region and the construction of the Exxon Mobil pipeline to Australia, with increased infrastructure already being built, greater employment opportunities available and substantial foreign financial investment in the country. 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women' seeks to capitalize on this opportunity for social and economic change. The programme uses two marketplaces as entry-points for reducing violence against women in the city and promoting women's active citizenship through their empowerment in the markets. Still, there are gaps in the initiative. Understanding 'women's rights' as 'human rights' requires that 'women's insecurity' also be viewed as a broader concern of 'human insecurity'. Although the Global Programme is a holistic model, acknowledging how gender issues intersect with all areas of human development, it needs to expand its definition of violence in order to recognize the diversity of violence experienced by women. The Impact Evaluation module proposed for the 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women' programme does not sufficiently account for women's experiences of structural and psychological violence, which are enacted over long periods of time and resist quantitative analysis. Inadequate infrastructure such as poor lighting, roads, buildings and a lack of cheap overnight accommodation and storage near marketplaces contribute to a hostile urban environment for citizens and women in particular. While 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women' aims to improve market infrastructure, it fails to address the needs of rural women participating in the urban informal economy and the risks they face in order to do so. The marketplace does not exist in isolation. It is necessary to acknowledge the relationship between urban and rural environments and how the poverty of rural women forces their participation in the urban informal economy. Additionally, the Global Programme focuses on the prevention of violence rather than the provision of support for victims. Yet this focus is at odds with the initiative's framework of women's active citizenship. In line with the Global Programme's holistic approach to reducing violence against women, the establishment of safe houses for victims should be included as a key component of the model, with the aim of providing support to women disempowered by their experiences of violence. A major component of the Global Programme is its high level of engagement with civil society. The need to engage civil society organizations for effective aid and development work is widely acknowledged. Multistakeholder interventions allow for a variety of actors to collaborate on a shared issue, fostering local to global networks, knowledge-sharing and a comprehensive approach to aid and development. Given the numerous actors involved in 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women', it is crucial that the programme develop a long-term strategy for maintaining strong and sustainable working relationships between stakeholders throughoutanticipated transitional periods, such as local elections in 2012. The 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women' pilot initiative is an exciting opportunity for increased Australian participation in the struggle to end violence against women and girls in Melanesia. Already the primary donor to Papua New Guinea, Australia is committed to being involved in 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women', although to what extent is unclear. The Port Moresby programme is lacking reliable and long-term core funding and would benefit from direct financial investment from AusAID. However, Australian involvement in 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women' requires that AusAID improve on current work practice in relation to civil society. Despite a long history of using Papua New Guinean churches, in particular, and other civil society organizations as service providers, AusAID is yet to articulate a clear strategy for engaging with civil society. Participation in a multi-stakeholder intervention of this sort demands that AusAID's policy on working with civil society organizations be transparent and formally established. Given AusAID's intention to make ending violence against women and girls a strategic priority in their aid and development work and their lack of any significant action on this objective to date, it is recommended that AusAID adopt the Safe Cities Free of Violence for Women and Girls Global Programme as a framework for aid interventions targeting violence against women and girls in the Pacific region. Despite gaps in the initiative, the nascent Global Programme is a promising venture that should lead to a significant reduction in violence against women and girls in urban areas within a short timeframe.

This dissertation, Not To Repeat History: Racialization and Combinatory Textuality in Contemporary Asian American and African American Experimental Writing , examines the relationship between textual strategies and political imagination at work in Asian American and African American experimental writers Nathaniel Mackey, Myung Mi Kim, and Ed Roberson. Providing one of the first cross-cultural studies of contemporary Asian American and African American experimental writing, I contend that these writers pit two aspects of literary form against each other so as to stage a confrontation between the experience of racism and the possibility of escaping its logic. I argue that all of these writers turn to serial literary forms as a way of imitating what they take to be the power of racism to make individuals merely identical. At the same time these writers imagine the building blocks of textuality as sites of provisional abundance, either because of the traditionally combinatory possibilities of texts, or because those possibilities are made evident anew once texts are brought into relation with other media (for example in relation to music). I call this relation between serial literary forms and combinatory textual possibilities "racial constructivism." In other words, I argue that the poets share an understanding of racialized identities as both interchangeable and discontinuous, and so counterpose a combinatorial textuality which imagines both space and time for grief, renewal, or repair. My dissertation argues that inasmuch as these imaginings of the resources of textuality for poetry are pitted against an experience of racism as departicularizing, the poets help us to move beyond the antinomy of a postmodern "poetics of form" and a postnationalist "politics of cultural difference." My first chapter, entitled "An Axiomatic Chorus: Improvisation and Imagined Identities in Nathaniel Mackey's From A Broken Bottle Traces of Perfume Still Emanate ," argues that Nathaniel Mackey's interest in musical improvisation pushes past texts in order to return to them with a renewed sense of combinatory possibilities. By utilizing the epistolary novel form, and refusing linear narrative development in favor of oblique chains of association, and taking jazz improvisation as a model for black experimental literary practice, Mackey not only produces a restless variety of figures for expressive force but also invents a digressive form spacious enough to hold them all in tension. In Mackey's epistolary novel series, From a Broken Bottle Traces of Perfume Still Emanate , the protagonist N. writes letters to an interlocutor known only as "The Angel of Dust," whose responses are alluded to but absent from the texts. In these letters, N. chronicles the performances of an imagined group of avant-garde jazz musicians, the "Molimo m'Atet," and searches for linguistic analogues to musical improvisation. While readers are kept guessing as to whether the anonymity or pseudonymity of the "Angel of Dust" names an imagined muse, an addiction, or perhaps Mackey himself, the combination of the particulate metaphor of dust with the implicit animating power of "angel" provides a compact description of the novels' assemblage of figures out of permutable textual building blocks. I argue that the novel series both embodies and diagnoses the limits of such a constructivist impulse by revealing how such combinatory literary strategies mime racialization processes in order to overcome them. I argue that at key moments in the novel series, this racial constructivism is problematized by the protagonists' immobilizing experiences of contingency and automaticity In my second chapter, "`What is nearest is destroyed': Myung Mi Kim's `Thirty and Five Books' and Racial Comparison," I show how Myung Mi Kim's interest in the "recombinatory power of language" (Kim, Statement 251) functions both as a metaphor for cultural hybridization and as a set of formal strategies capable of representing interracial conflict and the dissolution of intercultural social bonds. In this chapter, I analyze an underexamined feature of the poet's works in a poem entitled "Thirty and Five Books" from a more recent volume, Dura --the essential political ambiguity of the poem's use of "recombinatory" or serial forms, the problem of the comparability of nonwhite communities during the 1992 Los Angeles riots, and finally the significance of the systems of counting, accounting, and measurement which permeate the poem. "Thirty And Five Books" takes this interest in "accounts and recounting" and interrogates the hierarchical racial schemas which structured media representations of interracial conflict between African American and Asian American communities during the Los Angeles riots in 1992 in the wake of the acquittal of four police officers accused of beating black motorist Rodney King. I contend that the systems of measurement and classification which organize so much of the poem are inseparable from the poem's vision of non-hierarchical social relations modeled after the linguistic hybridity of what the poet calls a "A banter English."My third chapter, "Infinite Regressions: Ed Roberson, Serial Identities, and the 1960s Civil Rights Movement Lunch Counter Sit-Ins," performs an extended close reading of Roberson's poem "Sit In What City We're In," from the author's 2006 book City Eclogue. Roberson's poem reimagines the waves of 1960s lunch counter sit-in's as an opportunity to pose fundamental questions about the nature of racial representation in the post-civil rights era. Roberson does this by reconfiguring the sit-ins in space and in time: spatially, by tracking how mirrors behind a lunch counter create an infinite regress of reflected images of protestors and counterprotestors alike; and temporally, by reconnecting the evanescent figure of the city to the earth and enduring cyclical geological processes. Roberson's poem "Sit In What City We're In" commemorates the lunch counter sit-in movement which swept the south in the 1960s by dilating the moment and the movement in space and time and by refusing the kind of distanced, spectatorial historical framing which would safely consign the antiracist ideals of the civil right movement to the past. Instead, Roberson reimagines the scene of the sit-ins as what I want to call a failed dialectic of racial recognition in which the promise of formal equality, desegregation, and equal protection gives way to a meditation on the homogenizing force of such ideals. I argue that Roberson stages the civil rights sit-ins as a moment of conflict between an integrationist politics in pursuit of equal citizenship rights and a later pluralist multicultural politics of recognition which emphasize cultural difference rather than similarity. As a result, the poem, and I would argue the City Eclogue as a whole, pioneers a novel mode of historical recollection which reveals both the appearance of the past in the present, and vice-versa. Finally I argue that Roberson's interest in the figure of the city, and the anonymity of urban life, allows the poem to represent the promise of formal equality as fundamentally compatible with segregated social relations.

