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Today, 370 million people live in cities in earthquake prone areas and 310 million in cities with a high probability of tropical cyclones. By 2050 these numbers are likely to more than double, leading to a greater concentration of hazard risk in many of the world's cities. The authors discuss what sets hazard risk in urban areas apart, summarize estimates of valuation of hazard risk, and discuss implications for individual mitigation and public policy. The main conclusions are that urban agglomeration economies change the cost–benefit calculation of hazard mitigation; that good hazard management is first and foremost good general urban management; and that the public sector must perform better in promoting market-based risk reduction by generating and disseminating credible information on hazard risk in cities.

Strict containment limits the spread of pandemics but is difficult to achieve when people must continue to work to avoid poverty. A new role is emerging for income support: by enabling people to effectively stay home, it can produce substantial health externalities. We examine this issue using data on human mobility and poverty rates in 729 subnational regions of low- and middle-income countries during the first year of COVID-19. Shelter-in-place orders decrease work-related mobility in general, but much less so in the poorest regions. Emergency income support significantly mitigates this mobility gap between regions. It reduces by half the additional contagion caused, via the mobility channel, by regional poverty differences. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance ; MTID

Intro -- HOUSING POLICY -- HOUSING POLICY -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 DETECTING PATTERNS OF ETHNICDISCRIMINATION IN THE HOUSING MARKET -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- HOUSING MARKET DISCRIMINATION -- PRELIMINARY FACTS: ALBANIAN MIGRATION IN GREECE -- FAIR HOUSING TEST: A BRIEF REVIEW -- BUILDING THE EXPERIMENT -- I. Experimental Structure -- II. The Profile of Home-Seekers -- III. Areas Classification -- FIELD RESULTS -- ESTIMATION FRAMEWORK -- ESTIMATION AND DISCUSSION -- RESEARCH LIMITATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX *AREAS CLASSIFICATION -- APPENDIX DEFINITION OF VARIABLES -- Chapter 2 CULTURAL INTERACTIONS OF DIVERSITYIN EUROPE: THE SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICSOF SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF TURKISHCOMMUNITY IN THE NETHERLANDS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SEGREGATION/CONCENTRATION OF THE IMMIGRANTCOMMUNITIES IN EUROPEAN CITIES -- 2.1. Xenophobia/Islamophobia -- 2.2. Segregation or Concentration? -- 3. CASE STUDY: SEGREGATION OF THE IMMIGRANTTURKS IN DEVENTER, THE NETHERLANDS -- 3.1. Survey Method -- 3.2. Turkish Immigrants in Deventer -- 3.2.1. Internal factors in spatial segregation/concentration -- SOCIAL LIFE AND/OR SOCIALIZATION -- LEVELS OF SOLIDARITY AND PARTICIPATION -- (DIS)ADVANTAGES OF SPATIAL SEGREGATION -- 3.2.2. External factors in spatial segregation/concentration -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 HOUSING AND FISCAL POLICIESIN A SPATIAL GROWTH MODELWITH AMENITY AND EXTERNALITIES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE MODEL -- Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium Conditions -- 4. THE SPATIAL DYNAMICS WITH THE COBB-DOUGLASPRODUCTION FUNCTION -- 5. TAX RATES AND ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY -- 6. PREFERENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- APPENDIX: PROVING LEMMA 1 -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 HEDONIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF HOUSE PRICEDETERMINANTS IN LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND -- ABSTRACT

