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'Never before has there been so many and such dreadful weapons in so many irresponsible hands.' - Karl Popper, from the PrefaceAll Life is Problem Solving is a stimulating and provocative selection of Popper's writings on his main preoccupations during the last twenty-five years of his life. This collection illuminates Popper's process of working out key formulations in his theory of science, and indicates his view of the state of the world at the end of the Cold War and after the collapse of communism

This volume presents a state-of-the-science review of the most promising current European research -- and its historic roots of research -- on complex problem solving (CPS) in Europe. It is an attempt to close the knowledge gap among American scholars regarding the European approach to understanding CPS. Although most of the American researchers are well aware of the fact that CPS has been a very active research area in Europe for quite some time, they do not know any specifics about even the most important research. Part of the reason for this lack of knowledge is undoubtedly the fact that European researchers -- for the most part -- have been rather reluctant to publish their work in English-language journals. The book concentrates on European research because the basic approach European scholars have taken to studying CPS is very different from one taken by North American researchers. Traditionally, American scholars have been studying CPS in \"natural\" domains -- physics, reading, writing, and chess playing -- concentrating primarily on exploring novice-expert differences and the acquisition of a complex skill. European scholars, in contrast, have been primarily concerned with problem solving behavior in artificially generated, mostly computerized, complex systems. While the American approach has the advantage of high external validity, the European approach has the advantage of system variables that can be systematically manipulated to reveal the effects of system parameters on CPS behavior. The two approaches are thus best viewed as complementing each other. This volume contains contributions from four European countries -- Sweden, Switzerland, Great Britain, and Germany. As such, it accurately represents the bulk of empirical research on CPS which has been conducted in Europe. An international cooperation started two years ago with the goal of bringing the European research on complex problem solving to the awareness of American scholars. A direct result of that effort, the contributions to this book are ...

The Problem Isn't Always What It Seems -- The Problem Solving Method -- Comparison of Problem Solving Methods -- Management and Leadership Competencies of the Problem Solving Method -- Practice Define Step D1 : Situation and Scope -- Practice Define Step D2 : Stakeholders, Difficulties and Problem Areas -- Practice Define Step D3 : Issue Statements and Problem Statement -- Define Phase Activity Key -- Practice Study Step S1 : Root Causes and Alternative Solutions -- Practice Study Step S2 : Decision Criteria, Research, and Findings -- Practice Study Step S3 : Conclusions -- Study Phase Activity Key -- Practice Act Step A1 : Recommendations and Milestones -- Practice Act Step A2 : Communication Strategy and Consensus Building -- Practice Act Step A3 : Implementation and Monitoring -- Act Phase Activity Key -- Operations and Quality Cases -- Strategic Healthcare Cases -- Population Health Cases -- Long Term Care Cases.

The problem-solving approach is not explicitly present in the Polish justice system. Various provisions required to implement it are dispersed throughout the system of law, but they are heavily underused and do not form a comprehensive system. To date, there have been virtually no efforts to concentrate resources, develop cross-sectoral partnerships and provide solutions tailored to special groups of court users; features that are hallmarks of problem-solving justice in other jurisdictions. Low and decreasing levels of crime remove pressure from legislators to seek innovative solutions. Somewhat paradoxically, given the decline of crime, the current government has been pursuing a rather restrictive sentencing policy. Nevertheless, recent reforms – of the Criminal Code in 2015, and a new 2016 law on alternative dispute resolution – promise to finally boost mediation and other problem-solving measures.

Abstract
Accounting and management practice as well as accounting research would benefit by shifting more of the scholarly attention towards external matters – solving problems of practice – while retaining its emphasis on rigor and validity of research claims.

The study of multilevel governance (MLG) is fundamentally concerned with the capacity of MLG to effectively deal with policy problems. However, the notion of problem‐solving itself remains vague. Moreover, MLG research prioritizes questions of structure and agency, while neglecting the role and nature of policy problems themselves. This symposium defines problem‐solving in both procedural and operational terms. The introduction reviews relevant attributes of policy problems and existing assumptions about their influence on problem‐solving. By adding uncertainty, tractability, and three political attributes (power, conflict, salience), we propose an extended list of attributes of policy problems that matter for problem‐solving, and link them to different notions of procedural and operational problem‐solving in MLG. The contributions address the challenges facing problem‐solving in the European Union, adopting a particular focus on the characteristics of policy problems. Empirical cases include the European Semester, Brexit, the governance of the swine flu pandemic, and climate change.

This article analyzes why, in family sociology, the development of problems for theorizing and research has not led to many cumulative solutions. Cumulative solutions require serial progressions to problem development that are not much evident in family sociology. Problem development has a serial progression when the very framing of a question for research is conditional on the results of previous research. The program of research on mate selection is reviewed in terms of its pattern of problem development. I conclude that the scientific significance of the problem of mate selection has not been established by its research literature. The literature on mate selection is taken to be representative of the way in which programs of research in family sociology have shown incremental but not cumulative growth. Implications for theorizing in family sociology are discussed.

The Dagomba people of northern Ghana should not be Christian at all. Although there has been a Catholic presence for the last 50 years in Dagbon, the people have never felt the need for Christianity. But some of their number are now forming village-level Christian communities. Taking the stance that religion in Africa is about problem-solving, especially when it involves the unseen world, the authors surveyed 315 villagers, Catholics and non-Catholics, asking about their most important problems and if Christianity responded to them. The problems involve beliefs and practices concerning fate, dreams, witchcraft, "bad death", divination and the ancestors—things not usually the concern of Christian rituals. It was found that while Christians continue to have the same problems as their neighbors, they are not helped to solve them in a Christian way. But the Dagomba Christian communities are gradually drawing the attention of the Catholic Church to their needs and more creative and responsive rituals are appearing.

AbstractThree studies involving dating relationships and friendships tested the hypothesis that higher perceived partner virtues (or personal strengths enacted in the context of relationships) are related to greater relationship problem‐solving efficacy. Studies 1 and 2 showed that higher perceived partner virtues were related to more relationship problem‐solving efficacy concurrently and longitudinally. Study 3 showed that perceiving one's partner as more virtuous predicted increased turning toward one's partner for assistance, which, in turn, predicted increased problem‐solving efficacy. All 3 studies showed that higher perceived partner virtues were related to greater relationship problem‐solving efficacy.

Reliable and valid approaches for measuring family-level problem solving are necessary if nurse clinicians and researchers are to identify and describe problem solving in both healthy and ill families and monitor the effects of nursing interventions on changes in family functioning. Whereas family problem solving is frequently mentioned in the literature, there is little consensus on how to operationalize this family-level variable. The focus of this review is to explore measurement of family problem solving from a practice and research perspective. Thirteen published measures of family problem solving are critiqued, and 8 criteria for choosing and using measures of family problem solving are identified. The intent of this overview is to provide clinicians with a synopsis of the state of the science on measuring this frequently neglected family functioning variable.