Dottorato di ricerca in Società, istituzioni e sistemi politici europei (19.-20. secolo) ; Una tesi di storia urbana che ha per oggetto l'attività della Società generale immobiliare di lavori di utilità pubblica e agricola (comunemente nota come Società generale immobiliare o Immobiliare tout court) nella Roma del secondo dopoguerra, e che si concentra su un case study rappresentato dal quartiere delle Valli, sorto per sua iniziativa nella periferia settentrionale tra gli anni Cinquanta e Settanta. L'Immobiliare, operatore di primo piano a livello italiano ed internazionale, era tra i maggiori proprietari fondiari e in linea di massima il più importante promotore edilizio della città. Tanto dagli osservatori contemporanei quanto nelle ricostruzioni successive, essa è stata sovente considerata una delle massime espressioni, e spesso un vero e proprio simbolo, delle forze della speculazione fondiaria ed edilizia che hanno negativamente condizionato il processo di crescita della capitale. Nel primo capitolo si illustra dunque nei suoi termini generali l'espansione urbana di Roma nei tre decenni successivi alla fine del secondo conflitto mondiale, considerando le dinamiche demografiche, i flussi immigratori, le forme dello sviluppo, le caratteristiche della "città pubblica" e della "città privata", il governo dell'espansione e i problemi urbanistici e sociali ad essa legati, nonché le principali letture che di tali processi sono state date nel corso del tempo. Nel secondo si offre invece una rapida panoramica dell'attività e degli interventi edilizi dell'Immobiliare, in modo da poter valutare il ruolo da essa complessivamente svolto nel processo di crescita della città. Vengono ricostruite le idee guida, le strategie operative e le realizzazioni della società, presentando sia le iniziative effettivamente sviluppate (nuclei edilizi, comprensori e interi quartieri) che quelle rimaste sulla carta. I capitoli successivi sono infine dedicati al quartiere delle Valli. Oggetto di indagine sono il contesto territoriale in cui esso è sorto, la proprietà fondiaria e l'utilizzo dell'area fino alla sua acquisizione da parte dell'Immobiliare, le operazioni di lottizzazione ed edificazione realizzate da quest'ultima, le dinamiche demografiche e la composizione sociale, il sistema della mobilità e la dotazione di servizi e infrastrutture, i luoghi e le forme della socialità, l'identità di quartiere, le lotte dei cittadini e la vicenda del "pratone". Intento della ricerca è ricostruire come è nato e si è sviluppato il quartiere, definirne le caratteristiche intrinseche ed i rapporti con gli insediamenti circostanti e la città nel suo complesso, nonché analizzare come ci si è vissuto, per poter adeguatamente valutare gli esiti di questa iniziativa dell'Immobiliare sotto il profilo della tenuta urbanistica e della qualità della vita. Più in generale, il lavoro vuol essere un contributo utile ad approfondire la conoscenza della crescita e delle trasformazioni della capitale, con particolare riguardo a quella "città privata" le cui caratteristiche e dinamiche di sviluppo – al di là di trattazioni generali e anche di diffusi stereotipi - restano ancora ampiamente da indagare. L'arco cronologico considerato coincide sostanzialmente con il primo trentennio repubblicano, anche se vengono ampiamente esplorati il contesto precedente e gli sviluppi successivi delle varie vicende illustrate. Relativamente alle fonti, la tesi è frutto dell'intreccio di documentazione di vario genere e provenienza: dalla bibliografia ai dati statistici, dalla stampa alla cartografia, dalle diverse fonti archivistiche scritte a quelle audiovisive, iconografiche, materiali, orali e telematiche. Di primaria importanza per la ricerca è stato il fondo della Società generale immobiliare conservato presso l'Archivio centrale dello Stato, che riveste enorme interesse per la storia urbana contemporanea e numerosi altri settori di ricerca, ma è tuttora in corso di riordinamento e consultabile quindi solo in parte e con qualche difficoltà. ; This is an urban history thesis on the activity of the Società Generale Immobiliare in Rome in the period following the Second World War, which concentrates on the case study of the Quartiere delle Valli, a neighbourhood initially developed by the Company on the northern outskirts of Rome in the 1950-1960s. The Società Generale Immobiliare was an important property developer in Italy and abroad, and it was one of the principal land owners and the leading building company in Rome. It has been considered, both by contemporaries and afterwards by scholars, as a symbol of the forces of the land and building speculation, which negatively conditioned the urban growth of Rome. Therefore the first chapter of the thesis deals with the urban development of Rome in the three decades following the end of World War II, illustrating various aspects such as the demographic dynamics, the immigration flows, the public and private forms of development, the town planning and social problems and the administration of the expansion, and the different interpretations of these historical processes. The second chapter contains a survey of the activity and the numerous building initiatives of the Società Generale Immobiliare, in order to evaluate its role in the urban growth of Rome. Leading ideas, operating strategies and projects are illustrated, presenting both those initiatives which were carried out and those which were not. The other chapters are dedicated to the Quartiere delle Valli. They deal with the territorial context in which it developed, the property and the use of the area until its acquisition by the Società Generale Immobiliare, its parcelling out and building operations, the demographic dynamics and the social composition of the inhabitants, transport, public services and infrastructures, the public and communal spaces, neighbourhood identity, and the struggles of the citizens for the green area known as "pratone". The aim of the research is both to describe how the Quartiere delle Valli rose and developed, defining its own characteristics and its relations with the surrounding neighbourhoods and the whole city, and to analyse how people lived there, in order to evaluate the outcome of this initiative from the point of view of the town planning results and of the quality of life. In broader terms, the thesis wishes to contribute to a wider knowledge of the growth and transformations of Rome, especially with respect to that "private city", whose characteristics and dynamics of development – beyond general studies and widespread stereotypes - are still largely to be investigated. Strictly speaking, the chronological span of the research is the first three decades after the Second World War, but both the previous context and subsequent developments of the various matters under consideration are widely explored. The thesis is the result of the combination of various sources: bibliography, written and audiovisual archive sources, iconographical, material and oral sources, statistics, press, cartography and internet sites. The most important source has been the records of the Società Generale Immobiliare, conserved at the Archivio Centrale dello Stato (National Archives), which contain very interesting documentation regarding contemporary urban history and other research fields, but which are still being rearranged and consequently can be consulted only in part and with some difficulties.