This report argues that urbanization brings significant opportunities for both rural and urban areas and that Burundi needs to prioritize issues of economic growth and job creation. Based on a diagnostic evaluation of the current urbanization and spatial growth, GDP, and job potential, the report highlights the importance of prioritizing policies and investments to address deficiencies in Burundi urbanization. These remedial actions will help prepare Burundi for coming urban growth and help leverage agglomeration effects, minimize negative externalities associated with rapid urbanization, and potentially reap the demographic dividend of this transition. Getting urbanization right will need to be associated with targeted implementation strategies for growth in the agribusiness and tourism sectors. A rapid move to cities is a central element of Burundi development strategy, including an increase in the urbanization rate from 11 percent to 40 percent by 2025. Burundi vision 2025 aims to aims to promote urbanization via rural-urban migration, freeing arable land, providing nonagricultural urban employment opportunities, and in turn, reducing the risks for social conflict and economic fragility. This report shows that while the Vision 2025 target of rate 40 percent is unrealistic, Burundi urbanization rate may already be higher than expected due to limitations in the current urban classification and the agglomeration of households along major transport corridors. This uncertainty further underlines the need for government to address the key issues that will affect whether Burundi will achieve effective urbanization or not.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface: An Unequal World -- Part 1: Poverty and Development: A Global Perspective -- 1. Social Distribution of and Access to Ecosystem Services: Approaches for the Alleviation of Socioenvironmental Inequalities -- 2. The Climate Change– Migration Nexus Seen Through the Lens of the European Union: Analysis of Legal and Policy Frames -- 3. Dangers of Uncontrolled Urbanisation for Society: Selected Aspects -- 4. Nutrition Insecurity in a Developed World: Challenges for Health Promotion and Further Directions for Sustainable Development -- 5. The Internalisation of Tourism Externalities: Methods and Instruments -- 6. Slow Tourism: A Community-based Approach for Sustainable Development -- 7. Agritourism and Ecotourism as an Innovative Direction for Sustainable Rural Development -- 8. Causal Nexus between a Sustainable Economy and Agricultural Credit: Global Evidence -- Part 2: Poverty and Development: A Local Perspective -- 9. Measuring Sustainable Development: A Quantitative Evaluation of Sustainable Development in Vietnam -- 10. Evaluation of Consumers' Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices in Sustainable Consumption: A Romanian Case Study -- 11. Environmental Sustainability Concerns: The Case of the Sundarbans of Bangladesh -- 12. Urbanisation, Access to Affordable Housing and Sustainable Development among Low-Income Earners in Nigeria: Insights from the Bariga Local Council Development Area, Lagos State -- 13. The Condition of Women in Nigerian Families and National Development: The Imperative for Cultural Re-evaluation and Legal Rebalance -- 14. Cuban Tourist Enclaves: A Critical Approach -- 15. The Impact of Environmental Factors on Profit Efficiency in Rice Production in Northern Vietnam -- Conclusion: Development – Prosperity or Disparity? -- Index

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; The province of Kompienga has favorable agro-climatic characteristics for agricultural and livestock activities development. Besides these advantages, there is the fact that this region has a low density (10.8 habitants per km2) compared to the national average (51.8 habitants per km2) which offers land for cultivation. However, nowadays the combined effects of migration and adoption of technological packages in intensifying the cultivation of cotton, this situation is out of date and from that time the area is facing competition for the occupation of natural resources. This study establishes an environmental diagnosis of two activities (livestock and cotton farm) for the purpose of laying bare their interaction through surveys and observations on agricultural practices. The investigations reveal that the contribution of animals (plowing, weeding, fertilizer and animal traction) for increasing crop yields is very well received by producers. The income from cotton sales contribute to the establishment of agro-pastoral people. The main sources of conflict are identified damage caused by animals on crops, lack of access to pastoral resources (pasture, water) in animals and health hazards with the spreading of pesticides on field borders. This study shows that livestock and cotton farm maintain a strong but fragile relationship dynamics in this region. This dynamic can be enhanced by the emergence of a policy of integrated management of natural resources taking the negative environmental externalities highlighted.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; The province of Kompienga has favorable agro-climatic characteristics for agricultural and livestock activities development. Besides these advantages, there is the fact that this region has a low density (10.8 habitants per km2) compared to the national average (51.8 habitants per km2) which offers land for cultivation. However, nowadays the combined effects of migration and adoption of technological packages in intensifying the cultivation of cotton, this situation is out of date and from that time the area is facing competition for the occupation of natural resources. This study establishes an environmental diagnosis of two activities (livestock and cotton farm) for the purpose of laying bare their interaction through surveys and observations on agricultural practices. The investigations reveal that the contribution of animals (plowing, weeding, fertilizer and animal traction) for increasing crop yields is very well received by producers. The income from cotton sales contribute to the establishment of agro-pastoral people. The main sources of conflict are identified damage caused by animals on crops, lack of access to pastoral resources (pasture, water) in animals and health hazards with the spreading of pesticides on field borders. This study shows that livestock and cotton farm maintain a strong but fragile relationship dynamics in this region. This dynamic can be enhanced by the emergence of a policy of integrated management of natural resources taking the negative environmental externalities highlighted.