Relevance of the research. Recognition and education of children and teenagers gifted in sporting activity is an important part of the attainment of particular results in sports. Identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports is a process, when athletes are recognised at the early stage of their development and have a possibility to attain high results in adulthood (Williams, Reilly, 2000; Vaeyens, Lenoir, Williams, Philippaerts, 2008). It means that individually or in combination, their physical, physiological, psychological and social features, as well as technical capabilities can help to predict their potential in the future (Williams, Reilly, 2000). Some scientists maintain that aiming to achieve high results in sports gifted athletes should be selected by appropriate methods at an early age and involved into a long and systematically planned training (Sevim, 2007; Bompa, Haff, 2009). However, recognition of young gifted athletes is a complex process, since the results of teenagers' physical development, as well as their value-based provisions, attitudes and motives change in the process of growing and development (Callender, 2010; Gonçalves, Rama, Figueriredo, 2012). According to some scientists (Byrne, Davenport, Mazanov, 2007), adolescence is a specific and rather complicated age period, when rapid and big changes occur not only in physical development, but also in psycho-social maturity. Therefore, recognition and selection of children and teenagers gifted for sports is a multi-faceted process, when it is important not only to evaluate an athlete's present appearance considering their physical, physiological, psychological, cognitive and sociological features, and technical capacities, but also evacuating such important aspects as social, emotional, motivational and temperamental factors (Pruna, Tribaldos, Bahdur, 2018). Whether the talents will be disclosed depends not only on an athlete's innate capabilities, but also on the educational factors affecting them. A great influence is made by the coach and educational environment created by the school, which allows developing and growing an athlete's personality (Williams, Reilly, 2000; Pensgaard, Roberts, 2002). However, it is not the school that affects the educational environment and motivational climate. The attitude of family members towards physical activity, their support for an athlete, the coach and his/her ability to appropriately plan the training content, teammates, facilities, attention from the media and other people, as well as values and social provisions also contribute to this process (Hassandra, Goudas, Chroni, 2003; Lenzen, Brouwers, Dejardin et al., 2004). An effective programme of the identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports can help to recognize talents at an early stage, which can become a vitally important element when trying to enhance successful competitiveness of the country (Vaeyens, Gullich, Warr, Philippaerts, 2009). The programmes of the identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports facilitate the process of athlete selection, which maximizes the number of gifted persons (Anshel, Lidor, 2012). Early recognition of gifted athletes can attract funding and training opportunities for athletes having the greatest potential for success (Durand-Bush, Salmela, 2001). Countries are concerned with creating research-based methods to select the most gifted athletes that could successfully compete on the international sports arena. Over the past two decades, the increasing number of studies have been accomplished trying to understand the issues concerning experience in the identification and education of children and teenagers gifted for sports (Williams, Reilly, 2000; Abbott, Button, Pepping et al., 2005; De Bosscher, De Knop, Van Bottenburg, Shibli, 2006; Pearson, Naughton, Torode, 2006; Lidor, Cote, Hackfort, 2009; Anshel, Lidor, 2012; Roth, 2012; Brouwers, De Bosscher, Sotiriadou, 2012; Nijs, Gallardo-Gallardo, Dries, Sels, 2014; Swann, Moran, Piggott, 2015). However, despite considerable achievements in the process of identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports, a universally recognized model of the identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports does not exist Hohmann, 2001; Abbott, Collins, 2004; Vaeyens, Lenoir, Williams, Philippaerts, 2008; Davids, Araujo, Vilar, Pinder, 2013; Louzada, Maiorano, Ara, 2016). There are cases when decisions concerning the selection of athletes are made subjectively, without scientific validation (Regnier, Salmela, Russell, 1993; Williams, Franks, 1998; Abbott, Button, Pepping, Collins, 2005), whereas a lot of potentially gifted athletes are not selected due to inappropriate selection criteria or applying no selection criteria at all, as well as due to athletes changing a sports branch or a large number of drop-outs from sports (Abbott, Collins, 2004; MacNamara, Collins, 2011; Tranckle, Cushion, 2006; Winfried, 2001). It is important that children and teenagers get interested in sports, are selected to appropriate sport branches, as well as attempts are made so that they do not break their sporting career too early (Schiffer, 2013); every year approximately 35% of young athletes quit sports and it is not clear if they ever resume their sporting activity again (Purcell, 2005; Breunner, 2012). Therefore, the application of these selection criteria and a large drop-out of athletes from sports can be partly justified in countries with high population. The principle of natural selection can have a greater influence. In the case of a small country (for instance, Lithuania), such a selection is not suitable. Trying to avoid subjectivity, the majority of the latest scientific studies in sports science are related to the investigation of the influence of innate (natural) and acquired (educated) features on sporting results (Baker, Bagats, Büsch, Schorer, 2012; Coutinho, Mesquita, Fonseca, De Martin-Silva, 2014; Davids, Baker, 2007). With the increasing competition among athletes over the past period (De Bosscher et al., 2006) and sports becoming a political and commercial phenomenon (Green, Oakley, 2001), there appears a necessity for timely and appropriate choice of a specific branch of sports, which would help to achieve good results in the future. Different methods and programmes of selecting the most capable athletes are applied all over the world. In the majority of countries, selection models consisting of several stages are applied, which rely on a coach's competence, test results and analysis of competition results, whereas the selected athletes are invited to learn and do sports in specialised schools. Similarly to some other countries, in Lithuania concern about (self-) education of children gifted for sports has led to the emergence of sports gymnasiums. Panevėžys Raimundas Sargūnas Sports Gymnasium is one of the three general education schools of Lithuania that implement basic and general education alongside with sports education, and in which a part of sports education in the field of specialized education aims at training students that have special educational needs due to their giftedness in sports for high excellence and results (Order No. V-1010 of the Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania, 24 October 2014). The programme outlines the knowledge, abilities and attitudes that athletes should acquire to comply with physical, technical, tactical requirements, as well as requirements for fitness and achievements. The purpose of Panevėžys Raimundas Sargūnas Sports Gymnasium gives a possibility to analyse the gymnasium as a case revealing the aspects of the selection of teenagers gifted for sports, which can help to better understand what educational preconditions are created and how to select teenagers gifted for sports and to disclose their talents, as well as to help create and improve practical models for schools educating teenagers gifted for sports. Therefore, the research question was formulated: how does the selection of teenagers gifted for sports occur and how are the educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports created? The problem-based question and the fact that a universal and effective model of the selection of children and teenagers gifted for sports does not exist, highlight the research object, i. e. the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. The aim of the research is to reveal the educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. The research objectives: 1. To theoretically validate the educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. 2. To identify the educational factors and notice of the choice of sporting activity by athletes. 3. To explore the physical and functional fitness of athletes and its dynamics. 4. To determine the attitudes of athletes as educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. 5. To determine the attitudes of coaches as educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. Scientific novelty and practical significance of the doctoral research ● The validated educational factors that influence the selection of teenagers gifted for sports allow better understanding of the factors of choosing a sporting activity and survival in sports as educational preconditions for the development of capabilities. ● The determined dynamics of physical and functional fitness of teenage athletes in an educational environment beneficial to the development of their innate capabilities for sports helps to understand the dynamics and multi-dimensionality of the selection of teenagers gifted for sports as a process, as well as problematic control of its components when identifying and developing their capabilities. The case of one of the three sports gymnasiums of Lithuania has been explored in terms of the selection of teenagers gifted for sports – such studies have not been performed in Lithuania so far. ● The results of the theoretical and empirical research complement the theory of sports science with innovative and original data on the expression of the educational preconditions affecting the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. Practical significance. The educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports that affect athletes' decision to choose a sporting activity from other spheres of supplementary education have been analysed and generalised. The determined peculiarities of motivation will help coaches to select appropriate pedagogical and psychological tools to motivate athletes to seek for high results in sports. The educational factors stimulating and aggravating athletes' selection and motivation to seek for high results in sports have been distinguished during the research, the role of a coach as one of educational factors has been revealed in the process of selecting and training athletes – these findings will allow a more purposeful planning of the (self-) development of coaches' competences and provision of all the necessary support concerning the selection of athletes to them. The analysis of the changes in the results of athletes' physical and functional fitness will give a possibility to make a more thorough selection of teenagers gifted for sports to 12 sports branches, as well as to train them more purposefully and effectively for national and international competitions. The research data can be applied in compiling model characteristics of different age periods and different sports branches by specifying training programmes and evaluating the changes in athletes' individual fitness. The research results can be used by the administration, coaches and other employees of athletes' educational centres, federations and sports schools. CONCLUSIONS 1. The search and selection of gifted children is a complex, dynamic, long-lasting, and special educational process that depends on a variety of factors interacting and constantly changing in the process. The factors influencing the selection and results in the sporting activity can be divided into four groups: genetic-physiological, psychological, social, and educational factors. The genetic potential, anthropometric data and physical abilities are essential indicators for the identification and selection of teenagers gifted for sports. Psychological features, such as perseverance, self-confidence, positive attitude, devotion, dedication, strong intrinsic motivation, concentration, attentiveness, and emotional control, are important in selecting gifted teenagers. Social factors include sports policy, culture, natural conditions, geographical location of the country, various opportunities, specific tendencies in the development of modern sports, and support rendered to the participants of the educational process. Educational factors – educational environments, parent support, practice, the coach and teammates, have an educational impact on athletes and can influence their decision making, motivation, habits, training and skills.Therefore, the selection of gifted teenagers should be specific to each sports branch and include a multi-disciplinary approach when clearing out athletes' motives, the attitudes of athletes and coaches, as well as implementing the monitoring athletes. 2. Regardless of gender and a group of sports branches, the main factors that motivate the choice of sports activities include educational (motivation of the coach, parents and friends) and internal cognitive motives (desire to master a sports technique). The least important motives involve material (possession of own inventory, good facilities for training), geographical (a sports school close to home), not being admitted into another sports branch, or lack of other choices. The choice of a sport from other areas of supplementary education is determined by a desire to be physically fit and a desire to engage in leisure activities. The least important motives are the desire to become famous and the desire to be attractive. Intrinsic motivation is more pronounced than extrinsic.The boys' external motivation is stronger than that of girls. Amotivation is more characteristic of the girls. The internal and external motivation is more expressed by the athletes of team sports; external motivation in individual sports appears to be the weakest, whereas the weakest intrinsic motivation and the strongest amotivation is revealed in duelling sports. 3. The results of physical development, physical fitness and functional capacity of stronger athletes are not always statistically significantly different from those of other athletes or control group athletes. A part of the indicators of stronger athletes are better, which leads to an assumption that alongside with psychosocial abilities, social factors, educational factors, and high motivation, they are essential to achieve high results. The correlation study reveals which indicators need to be taken into account and developed when selecting teenagers gifted for sports and achieving high results. 4. The most important factors for teenagers' decision to start doing sports and choose a sports branch include the surrounding environment, where the most important roles are ascribed to the coach, family members and friends. The genetic-physiological and psychological factors that are affected by the coaching and environmental factors are considered as the main factors determining success in sports. The coach is identified as the most important educational factor in the selection of gifted teenagers, whereas a favourable climate, motivating influence of the coach, his/her competence and ideal conditions help to disclose the athletes' talents and achieve high results. While choosing a sport and training, the self-educational factor is distinguished seeking to change oneself, as well as to change own or others' future relating it to sports. The factors that reduce the motivation of athletes and thus prevent the full potential of talented athletes, as well as leading them to end their sporting careers are highlighted: stabilisation of their progress in the results, injuries and high loads of physical activity. 5. The coaches distinguish the importance of psychological and physiological factors in selecting teenagers gifted for sports. The coaches consider the teenagers to be prospective athletes who have a strong internal and external motivation to train, innate capabilities, and physical abilities that are influenced by environmental factors, coaching competence, and practice. The role of the coach as the most important educational factor is highlighted in the search for gifted athletes among those already in the sport or referring to the competence of other coaches, recommending athletes who can achieve higher results in other sports branches. Identifying gifted teenagers-athletes, the coaches look for dedicated, hardworking and goal-seeking athletes with strong motivation. Family members and peers are recognised as educational factors that have a significant impact on athlete selection. The research also highlights the problems faced by coaches in the selection process. These are physiological and psychological changes in the body and the priorities of teenage athletes, which are influenced by their surrounding environment.

Relevance of the research. Recognition and education of children and teenagers gifted in sporting activity is an important part of the attainment of particular results in sports. Identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports is a process, when athletes are recognised at the early stage of their development and have a possibility to attain high results in adulthood (Williams, Reilly, 2000; Vaeyens, Lenoir, Williams, Philippaerts, 2008). It means that individually or in combination, their physical, physiological, psychological and social features, as well as technical capabilities can help to predict their potential in the future (Williams, Reilly, 2000). Some scientists maintain that aiming to achieve high results in sports gifted athletes should be selected by appropriate methods at an early age and involved into a long and systematically planned training (Sevim, 2007; Bompa, Haff, 2009). However, recognition of young gifted athletes is a complex process, since the results of teenagers' physical development, as well as their value-based provisions, attitudes and motives change in the process of growing and development (Callender, 2010; Gonçalves, Rama, Figueriredo, 2012). According to some scientists (Byrne, Davenport, Mazanov, 2007), adolescence is a specific and rather complicated age period, when rapid and big changes occur not only in physical development, but also in psycho-social maturity. Therefore, recognition and selection of children and teenagers gifted for sports is a multi-faceted process, when it is important not only to evaluate an athlete's present appearance considering their physical, physiological, psychological, cognitive and sociological features, and technical capacities, but also evacuating such important aspects as social, emotional, motivational and temperamental factors (Pruna, Tribaldos, Bahdur, 2018). Whether the talents will be disclosed depends not only on an athlete's innate capabilities, but also on the educational factors affecting them. A great influence is made by the coach and educational environment created by the school, which allows developing and growing an athlete's personality (Williams, Reilly, 2000; Pensgaard, Roberts, 2002). However, it is not the school that affects the educational environment and motivational climate. The attitude of family members towards physical activity, their support for an athlete, the coach and his/her ability to appropriately plan the training content, teammates, facilities, attention from the media and other people, as well as values and social provisions also contribute to this process (Hassandra, Goudas, Chroni, 2003; Lenzen, Brouwers, Dejardin et al., 2004). An effective programme of the identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports can help to recognize talents at an early stage, which can become a vitally important element when trying to enhance successful competitiveness of the country (Vaeyens, Gullich, Warr, Philippaerts, 2009). The programmes of the identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports facilitate the process of athlete selection, which maximizes the number of gifted persons (Anshel, Lidor, 2012). Early recognition of gifted athletes can attract funding and training opportunities for athletes having the greatest potential for success (Durand-Bush, Salmela, 2001). Countries are concerned with creating research-based methods to select the most gifted athletes that could successfully compete on the international sports arena. Over the past two decades, the increasing number of studies have been accomplished trying to understand the issues concerning experience in the identification and education of children and teenagers gifted for sports (Williams, Reilly, 2000; Abbott, Button, Pepping et al., 2005; De Bosscher, De Knop, Van Bottenburg, Shibli, 2006; Pearson, Naughton, Torode, 2006; Lidor, Cote, Hackfort, 2009; Anshel, Lidor, 2012; Roth, 2012; Brouwers, De Bosscher, Sotiriadou, 2012; Nijs, Gallardo-Gallardo, Dries, Sels, 2014; Swann, Moran, Piggott, 2015). However, despite considerable achievements in the process of identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports, a universally recognized model of the identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports does not exist Hohmann, 2001; Abbott, Collins, 2004; Vaeyens, Lenoir, Williams, Philippaerts, 2008; Davids, Araujo, Vilar, Pinder, 2013; Louzada, Maiorano, Ara, 2016). There are cases when decisions concerning the selection of athletes are made subjectively, without scientific validation (Regnier, Salmela, Russell, 1993; Williams, Franks, 1998; Abbott, Button, Pepping, Collins, 2005), whereas a lot of potentially gifted athletes are not selected due to inappropriate selection criteria or applying no selection criteria at all, as well as due to athletes changing a sports branch or a large number of drop-outs from sports (Abbott, Collins, 2004; MacNamara, Collins, 2011; Tranckle, Cushion, 2006; Winfried, 2001). It is important that children and teenagers get interested in sports, are selected to appropriate sport branches, as well as attempts are made so that they do not break their sporting career too early (Schiffer, 2013); every year approximately 35% of young athletes quit sports and it is not clear if they ever resume their sporting activity again (Purcell, 2005; Breunner, 2012). Therefore, the application of these selection criteria and a large drop-out of athletes from sports can be partly justified in countries with high population. The principle of natural selection can have a greater influence. In the case of a small country (for instance, Lithuania), such a selection is not suitable. Trying to avoid subjectivity, the majority of the latest scientific studies in sports science are related to the investigation of the influence of innate (natural) and acquired (educated) features on sporting results (Baker, Bagats, Büsch, Schorer, 2012; Coutinho, Mesquita, Fonseca, De Martin-Silva, 2014; Davids, Baker, 2007). With the increasing competition among athletes over the past period (De Bosscher et al., 2006) and sports becoming a political and commercial phenomenon (Green, Oakley, 2001), there appears a necessity for timely and appropriate choice of a specific branch of sports, which would help to achieve good results in the future. Different methods and programmes of selecting the most capable athletes are applied all over the world. In the majority of countries, selection models consisting of several stages are applied, which rely on a coach's competence, test results and analysis of competition results, whereas the selected athletes are invited to learn and do sports in specialised schools. Similarly to some other countries, in Lithuania concern about (self-) education of children gifted for sports has led to the emergence of sports gymnasiums. Panevėžys Raimundas Sargūnas Sports Gymnasium is one of the three general education schools of Lithuania that implement basic and general education alongside with sports education, and in which a part of sports education in the field of specialized education aims at training students that have special educational needs due to their giftedness in sports for high excellence and results (Order No. V-1010 of the Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania, 24 October 2014). The programme outlines the knowledge, abilities and attitudes that athletes should acquire to comply with physical, technical, tactical requirements, as well as requirements for fitness and achievements. The purpose of Panevėžys Raimundas Sargūnas Sports Gymnasium gives a possibility to analyse the gymnasium as a case revealing the aspects of the selection of teenagers gifted for sports, which can help to better understand what educational preconditions are created and how to select teenagers gifted for sports and to disclose their talents, as well as to help create and improve practical models for schools educating teenagers gifted for sports. Therefore, the research question was formulated: how does the selection of teenagers gifted for sports occur and how are the educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports created? The problem-based question and the fact that a universal and effective model of the selection of children and teenagers gifted for sports does not exist, highlight the research object, i. e. the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. The aim of the research is to reveal the educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. The research objectives: 1. To theoretically validate the educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. 2. To identify the educational factors and notice of the choice of sporting activity by athletes. 3. To explore the physical and functional fitness of athletes and its dynamics. 4. To determine the attitudes of athletes as educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. 5. To determine the attitudes of coaches as educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. Scientific novelty and practical significance of the doctoral research ● The validated educational factors that influence the selection of teenagers gifted for sports allow better understanding of the factors of choosing a sporting activity and survival in sports as educational preconditions for the development of capabilities. ● The determined dynamics of physical and functional fitness of teenage athletes in an educational environment beneficial to the development of their innate capabilities for sports helps to understand the dynamics and multi-dimensionality of the selection of teenagers gifted for sports as a process, as well as problematic control of its components when identifying and developing their capabilities. The case of one of the three sports gymnasiums of Lithuania has been explored in terms of the selection of teenagers gifted for sports – such studies have not been performed in Lithuania so far. ● The results of the theoretical and empirical research complement the theory of sports science with innovative and original data on the expression of the educational preconditions affecting the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. Practical significance. The educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports that affect athletes' decision to choose a sporting activity from other spheres of supplementary education have been analysed and generalised. The determined peculiarities of motivation will help coaches to select appropriate pedagogical and psychological tools to motivate athletes to seek for high results in sports. The educational factors stimulating and aggravating athletes' selection and motivation to seek for high results in sports have been distinguished during the research, the role of a coach as one of educational factors has been revealed in the process of selecting and training athletes – these findings will allow a more purposeful planning of the (self-) development of coaches' competences and provision of all the necessary support concerning the selection of athletes to them. The analysis of the changes in the results of athletes' physical and functional fitness will give a possibility to make a more thorough selection of teenagers gifted for sports to 12 sports branches, as well as to train them more purposefully and effectively for national and international competitions. The research data can be applied in compiling model characteristics of different age periods and different sports branches by specifying training programmes and evaluating the changes in athletes' individual fitness. The research results can be used by the administration, coaches and other employees of athletes' educational centres, federations and sports schools. CONCLUSIONS 1. The search and selection of gifted children is a complex, dynamic, long-lasting, and special educational process that depends on a variety of factors interacting and constantly changing in the process. The factors influencing the selection and results in the sporting activity can be divided into four groups: genetic-physiological, psychological, social, and educational factors. The genetic potential, anthropometric data and physical abilities are essential indicators for the identification and selection of teenagers gifted for sports. Psychological features, such as perseverance, self-confidence, positive attitude, devotion, dedication, strong intrinsic motivation, concentration, attentiveness, and emotional control, are important in selecting gifted teenagers. Social factors include sports policy, culture, natural conditions, geographical location of the country, various opportunities, specific tendencies in the development of modern sports, and support rendered to the participants of the educational process. Educational factors – educational environments, parent support, practice, the coach and teammates, have an educational impact on athletes and can influence their decision making, motivation, habits, training and skills.Therefore, the selection of gifted teenagers should be specific to each sports branch and include a multi-disciplinary approach when clearing out athletes' motives, the attitudes of athletes and coaches, as well as implementing the monitoring athletes. 2. Regardless of gender and a group of sports branches, the main factors that motivate the choice of sports activities include educational (motivation of the coach, parents and friends) and internal cognitive motives (desire to master a sports technique). The least important motives involve material (possession of own inventory, good facilities for training), geographical (a sports school close to home), not being admitted into another sports branch, or lack of other choices. The choice of a sport from other areas of supplementary education is determined by a desire to be physically fit and a desire to engage in leisure activities. The least important motives are the desire to become famous and the desire to be attractive. Intrinsic motivation is more pronounced than extrinsic.The boys' external motivation is stronger than that of girls. Amotivation is more characteristic of the girls. The internal and external motivation is more expressed by the athletes of team sports; external motivation in individual sports appears to be the weakest, whereas the weakest intrinsic motivation and the strongest amotivation is revealed in duelling sports. 3. The results of physical development, physical fitness and functional capacity of stronger athletes are not always statistically significantly different from those of other athletes or control group athletes. A part of the indicators of stronger athletes are better, which leads to an assumption that alongside with psychosocial abilities, social factors, educational factors, and high motivation, they are essential to achieve high results. The correlation study reveals which indicators need to be taken into account and developed when selecting teenagers gifted for sports and achieving high results. 4. The most important factors for teenagers' decision to start doing sports and choose a sports branch include the surrounding environment, where the most important roles are ascribed to the coach, family members and friends. The genetic-physiological and psychological factors that are affected by the coaching and environmental factors are considered as the main factors determining success in sports. The coach is identified as the most important educational factor in the selection of gifted teenagers, whereas a favourable climate, motivating influence of the coach, his/her competence and ideal conditions help to disclose the athletes' talents and achieve high results. While choosing a sport and training, the self-educational factor is distinguished seeking to change oneself, as well as to change own or others' future relating it to sports. The factors that reduce the motivation of athletes and thus prevent the full potential of talented athletes, as well as leading them to end their sporting careers are highlighted: stabilisation of their progress in the results, injuries and high loads of physical activity. 5. The coaches distinguish the importance of psychological and physiological factors in selecting teenagers gifted for sports. The coaches consider the teenagers to be prospective athletes who have a strong internal and external motivation to train, innate capabilities, and physical abilities that are influenced by environmental factors, coaching competence, and practice. The role of the coach as the most important educational factor is highlighted in the search for gifted athletes among those already in the sport or referring to the competence of other coaches, recommending athletes who can achieve higher results in other sports branches. Identifying gifted teenagers-athletes, the coaches look for dedicated, hardworking and goal-seeking athletes with strong motivation. Family members and peers are recognised as educational factors that have a significant impact on athlete selection. The research also highlights the problems faced by coaches in the selection process. These are physiological and psychological changes in the body and the priorities of teenage athletes, which are influenced by their surrounding environment.

Romina Boccia


Conservative Washington Post columnist George Will wrote about an idea I've been pitching for several months: a BRAC‐​like fiscal commission to help Congress stabilize the growth in the debt. In his column, titled "A fiscal crisis awaits. Here's a provocative idea for heading it off," Will grapples with the core objection conservatives are prone to raise over empowering an unelected body with vast powers. He writes:
"This nation is slouching into the most predictable fiscal crisis in its history. There is no mystery about what the crisis is; there is clarity about what broadly must be done. There is, however, fatalism about the political system's inability to do it. The fatalism is refutable, but with a mechanism that should make constitutionalists queasy: Should we protect the nation's fiscal future by further diminishing Congress, which would exacerbate the braided problems of a rampant executive and an unaccountable administrative state?"

I am grateful for George Will boldly hitting the nail on the head. It won't be easy to convince Congress to empower an independent, unelected body to propose sweeping changes to major entitlement and revenue programs. Doing the right thing is hardly ever easy. What will be even harder is trying to course‐​correct when this fiscal train goes off the rails. If something cannot go on forever it will stop.
Conservatives feel like they've been burned by Congress delegating too much power to the executive and to unelected regulatory bodies. And they're not wrong. It's one thing to establish independent bodies to further burden the American people with new regulations and more government spending. It's quite another to set up an independent commission to help Congress avoid driving us into a catastrophic debt crisis or slow‐​walk us into becoming a nation in decline.
As the old adage goes: desperate times call for desperate measures.
Who will lend more than $100 trillion to the U.S. federal government over the next three decades—a sum that's more than four times what this government has borrowed over its entire history?