This paper searches for roots of current spatial pattern of professional services in location of Soviet-era R&D sector. The Soviet economy sponsored massive R&D oriented mainly on military purposes. Research was carried out in large institutions affiliated with academia or industry. After the collapse of socialism, military spending and related R&D decreased dramatically. Many researchers left Soviet-style institutions and succeed in the market economy. Did however this process mean anything for geography? Under the centrally planned economy, locational decisions were driven by non-market motives. Moreover, it was near-impossible for planners to anticipate which regions would be more promising under market. I focus on professional services since these industries do not rely on physical capital endowments, so sunk costs are unlikely to impose path-dependence. Professional services in Russia typically hire young educated persons which are expected to be mobile, so imperfect labor market is also unlikely to stick people to places ? unlike human capital externalities which are plausibly to do so. I regress employment in professional services in 2009-2011 by 76 Russian regions on the number of R&D staff in 1991. I consider three industries: architecture and engineering; information technology; accounting, auditing and management consulting. Controls to capture industry location fundamentals include modern-day gross regional product or overall employment, number of employees with university degree, number of R&D staff and urbanization. It should be noted that present-day number of R&D staff comprises primarily employees of state-owned Soviet-style institutions while professional service providers are typically up-to-date privately-owned firms. Results reveal that employment in Soviet R&D positively and significantly affects present-day employment in engineering and in IT. No such evidence is found for accounting, auditing and management consulting in which industries researchers' skills were less relevant. Results remains when shares in employment of professional services and R&D sector are plugged into regression instead of absolute numbers. I consider different explanations for this phenomenon. I attempt to track influence of 1991 R&D-related employment on current output-per-worker in IT and engineering and find positive correlation, although marginally significant. So, it is unlikely that Soviet-era pools of human capital created regional poverty traps due to low migration rates, and human capital externalities theory seems plausible. I also find that regions with greater number of R&D staff in 1991 now have greater number of SMEs both in business services and in the rest of economy, so entrepreneurship is a likely mechanism to impose path-dependence.

Successive censuses have shown that the Aboriginal populations of Canada are very mobile with strong tendencies to move to urban areas, but little is known about the consequences of these circular movements on the development of First Nations, the welfare of individual members and their families, and the costs and benefits to their larger communities. This article reviews the large body of literature on the nexus between mobility and development of countries in the developing world with a view to developing insights that may be relevant to the development of First Nation communities. While there are clear differences, the two contexts may be similar enough – in terms of socio-economic well-being, service levels, and institutional barriers to socio-economic development – for such analysis to contribute to understanding the effects of migration on the migrants themselves, their households, and their communities and countries of origin. The experience of developing countries suggest that there are positive gains not only in earnings but also in education and health for those who move internally and more so for those able to move internationally, even if there remain some concerns about negative effects on migrants' families left behind, especially on the children. What seems clear is that migration plays an important role in family survival strategies. Money migrants send home finance the education of children, enable better health care, and improve housing. They shield migrants' families against all kinds of "shocks". However, emigration may reduce the human capital stock (brain drain), thus adversely affecting productivity. The loss of health professionals can set back critical medical services in remote communities, and disrupt formal and informal systems for transferring know-how. These "spill-over effects" or externalities on origin communities can be significant, imposing burdens on those left behind. Finally, the article looks at how diaspora communities have served as sources of information, linkages, or networks with businesses, markets for sovereign bonds, mediums for the transfer of technology and know-how, and a market for tourism.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- About the Contributors -- Abbreviations -- 1 Overview -- Introduction -- A Framework to Measure How Local Communities Capture Benefits -- The Approach to Assessing the Local Effects of Mining -- Are Mining Communities Seeing Welfare Gains? -- Assessing the Role of Government -- Policy Priorities for Addressing the Local Impacts of Mining -- Notes -- References -- 2 Local Impacts of Resource Abundance: What Have We Learned? -- Introduction -- Theory and Evidence on the Impact of Resource Abundance at the Country Level -- Assessing the Local Impacts of Resource Abundance -- Conclusion -- Annex 2A: Schematic Model of Resource Endowment Changes -- Notes -- References -- 3 Insights from Three Country Case Studies -- Introduction -- Country Backgrounds: Gold Mining in the Case Study Countries -- Channel 1: Employment, Linkages, and Positive Spillovers -- Channel 2: Government Revenue -- Negative Externalities: The Costs Borne by Mining Areas -- Outcomes -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 4 Socioeconomic Effects of Large-Scale Gold Mining: Evidence from Ghana, Mali, and Tanzania -- Introduction -- Gold Mining in Ghana, Mali, and Tanzania -- Empirical Methodology -- Evolution of Trends in Mining and Nonmining Areas -- Livelihoods and Occupations -- Household Accumulation of Assets -- Child Health -- Access to Infrastructure for Welfare Benefits -- Controlling for Mine-Induced Migration -- Summary of Results -- Annex 4A: Variable Definitions for Demographic and Health Surveys and Outcomes for Variables from Synthetic Control Analysis in Mali and Tanzania -- Notes -- References -- 5 Does Mining Reduce Agricultural Growth? Evidence from Large-Scale Gold Mining in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, and Tanzania -- Introduction