A fiscal crisis is an almost certain outcome of the current unsustainable budget trajectory. Who will be willing to lend more than $100 trillion to the U.S. federal government over the next three decades—a sum that's more than four times the amount that investors have been willing to lend to this government over its entire history?
The major drivers of this brewing fiscal storm are beloved entitlement programs, Medicare and Social Security, whose constituencies will only grow bigger as time goes on. The nation is aging, and older constituents also happen to have the financial resources and the time to amplify their voices in Washington. The fact that 95 percent of long‐​term U.S. unfunded obligations originate from Medicare and Social Security spending growth be darned, "don't touch seniors' benefits", those running for office are told.
Asking politicians running for office to reform entitlement programs is like asking astronauts in space to shut off their oxygen.

An understanding of how incentives work dictates that asking politicians to self‐​sacrifice for the greater good is a futile attempt. Will suggests:
"Adopting Boccia's recommendation — "a new mechanism for forcing action" — would be an admirable acknowledgment by Congress of an unadmirable weakness."

Without reforming underfunded entitlement programs, the best case scenario is a much slower growing U.S. economy that blocks pathways of opportunity for people to rise above the hand they were dealt at birth. This would alter the very fabric of our nation, turning an exceptional country, that churns out entrepreneurs and innovators like no other, into yet another gerontocratic nanny state. The old country has plenty of those.
In the worst case scenario, America may be staring down the barrel of a fiscal crisis that nobody knows when it will trigger. But when it does, the outcome will be catastrophic, likely making the economic repression of the financial crisis of 2008 and the post‐​pandemic inflation look like blips.
The magnitude of America's fiscal challenge and the political sacrifices it will demand hasn't escaped the watchful eyes of the world's major credit agencies. Fitch Ratings followed S&P's 2011 decision just last week, downgrading U.S. Treasury bonds from AAA to AA+. More downgrades could lie ahead.
A BRAC‐​like fiscal commission has the potential of overcoming the polarization and policy gridlock plaguing this Congress, addressing directly "the expected fiscal deterioration […], a high and growing general government debt burden, and the erosion of governance…" Fitch cites in its rating decision.
The cure in this case cannot be worse than the disease. Delegating broad legislative authority to a fiscal commission may seem like a step too far. Why not just ask the experts for advice and leave it to Congress to enact reforms at will, or at least to take an up‐​or‐​down vote? Congress has tried this approach before, and not just once. It's failed nearly every time. George captures my views perfectly when he writes:
Boccia has the courage of her conviction that the alternative is even worse than this aspect of her proposal: The commission's recommendations must be "self‐​executing upon presidential approval, without Congress having to affirmatively vote on their enactment." With a bracing candor reminiscent of another realistic child of Italy (Machiavelli, in "The Prince"), Boccia says: Making the commission's recommendations self‐​executing without Congress's having to endorse them is necessary to give legislators "political cover to vocally object to reforms" vital to the national interest but impossible to enact by normal procedures.

In the words of Machiavelli, in "The Prince": "Wisdom consists of knowing how to distinguish the nature of trouble, and in choosing the lesser evil."

Relevance of the research topic. Today education as a form of training organization, systematic knowledge and information transfer to the next generations faces radical changes all around the world. Changes in current education system have lots of facets and their nature is reflected in different forms: learning process` sophistication, institutional forms` and organizational structure`s expansion, diversification of its financial mechanism. Ukraine is not an exception, since amid decentralization of its administrative and territorial system and the whole of society, it is important to provide these important processes with qualified personnel capable of effective implementation of the reform tasks, as well as to create conditions for economic sustainable development [1]. Implementation of strategic tasks for reforming the education system, which will increase its quality and competitiveness, the possibility of integration into the European and world educational space, determine the need to optimize the system of preparation and retraining of pedagogical personnel for vocational education. Formulation of the problem. The system of training of professional education faculty is more complex than the system of training of educators for educational institutions, which is due to a special place of vocational education in society - it belongs to economic, social and cultural spheres. Successful training and advanced training of teachers of professional (vocational-technical) education is a prerequisite for the effective functioning of vocational education in the country, since this is the basis for economic prosperity and social welfare of youth in terms of trouble-free transition from training to work. Therefore, improving the professional training and advanced training of professional education teachers means improving the training system of qualified personnel in the country. Therefore, there is a need to improve the training system of professional education teachers. Analysis of the last researches and publications. Significant contribution to the consideration of human capital development problems were made by Boginya D.P., Vovkanych S.I., Heets V.M., Holubets M.A., Hrishneva O.A., Dolishnii M.I., Zlupka S.M., Kanigina Y.M., Kolot A.M., Kuzmin A.E., Mocherniy S.V., Fedulova L.I., Khmil F.I. [2-5] and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The issue of reform process and power decentralization management to ensure national sustainable development is intrinsically linked to the educational reform process, so reforms` effective mechanisms study requires particular attention and in-depth theoretical and practical research. Therefore, there is a need to study the mechanisms of education funding in general and vocational training in particular in the process of decentralization and reform of the country`s administrative and territorial structure. Problem statement, research goals. The above circumstances are due to the expediency of modeling the coherence of the interests of the parties in the process of advanced training of professional education faculty. Method and methodology of research. In the process of conducting research, general scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical grouping) and special (abstraction, modeling, etc.) methods of studying economic phenomena and processes were used. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The analysis of the dynamics of the number of teachers of vocational education was conducted. It is established that they form a potential market for the provision of qualifications. Three approaches to the content of advanced training are considered. The first approach assumes that the content of professional development is formed by its own organizers. By the second - the content is ordered by those who are planning to improve qualifications. The third - the content is formed by the simultaneous efforts of those who enhances qualifications and those processes. Of the three approaches, the first one is traditional, but it does not take into account the specifics of the professional direction of educational institutions working with those who enhances qualifications. The second one is, on the contrary, takes into account their interests. In our opinion, the greatest efficiency of professional development can be achieved for a third approach, but it provides for the need to ensure the parity of the parties in this cooperation. In addition, taking into account the presence of competition among advanced training providers, an important aspect becomes not only the possibility of reaching an agreement, but also the quality of the service provided. In order to justify the expediency of using the third approach, the game theory used. It is shown that the success of reforms in the system of vocational education can be provided by more active involvement in the process of retraining and improving the qualifications of teachers of higher education institutions. In our opinion, it is expedient to focus on organizing the training of teachers of subjects of the professional-technical cycle, senior masters and masters of production training, since the relevant system of retraining and advanced training of teachers of secondary disciplines is more branched. Conclusions. An analysis of the dynamics of the number of teachers in the system of professional (vocational-technical) education showed the presence of periodicity regarding their number, which practically fully corresponds to the situation regarding the number of those who they teach. The main approaches to improving skills are considered. With the help of the game theory it is proved that the greatest efficiency is possible to achieve if the approach is used when the content of advanced training is formed by the simultaneous efforts of those who enhances qualifications and those processes. It is shown that in such an approach, there is a possibility of taking into account not only formal features on the availability of advanced training, but also the possibility of assessing qualitative parameters of the service provided. This is an additional competitive advantage for providing these services on a competitive advanced training services.

Este libro reúne un conjunto de estudios que fueron presentados y discutidos en el III Encuentro hispano-luso de historiadores del Derecho. Tratan temas centrales de la historia del derecho y de las instituciones en la época moderna y contemporánea, con especial énfasis en los territorios peninsulares y también en los territorios que compusieron, en distintas épocas, los imperios español y portugués. En su conjunto, contribuyen a ampliar y profundizar el conocimiento histórico de aspectos relacionados con la justicia y la administración de los territorios, el funcionamiento de las instituciones (tribunales, universidades, Cortes) y la discusión de conceptos jurídicos centrales para el conocimiento de la doctrina jurídico-política producida en distintos momentos de un vasto período cronológico. ; Neste livro reúne-se um conjunto de estudos que foram apresentados e discutidos no III Encontro hispano-luso de historiadores do Direito. Neles são abordados temas centrais da história do direito e das instituições na época moderna e contemporânea, com especial incidência nos territórios peninsulares e também nos territórios que integraram, em momentos diversos, os impérios espanhol e português. No seu conjunto, contribuem para o alargamento e o aprofundamento do conhecimento histórico de aspectos ligados à justiça e à administração dos territórios, ao funcionamento das instituições (tribunais, universidades, Cortes) e à discussão de conceitos jurídicos centrais para o conhecimento da doutrina jurídico-política produzida em momentos diferentes de um vasto período cronológico. ; This book brings together a set of studies that were presented and discussed at the III Spanish-Portuguese Meeting of Law Historians. They deal with central themes of the History of Law and Institutions in Modern and Contemporary eras, with special emphasis on the peninsular territories and also on the territories that made up, at different times, the Spanish and Portuguese empires. As a whole, they contribute to broaden and deepen the historical knowledge of aspects related to justice and the administration of the territories, the functioning of institutions (courts, universities, courts) and the discussion of legal concepts central to the knowledge of the legal-political doctrine produced at different times of a vast chronological period. ; Apresentação. Em memória do professor António Manuel Hespanha / Cristina Nogueira da Silva, Margarida Seixas (pp. 11-16). -- L'illuminismo giuridico: strategia di dominio o progetto di emancipazione? / Pietro Costa (pp. 17-30). -- El gobernador general de Cataluña Requesens fiscalizado por seis inquisidores políticos (1421) / Daniel Álvarez-Gómez (pp. 31-56). -- Causas de remoción de la carga de expósitos en Galicia a través de los pleitos del Hospital Real de Santiago: siglo XVIII / Bouzada Gil (pp.57-82). -- Corte, administración y territorio en la edad moderna: propuesta de análisis en el ámbito ibérico / Ignacio Ezquerra (pp. 83-132). -- Dominium na doutrina de Francisco de Vitória: reflexões para a historiografia de um discurso jurídico moderno / Ana Caldeira Fouto (pp. 133-160). -- Régimen jurídico del examen de abogado ante el Real Acuerdo de la Chancillería de Valladolid (1495-1834) / Víctor Gautier Fernández (pp. 161-188). -- O pretenso tribunal de Resgate de cativos (o Regimento de 20 de Março de 1461) / Isabel Graes (pp. 189-214. -- Entre tribunales, ministros y procedimientos. La historiografía jurídica y social sobre las Audiencias reales en el Antiguo Régimen / Francisco Miguel Martín Blázquez (pp. 215-238). -- Do trabalho livre nos textos da Segunda Escolástica Peninsular: manuscritos portugueses no final do século XVI / Margarida Seixas (pp. 239-264). -- Domingo de Soto y la defensa del ius migrandi e ius communicationis en la controversia de la reforma de asistencia social del siglo XVI / Sandro Alex Souza Simões (pp. 265-286). -- Da ordem do juízo de 1526 à nova ordem do juízo de 1577: notas sobre reformas processuais no Portugal quinhentista / Jorge Veiga Testos (pp. 287-322). -- La II República y el Estatuto Orgánico de los territorios españoles del Golfo de Guinea / Jose Luis Bibang Ondo Eyang (pp. 323-352). -- A estranha alquimia da Cláusula Martens de 1864 até à I Conferência de Paz da Haia de 1899 / Anabela Paula Brízido (pp. 353-390). -- A influência internacional na elaboração das leis de caça em Moçambique colonial / Marcos Dias Coelho (pp. 391-410). -- El final de los pretendientes a oficios: perfil jurídico de una figura para la provisión de empleos en su última etapa (ca. 1805-1852) / Francisco Javier Díaz Majano (pp. 411-440). -- Constitución, Código y Sociedad Anónima (1812-1848) / Jesús Jimeno-Borrero (pp. 441-462). -- A reforma de Gonçalves Ferreira: o Estado Novo e os primórdios de um Sistema Nacional de Saúde em Portugal / Filipe de Arede Nunes (pp. 463-490). -- Incongruências do foro militar. O processo de Francisco Maximiliano de Sousa (1822-1823) / João Andrade Nunes (pp. 491-516). -- La reforma de la universidad en el siglo XX. 100 años del Plan Silió: el proyecto de autonomía de la Universidad de Granada / Marina Rojo Gallego-Burín (pp. 517-546). -- Teor e propósito da história do direito civil português Contemporâneo / Jorge Silva Santos (pp. 547-576). -- The diminished administration (about the Spanish government in the Philippines during the second half of the 19th century) / María Julia Solla Sastre (pp. 577-584). -- Três formatos jurídicos e relações coloniais conflituosas no norte de Moçambique (1894 - 1940) / Fernanda do Nascimento Thomaz (pp. 585-614). -- A fluidez do liberalismo oitocentista: uma análise do debate sobre eleições diretas ou indiretas nas Cortes Gerais e Extraordinárias da Nação Portuguesa (1821-1822) e na Primeira Assembleia Nacional Constituinte do Brasil (1823) / Maíra Tito (pp. 615-648)