This paper attempts to establish the value of good relationships between countries by considering their effect on a group of individuals who are arguably intimately affected by them: immigrants. We appeal to an index of conflict/cooperation which is calculated as an annual weighted sum of news items between two countries. This index is matched to a sample of immigrants to Germany in the SOEP data. The index of bilateral relations thus exhibits both time-series and cross-section variation. Good relations are positively and significantly correlated with immigrant life satisfaction, especially when we downplay low-value news events. This significant effect is much stronger for immigrants who have been in Germany longer, and who expect to stay there forever. This is consistent with good relations directly affecting the quality of immigrants' lives in the host country, but is not consistent with assimilation. There is thus a significant value to diplomacy: good relationships between home and host countries generate significant well-being externalities for those who live abroad. ; Ce papier traite de la question de la valeur, en termes de bien-être, des bonnes relations entre pays, par le biais de l'analyse d'un groupe d'individus liés aux deux pays : les immigrés. Nous faisons appel à un indice de conflit et coopération calculé comme une somme pondérée du nombre de communiqués de presse entre deux pays. Cet indice est ensuite apparié à un échantillon d'immigrés en Allemagne dans les données du SOEP. Notre mesure des relations bilatérales varie donc non seulement dans le temps mais aussi entre immigrés venant de pays différents. Nous observons une relation positive et significative entre la satisfaction dans la vie des immigrés et la qualité des relations bilatérales entre le pays d'accueil et le pays d'origine. Cet effet est plus marqué pour les immigrés présents en Allemagne depuis plus longtemps et qui veulent y rester. Ce résultat témoigne de l'effet direct des relations internationales sur la qualité de la vie quotidienne des immigrés dans le pays d'accueil, un effet qui semble contradictoire avec l'hypothèse assimilation. L'effet de la diplomatie sur le bien-être est donc positive.

This paper attempts to establish the value of good relationships between countries by considering their effect on a group of individuals who are arguably intimately affected by them: immigrants. We appeal to an index of conflict/cooperation which is calculated as an annual weighted sum of news items between two countries. This index is matched to a sample of immigrants to Germany in the SOEP data. The index of bilateral relations thus exhibits both time-series and cross-section variation. Good relations are positively and significantly correlated with immigrant life satisfaction, especially when we downplay low-value news events. This significant effect is much stronger for immigrants who have been in Germany longer, and who expect to stay there forever. This is consistent with good relations directly affecting the quality of immigrants' lives in the host country, but is not consistent with assimilation. There is thus a significant value to diplomacy: good relationships between home and host countries generate significant well-being externalities for those who live abroad. ; Ce papier traite de la question de la valeur, en termes de bien-être, des bonnes relations entre pays, par le biais de l'analyse d'un groupe d'individus liés aux deux pays : les immigrés. Nous faisons appel à un indice de conflit et coopération calculé comme une somme pondérée du nombre de communiqués de presse entre deux pays. Cet indice est ensuite apparié à un échantillon d'immigrés en Allemagne dans les données du SOEP. Notre mesure des relations bilatérales varie donc non seulement dans le temps mais aussi entre immigrés venant de pays différents. Nous observons une relation positive et significative entre la satisfaction dans la vie des immigrés et la qualité des relations bilatérales entre le pays d'accueil et le pays d'origine. Cet effet est plus marqué pour les immigrés présents en Allemagne depuis plus longtemps et qui veulent y rester. Ce résultat témoigne de l'effet direct des relations internationales sur la qualité de la vie quotidienne des immigrés dans le pays d'accueil, un effet qui semble contradictoire avec l'hypothèse assimilation. L'effet de la diplomatie sur le bien-être est donc positive.