[spa] Desde hace dos décadas los destinos de montaña en España, y particularmente sus espacios naturales protegidos, están sumergidos en un proceso de cambios y transformaciones que afectan a su actividad turística y a sus condiciones ambientales. Este proceso supone, entre otras consecuencias, la pérdida de relevancia de la montaña como destino turístico debido, entre otros factores, a la emergencia de nuevos productos no vinculados necesariamente a estos espacios; a la fuerte competencia con destinos de entornos geográficos diferenciados; a la presencia en la montaña de productos con síntomas de agotamiento y destinos específicos con dificultades para su desarrollo; y, debido también, a las recientes exigencias ambientales emanadas desde las esferas política y social. Frente a esta situación se presentan diversos retos para la renovación de la montaña como escenario turístico: el control sobre la masificación turística, el fomento de la desestacionalización, la conservación ambiental, así como el aumento de la competitividad y sostenibilidad sobre sus destinos y productos. Paralelamente a esta situación se ha observado un continuo auge de usos y actividades relacionados con el turismo de naturaleza. En esta irrupción de la actividad turística en espacios naturales destaca el ecoturismo, un segmento que se ha visto apoyado, tanto por la administración pública, como por los requerimientos de los consumidores, los cuales demandan experiencias singulares y con componentes de sostenibilidad. Esta investigación sobre el desarrollo del ecoturismo en destinos de montaña en España (2000-2019) se ha elaborado con el propósito de aportar conocimiento –en el contexto señalado anteriormente– sobre los aspectos clave que estructuran y condicionan su despliegue en los sistemas territoriales de montaña y, en concreto, su análisis, evaluación y prospectiva. De su contenido destaca el estudio de la evolución y repercusión de la planificación y gestión del ecoturismo, tanto a nivel estatal, como en sus áreas de montaña, así como las características y fundamentos ecoturísticos de las empresas y productos que operan en este tipo de destinos. Se ha pretendido comprobar como el ecoturismo, por sus características excepcionales como actividad productiva sostenible, representa un segmento apto e idóneo para la conservación, renovación y dinamización de los destinos de montaña, y como la administración pública y el sector privado han influido en este proceso. Para la consecución de los objetivos definidos se despliega una metodología multimétodo, basada en herramientas cualitativas y cuantitativas que han permitido abordar la investigación sobre un doble enfoque territorial, la montaña española como sistema y la montaña a nivel de destino mediante dos casos de estudio. Entre los resultados y conclusiones preliminares cabe destacar en la configuración del ecoturismo en España el papel desempeñado, tanto por la administración pública y determinados actores privados, así como por entidades turísticas y conservacionistas. También, cabe señalar la constatación de determinadas limitaciones y potenciales mejoras para su avance y competitividad como segmento turístico en los espacios naturales de montaña. ; [eng] For two decades, mountain destinations in Spain, and especially its protected natural areas, have been immersed in a process of change and transformations that affect its tourism activities and environmental conditions. This process entails, among other consequences, the loss of relevance of the mountain as a tourist destination due, among other factors, to the emergence of new products that are not necessarily connected to the mountain; the strong competition between destinations in differentiated geographic environments; the presence of products with symptoms of exhaustion on the mountains and specific destinations with difficulties for its development; and also because of recent environmental demands emanating from the political and social spheres. In the face of this situation, a number of challenges arise for the renovation of the mountain as a tourist setting: control over mass tourism, the promotion of seasonal adjustment, environmental conservation, as well as the growing competitiveness and sustainability over destinations and mountain products. In parallel to this situation, there has been a continued rise in uses and activities related to nature tourism. In this eruption of tourist activities in natural areas ecotourism is the one which stands out the most, it's a segment that has been supported both by the public administration and consumers, whose requirements demand singular experiences with important components of sustainability. This investigation about the development of ecotourism in mountain destinations in Spain (2000-2019) has been prepared with the purpose to bring in knowledge –in the context stated previously– about the key aspects that structure and condition its expansion in the mountains' territorial system, and, in particular, its analysis, evaluation and prospective. Its content highlights the study of the evolution and impact of the planning and management of ecotourism, both at state level and in their mountain areas. As well as the characteristics and foundations of ecotourism in companies and products operating in certain mountain destinations. It has been intended to prove how ecotourism, for its exceptional characteristics as a sustainable productive activity, represents an apt and suitable segment for the conservation, renewal and dynamisation of mountain destinations, and how the public administration and the private sector have influenced this process. To achieve the defined aims, a multimethod methodology has been conducted based on qualitative and quantitative tools that have enabled the research to be addressed on a dual territorial approach; the Spanish mountain as a system and the mountain as a destination through two case studies. Preliminary results and conclusions highlight the role played by the public administration and certain private sectors, as well as touristic and conservationist entities, in shaping the ecotourism in Spain. It is also important to note, the confirmation of determined limitations and potential improvements, for its advancement and competitiveness as a touristic segment in mountain natural landscapes.

The development of economy and its fluctuations sometimes acquire disastrous forms for countries and even the world community; and individual unexpected financial ups and downs of powerful corporations always attract attention of practitioners as well as researchers. They both look for the reasons for these phenomena, primarily referring to classical finance. However, their explanations do not always look convincing; they ignore the elusive essence of their incentive factor. And it was perseverance and a combination of the opposite that contributed to the emergence of behavioral finance, which focused the search on the social and psychological aspects of phenomena. Each period of economic development was marked by a number of authentic prerogatives and goals that shaped the behavior of the individual. Generalization of individuals similar in priorities and directions of implementation of actions formed the basis of models of economic behavior. The change in these models was due not only to scientific and technical progress, but also to the role of person in society, their identification as a separate participant or a participant of the collective society, as a component of the whole. The transition from Homo economicus, whose purpose of operation was rational egoistic enrichment, to Homo creativus, who acquires the understanding of their own identity and the need to improve and realize abilities, leads to the emergence of an opinion about the irrationality of the nature of the individual's economic behavior. Further changes in the socio-economic environment led to the formation of a behavioral model for social climbers, for whom monetary resources are not the goal for their work, but rather a means of realizing egoistic ascension. The command system formed the behavior model of Homo soveticus, which erased the boundaries of the personal for the sake of collective goals, causing the emergence of a «collective mentality». And the assertion of a democratic society of our time contributed to the emergence of RREEMM (resourceful, restricted, evaluating, expecting, maximizing man) and Click models, in which an individual shows his qualities and achieves goals in conditions of limited resources and information, but with excessive confidence in his own strengths and knowledge. and decisions in most cases are made by impulsive pressing of a button. ; Развитие экономики и ее колебания иногда приобретали катастрофические формы для государств и даже мирового сообщества, а отдельные неожиданные финансовые взлеты и непредсказуемые падения мощных корпораций всегда привлекали внимание не только практиков, но и ученых. И те, и другие искали причины указанных явлений, в первую очередь обращаясь к классическим финансам. Однако их объяснения не всегда выглядели убедительными, оставляя без внимания неуловимую сущность побудительного фактора. И именно настойчивость и сочетание противоположного способствовали возникновению поведенческих финансов, которые сосредоточили поиски на социальных и психологических аспектах явлений. Каждый период экономического развития ознаменовался рядом аутентичных прерогатив и целей, которые формировали поведение личности. Обобщение похожих по приоритетам и направлениям реализации действий индивидов легли в основу моделей экономического поведения. Изменение этих моделей была обусловлено не только научным и техническим прогрессом, но и ролью человека в обществе, его идентификацией как отдельного участника или участника коллективной среды, как составляющей целого. Переход от Homo economicus, целью функционирования которого было рациональное эгоистическое обогащение, к Homo creativus, который приобретает понимание собственной идентичности и потребности в совершенствовании и реализации способностей, приводит к появлению мнения о иррациональность природы экономического поведения личности. Дальнейшие изменения в социо-экономической среде привели к формированию поведенческой модели карьеристов, для которых денежные ресурсы выступают не целью к труду, а средством реализации эгоистического возвышения. Командная система сформировала модель поведения Homo soveticus, которая стерла границы личного ради коллективных целей, обусловив появление «коллективной ментальности». А утверждение демократического общества современности способствовало появлению моделей RREEMM (resourceful, restricted, evaluating, expecting, maximizing man) и Click, при которых индивид проявляет свои качества и достигает целей в условиях ограниченности ресурсов и информации, но с избыточным уверенностью в собственных силах и знаниях, а решение в большинстве случаев принимаются импульсивным нажатием кнопки. ; Розвиток економіки та її коливання, що іноді набували катастрофічних форм для держав і навіть світової спільноти, окремі неочікувані фінансові злети та непередбачувані падіння потужних корпорацій завжди приваблювали увагу не лише практиків, а й науковців. І ті, й інші шукали причини зазначених явищ, в першу чергу звертаючись до класичних фінансів. Однак їхні пояснення не завжди виглядали переконливими, залишаючи поза увагою невловиму сутність спонукального фактору. І саме наполегливість і поєднання протилежного сприяли виникненню поведінкових фінансів, що зосередили пошуки на соціальних і психологічних аспектах явищ. Кожен період економічного розвитку ознаменувався низкою автентичних прерогатив і цілей, які стали спонукальними у зміні переваг. Узагальнення схожих за пріоритетами та напрямами реалізації дій індивідів сформували моделі економічної поведінки. І зміна цих моделей була зумовлена не лише науковим і технічним прогресом, а й роллю людини у суспільстві, її ідентифікаєю: як окремого учасника чи як складової цілого – узагальненням у колективному середовищі. Так, перехід від Homo economicus, метою функціонування якого було раціональне егоїстичне збагачення, до Homo creativus, який набуває розуміння власної ідентичності та потреби в удосконаленні та реалізації здібностей, зумовлює появу думки про ірраціональність природи економічної поведінки особистості. Подальші зміни в соціо-економічному середовищі призвели до формування поведінкової моделі кар'єристів, для яких грошові ресурси виступають не ціллю до праці, а засобом реалізації егоїстичного звеличення. Командна система сформувала модель поведінки Homo soveticus, стерши межі особистого заради колективних цілей і зумовивши появу «колективної ментальності». А утвердження демократичного суспільства сучасності спричинило появу моделей RREEMM (resourceful, restricted, evaluating, expecting, maximizing man) і Click, за яких індивід проявляє свої якості та досягає цілей в умовах обмеженості ресурсів та інформації, але з надмірною впевненістю у власних силах і знаннях, а рішення в більшості випадків приймаються імпульсивним натисканням кнопки.

The article explores the concepts and fundamental characteristics of legal responsibility of People's Deputies. According to the author, consideration of the institution of legal responsibility of parliamentarians is relevant and promising as a type of social responsibility in theoretical and practical terms. The urgency of the problem is due to the trends of legal responsibility differentiation and institutionalization going that far, in particular in foreign countries, that have led some experts to justify the concept of autonomous parliamentary responsibility as a separate phenomenon among types of legal responsibility in general. Attention is drawn to the fact that an integral part of the process identifying the institution of legal responsibility is the improvement of legislation on the legal status of a People's Deputy, which component is justifiably considered legal responsibility of a parliamentarian as a political figure authorized to execute state legislative functions. It is proved that parliamentary responsibility is a specification of the state responsibility principle which is significant in the state of law as a legal entity towards the people as a legal entity and citizens. The article also analyzes the peculiarities of the introduction of legal responsibility of a parliamentarian into legislation and state and legal practice resulting in the gradual separation of constitutional and legal responsibilities of a parliamentarian and parliament. The author joins the new already established approaches in legal science, under which all the multifunctionality of the phenomenon of legal responsibility of a parliamentarian is not limited to the issue in institutional and normative dimensions, but also in socio-cultural and value-anthropological aspects, which is absolutely justified by contemporary understanding any functional or dysfunctional legal phenomenon having not only a purely institutional but also a value dimension. It is argued that legal relations of the people and human with the state should be built on the basis of mutual responsibility under terms of a democratic law and social state in general, since a state turns a real subject of responsibility towards society under democratic conditions provided normatively (constitutionally and legally) and institutionally (through the establishment of specific government bodies and officials responsible for a certain element of the system of state functions including Members of Parliament). ; В статье рассматриваются понятие и основные признаки юридической ответственности народных депутатов. По мнению автора, рассмотрение института юридической ответственности парламентариев является актуальным и перспективным в теоретическом и в практическом плане как вид социальной ответственности. Актуальность проблемы обусловлена тенденциями дифференциации и институциализации юридической ответственности, которые зашли так далеко, в частности в зарубежных странах обусловили обоснования отдельными специалистами концепции автономной парламентской ответственности как отдельного явления в ряду видов юридической ответственности вообще. Обращается внимание на то, что неотъемлемой составляющей процесса выделения института юридической ответственности является совершенствование законодательства о правовом статусе народного депутата, составляющей, элементом которого обоснованно считается юридическая ответственность парламентария как политического лица, уполномоченного на выполнение законодательной функции государства. Доказывается, что ответственность парламентария является формой конкретизации важного в правовом государстве принципа ответственности государства как субъекта права перед народом, как субъектом права, и гражданами. В статье также анализируются особенности внедрения в законодательство и государственно-правовую практику института юридической ответственности парламентария, обуславливающих постепенное отграничения конституционно-правовой ответственности парламентария от конституционно-правовой ответственности парламента. Автор присоединяется к новым, но уже устоявшихся в юридической науке подходов, по которым все полифункциональность феномена юридической ответственности парламентариев не исчерпывается рассмотрением проблематики только в институциональном и нормативном измерениях, но также и в социокультурном и ценностно-антропологическом аспектах, абсолютно оправдано в силу современного понимания функциональности или дисфункциональности любого правового явления как такового, которое имеет не только чисто институциональный, но и ценностное измерение. Доказывается, что в условиях демократического правового и социального государства вообще правоотношения народа и личности с государством должны быть построены на основе обоюдной ответственности, поскольку в демократических условиях государство выступает реальным субъектом ответственности перед обществом, обеспечивается нормативно (конституционно и законодательно) и институционально ( через выделение конкретных государственных органов и должностных лиц, ответственных за определенный элемент системы функций), в том числе и депутатов парламента. ; В статті розглядаються поняття та основні ознаки юридичної відповідальності народних депутатів. На думку автора, розгляд інституту юридичної відповідальності парламентаріїв є актуальним та перспективним у теоретичному і в практичному плані як вид соціальної відповідальності. Актуальність проблеми обумовлена тенденціями диференціації та інституціалізації юридичної відповідальності, які зайшли так далеко, зокрема в зарубіжних країнах, що зумовили обґрунтування окремими фахівцями концепції автономної парламентської відповідальності як окремого явища в ряду видів юридичної відповідальності взагалі. Звертається увага на те, що невід'ємною складовою процесу виокремлення інституту юридичної відповідальності є вдосконалення законодавства про правовий статус народного депутата, складовою, елементом якого обґрунтовано вважається юридична відповідальність парламентарія як політичної особи, уповноваженої на виконання законодавчої функції держави. Доводиться, що відповідальність парламентарія є формою конкретизації важливого у правовій державі принципу відповідальності держави як суб'єкта права перед народом, як суб'єктом права, і громадянами. В статті також аналізуються особливості впровадження в законодавство і державно-правову практику інституту юридичної відповідальності парламентарія, які обумовлюють поступове відмежування конституційно-правової відповідальності парламентарія від конституційно-правової відповідальності парламенту. Автор приєднується до нових, але уже усталених в юридичній науці підходів, за якими вся поліфункціональність феномену юридичної відповідальності парламентаріїв не вичерпується розглядом проблематики лише в інституційному та нормативному вимірах, але також і в соціокультурному та ціннісно-антропологічному аспектах, що абсолютно виправдано в силу сучасного розуміння функціональності чи дисфункціональності будь-якого правового явища як такого, яке має не лише суто інституційний, але і ціннісний вимір. Доводиться, що в умовах демократичної правової та соціальної держави взагалі правовідносини народу і особи з державою повинні бути побудовані на основі обопільної відповідальності, оскільки у демократичних умовах держава виступає реальним суб'єктом відповідальності перед суспільством, що забезпечується нормативно (конституційно і законодавчо) та інституційно (через виокремлення конкретних державних органів та посадових осіб, відповідальних за певний елемент системи державних функцій), у тому числі і депутатів парламенту.

Problem setting. The state registration of birth is the first and one of the main steps to children's rights protection and it became a demonstration not only of identity, but also of the human existence. At the same time, when considering the current trends in the development of social and political life, electronic services gain great importance and they become priority development fields of electronic government.While most European countries already introduced in the web space almost all activities in regard to providing administrative services, Ukraine stands at the early stages of this course which has many obstacles and challenging issues that need to be resolved. Recent research and publications analysis. Over the last years many investigations and publications with different target purposes were dedicated to the issue of improvement and receiving of administrative services in the sphere of state registration of birth and specifically via the internet and with employment of other information technologies.Among foreign scientists these problematic issues were researched by such experts as M. Riekkinen, A. Afolayan, O. Iyare, T. Falua, B. Oyokoch, E. Lunyeva, S. Ryabchenko and others.The works of such Ukrainian scientists as O. Lovyaka, L. Chernenko, I. Demchyshyna, L. Lypets were focused on study of general issues of development of state registration of certain types of civil state acts, and specifically birth records.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The attempts of consistent implementation of information and communication technologies in the political system of our country particularly deal with relations in the sphere of civil status registration acts. The development of information technologies certainly showed up in the priority event of human life – birth, and the state registration of birth became the significant step in acquisition of human rights in all spheres of social life. Consequently, new problematic issues appeared in the practical activities of specialists and these matters were related to the issue of documentation of state registration of birth by means of information technologies, it requires classification of knowledge in this sphere and taking new decisions which would meet the requirements of present-day society.Paper main body. In juridical aspect the fact of child's birth and child's descent from certain man and woman can be confirmed only by way of state registration of child's birth in the organs of the civil status state registration. According to the regulations of the civil status registration department the registration of child's birth is fulfilled at the place of child's birth or at the place of residence of his parents or one of the parents. The main effective instrument in the sphere of civil status state registration is represented by web portal 'Requests in the sphere of civil status state registration' which is an electronic resource with its unique address in the Internet world network where organizational and methodical materials are placed. There you can make the registration of users, submission, data handling, information keeping and transfer in the sphere of civil status state registration. The great advantage of such web portal is the fact that it is accessible to all and unrestricted number of users of the internet world network, it works day and night in online mode, and it is also highly functional. This is evident from the fact that through the use of web portal physical person can submit to the civil status registration department an application of the state registration of marriage, the state registration of divorce, the state registration of name change, the amendments to the civil status registration act, their renewal or annulment, reissuance of certificates and extracts from the civil state registration of citizens, or application as to their formulation. There you can book your visit to the civil status registration department in advance with indication of convenient date and time; pay for provided services using payment systems, receive consultations from officials of the civil status registration department as to your requests and applications which were sent through the web portal.This innovation represented the first step to implementation of electronic service"e-malyatko". The project called "e-malyatko" provides the wide range of services using one application: state registration of child's birth, registration of child's permanent residence, granting an allowance at child's birth, registration of child's birth in the electronic health protection system; issue of certificates for the parents in families with many children and for the child from multiple children family (under certain conditions); registration in demographic register; ascertainment of child's descent at birth (in case child's parents are not married); registration in the state register of physical persons tax-payers; ascertainment of child's citizenship of Ukraine.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. In that manner, the submission of applications in the sphere of civil status registration acts through the internet world network by citizens facilitates the proper organization of work of civil status registration departments ensuring their effective and prompt service, including the reduction of lines by offering the possibility to the citizens to visit the department at the time of appointment.Registration of birth is a fundamental step on the way to adequate government and it is an essential element which promotes democratic processes. ; Розглянуто основні організаційно-правові аспекти надання державної послуги щодо реєстрації народження. Значну увагу приділено особливостям удосконалення процедури державної реєстрації народження в Україні через запровадження веб-порталу та "пілотного" проекту "е-малятко". Досліджено специфіку застосування аналогічних моделей реєстрації у світі. Доведено необхідність подальшого удосконалення процедури запровадження інформаційно-комунікативних технологій у сфері реєстрації народження в Україні.

Problem setting. The state registration of birth is the first and one of the main steps to children's rights protection and it became a demonstration not only of identity, but also of the human existence. At the same time, when considering the current trends in the development of social and political life, electronic services gain great importance and they become priority development fields of electronic government.While most European countries already introduced in the web space almost all activities in regard to providing administrative services, Ukraine stands at the early stages of this course which has many obstacles and challenging issues that need to be resolved. Recent research and publications analysis. Over the last years many investigations and publications with different target purposes were dedicated to the issue of improvement and receiving of administrative services in the sphere of state registration of birth and specifically via the internet and with employment of other information technologies.Among foreign scientists these problematic issues were researched by such experts as M. Riekkinen, A. Afolayan, O. Iyare, T. Falua, B. Oyokoch, E. Lunyeva, S. Ryabchenko and others.The works of such Ukrainian scientists as O. Lovyaka, L. Chernenko, I. Demchyshyna, L. Lypets were focused on study of general issues of development of state registration of certain types of civil state acts, and specifically birth records.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The attempts of consistent implementation of information and communication technologies in the political system of our country particularly deal with relations in the sphere of civil status registration acts. The development of information technologies certainly showed up in the priority event of human life – birth, and the state registration of birth became the significant step in acquisition of human rights in all spheres of social life. Consequently, new problematic issues appeared in the practical activities of specialists and these matters were related to the issue of documentation of state registration of birth by means of information technologies, it requires classification of knowledge in this sphere and taking new decisions which would meet the requirements of present-day society.Paper main body. In juridical aspect the fact of child's birth and child's descent from certain man and woman can be confirmed only by way of state registration of child's birth in the organs of the civil status state registration. According to the regulations of the civil status registration department the registration of child's birth is fulfilled at the place of child's birth or at the place of residence of his parents or one of the parents. The main effective instrument in the sphere of civil status state registration is represented by web portal 'Requests in the sphere of civil status state registration' which is an electronic resource with its unique address in the Internet world network where organizational and methodical materials are placed. There you can make the registration of users, submission, data handling, information keeping and transfer in the sphere of civil status state registration. The great advantage of such web portal is the fact that it is accessible to all and unrestricted number of users of the internet world network, it works day and night in online mode, and it is also highly functional. This is evident from the fact that through the use of web portal physical person can submit to the civil status registration department an application of the state registration of marriage, the state registration of divorce, the state registration of name change, the amendments to the civil status registration act, their renewal or annulment, reissuance of certificates and extracts from the civil state registration of citizens, or application as to their formulation. There you can book your visit to the civil status registration department in advance with indication of convenient date and time; pay for provided services using payment systems, receive consultations from officials of the civil status registration department as to your requests and applications which were sent through the web portal.This innovation represented the first step to implementation of electronic service"e-malyatko". The project called "e-malyatko" provides the wide range of services using one application: state registration of child's birth, registration of child's permanent residence, granting an allowance at child's birth, registration of child's birth in the electronic health protection system; issue of certificates for the parents in families with many children and for the child from multiple children family (under certain conditions); registration in demographic register; ascertainment of child's descent at birth (in case child's parents are not married); registration in the state register of physical persons tax-payers; ascertainment of child's citizenship of Ukraine.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. In that manner, the submission of applications in the sphere of civil status registration acts through the internet world network by citizens facilitates the proper organization of work of civil status registration departments ensuring their effective and prompt service, including the reduction of lines by offering the possibility to the citizens to visit the department at the time of appointment.Registration of birth is a fundamental step on the way to adequate government and it is an essential element which promotes democratic processes. ; Розглянуто основні організаційно-правові аспекти надання державної послуги щодо реєстрації народження. Значну увагу приділено особливостям удосконалення процедури державної реєстрації народження в Україні через запровадження веб-порталу та "пілотного" проекту "е-малятко". Досліджено специфіку застосування аналогічних моделей реєстрації у світі. Доведено необхідність подальшого удосконалення процедури запровадження інформаційно-комунікативних технологій у сфері реєстрації народження в Україні.

In the presidential debates, each candidate conveyed ideas, claims, and criticism. The wordsused can be a speech act that refers to the basic units of communication in which utterances areviewed as social acts that fulfil social functions. This study investigates types and function of thespeech act of representatives and the strong feelings expressed in the speech act. Speech act ofrepresentative refers to acts in which the words state what the speakers believes to be the case;and these can be found in the presidential debates. In the presidential debates, each candidateconveyed ideas, claims, and criticism. According to Searle (1976) there five types of speech acts,they are representative, directive, commissive, expressive, and declaration. Every utterance thatrefers to asserting, informing, reporting, claiming, and fact stating can be said as representativespeech acts in which words delivered based on what the speaker believes to be the case.(Cutting, 2003). Furthermore, each of the speech act of representative can be followed by theemotional expressions like anger, sadness, joy, and fear. In this research, the writer analyzed thebasic emotions expressed in each types of representative speech acts. Some theories used toobserved the basic emotions are Parrot (2001): Fiehler (2002); Yanti (2013).The method used in analyzing the research is qualitative method that refers scientificmethod of observation to collect types of representative speech acts and basic emotion. It refersto the meaning, concepts, definitions, and drawing conclusions. Data were taken from threetranscripts of the 2016 US presidential debates posted on the web Washington Post. The writerobserved three transcripts of the 2016 US Presidential Debates between Donald Trump andHillary Clinton in terms of utterances that refers to the representative speech acts and basicemotions expressed through the words used by both of them. Then, the procedures done werecollecting, classifying the data based on the purpose of the study, analyzing those classified data,interpreting the result of data analysis, and drew a conclusion.The results show that there are a number of types of representative speech act used, forexample asserting, reporting, informing, claiming, and fact stating. These are influenced byvarious contexts in terms of physical context, epistemic context, and linguistic context. Fromthose types used, the writer found that asserting used by both of Hillary Clinton and DonaldTrump in terms of repetition to assert their opinions. In the type of speech act informing HillaryClinton gives the information she had previously thought and implicitly. In type speech actsinforming Donald Trump gives the information directly to the point of discussion. In the speechacts claiming, Clinton claimed about what she had done, or her success. Similarly, Trump also Inclaimed what he had done but he tend to praise himself. Related to the basic emotions expressed,the writer found three basic emotions in the representative speech acts based on Parrot's theorythey are Joy, Anger, and Sadness. In types of asserting the emotions of Hillary Clinton areoptimism, as a part of the primary emotion Joy; rejection as part of the primary emotion ofSadness, guilt (sadness), being annoyed (anger), exasperation (anger). Then, in the speech act ofreporting is the emotion of being disappointed (sadness). Other basic emotions expressed byClinton were are optimism (joy), pride (joy), disappointed (sadness), enthusiasm (joy) ininforming speech act representative. And, basic emotions expressed by Trump in the types ofspeech act of asserting were rejection (Sadness), optimism (Joy), exasperation (Anger), pride(Joy). In types of informing were feeling displeasure (Sadness), optimism (Joy), loathing(Anger), grumpiness (Anger), enthusiasm (Joy), and pride (Joy); and many other basic emotionsexpressed by both of the candidates.From the explanation, the writer can draw a conclusion that the basic emotions expressed ineach type of the representative speech acts. In asserting, the basic emotion of Joy, Sadness,Anger expressed by both of the candidates. In types of reporting Hillary Clinton tends to showthe basic emotions of Joy, that is strong feeling of optimism. In the speech acts of informing theemotions expressed were Joy and Sadness and Anger. The difference emotional expression fromboth of the candidates were sadness emotions. Hillary Clinton tends to inform something withdisappointed emotions (sadness) and Donald Trump tends to conveyed displeasure emotions.Trump usually informed something with anger expressions, namely loathing, grumpiness andexasperation. He showed his exasperation with the previous government differ from HillaryClinton. To claim something the emotion by both candidates is the same, namely (joy) pride and(joy) optimism. Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, both of them felt proud of themselves andoptimism they would be voted as a president. In types of Fact stating by both candidates have thesame feeling, joy emotion and anger emotion. But, Donald Trump tends to show anger emotionsby using sarcastic words and tends to feel exaggerating to say the facts. He showed the facts andtried to convince people with the facts with his strong feeling of anger. From the data, the writertend to say that From that Clinton is more calm person and tends not to show her emotions inpublic. Meanwhile, Trump is more resolute and straight to the point with his words. Finally, theresearch is useful for people who study language in terms of words delivered have anillocutionary act to make people do something; the words are not only use as saying things butalso doing things. For further research, it is very interesting to study other aspects, such aslanguage use as representative of ideology, character, and politeness.Keywords: Speech act of Representative, Basic emotions, Types, The 2016 US presidentialDebates