This paper attempts to establish the value of good relationships between countries by considering their effect on a group of individuals who are arguably intimately affected by them: immigrants. We appeal to an index of conflict/cooperation which is calculated as an annual weighted sum of news items between two countries. This index is matched to a sample of immigrants to Germany in the SOEP data. The index of bilateral relations thus exhibits both time-series and cross-section variation. Good relations are positively and significantly correlated with immigrant life satisfaction, especially when we downplay low-value news events. This significant effect is much stronger for immigrants who have been in Germany longer, and who expect to stay there forever. This is consistent with good relations directly affecting the quality of immigrants' lives in the host country, but is not consistent with assimilation. There is thus a significant value to diplomacy: good relationships between home and host countries generate significant well-being externalities for those who live abroad. ; Ce papier traite de la question de la valeur, en termes de bien-être, des bonnes relations entre pays, par le biais de l'analyse d'un groupe d'individus liés aux deux pays : les immigrés. Nous faisons appel à un indice de conflit et coopération calculé comme une somme pondérée du nombre de communiqués de presse entre deux pays. Cet indice est ensuite apparié à un échantillon d'immigrés en Allemagne dans les données du SOEP. Notre mesure des relations bilatérales varie donc non seulement dans le temps mais aussi entre immigrés venant de pays différents. Nous observons une relation positive et significative entre la satisfaction dans la vie des immigrés et la qualité des relations bilatérales entre le pays d'accueil et le pays d'origine. Cet effet est plus marqué pour les immigrés présents en Allemagne depuis plus longtemps et qui veulent y rester. Ce résultat témoigne de l'effet direct des relations internationales sur la qualité de la vie ...

This paper attempts to establish the value of good relationships between countries by considering their effect on a group of individuals who are arguably intimately affected by them: immigrants. We appeal to an index of conflict/cooperation which is calculated as an annual weighted sum of news items between two countries. This index is matched to a sample of immigrants to Germany in the SOEP data. The index of bilateral relations thus exhibits both time-series and cross-section variation. Good relations are positively and significantly correlated with immigrant life satisfaction, especially when we downplay low-value news events. This significant effect is much stronger for immigrants who have been in Germany longer, and who expect to stay there forever. This is consistent with good relations directly affecting the quality of immigrants' lives in the host country, but is not consistent with assimilation. There is thus a significant value to diplomacy: good relationships between home and host countries generate significant well-being externalities for those who live abroad. ; Ce papier traite de la question de la valeur, en termes de bien-être, des bonnes relations entre pays, par le biais de l'analyse d'un groupe d'individus liés aux deux pays : les immigrés. Nous faisons appel à un indice de conflit et coopération calculé comme une somme pondérée du nombre de communiqués de presse entre deux pays. Cet indice est ensuite apparié à un échantillon d'immigrés en Allemagne dans les données du SOEP. Notre mesure des relations bilatérales varie donc non seulement dans le temps mais aussi entre immigrés venant de pays différents. Nous observons une relation positive et significative entre la satisfaction dans la vie des immigrés et la qualité des relations bilatérales entre le pays d'accueil et le pays d'origine. Cet effet est plus marqué pour les immigrés présents en Allemagne depuis plus longtemps et qui veulent y rester. Ce résultat témoigne de l'effet direct des relations internationales sur la qualité de la vie quotidienne des immigrés dans le pays d'accueil, un effet qui semble contradictoire avec l'hypothèse assimilation. L'effet de la diplomatie sur le bien-être est donc positive.

This paper attempts to establish the value of good relationships between countries by considering their effect on a group of individuals who are arguably intimately affected by them: immigrants. We appeal to an index of conflict/cooperation which is calculated as an annual weighted sum of news items between two countries. This index is matched to a sample of immigrants to Germany in the SOEP data. The index of bilateral relations thus exhibits both time-series and cross-section variation. Good relations are positively and significantly correlated with immigrant life satisfaction, especially when we downplay low-value news events. This significant effect is much stronger for immigrants who have been in Germany longer, and who expect to stay there forever. This is consistent with good relations directly affecting the quality of immigrants' lives in the host country, but is not consistent with assimilation. There is thus a significant value to diplomacy: good relationships between home and host countries generate significant well-being externalities for those who live abroad. ; Ce papier traite de la question de la valeur, en termes de bien-être, des bonnes relations entre pays, par le biais de l'analyse d'un groupe d'individus liés aux deux pays : les immigrés. Nous faisons appel à un indice de conflit et coopération calculé comme une somme pondérée du nombre de communiqués de presse entre deux pays. Cet indice est ensuite apparié à un échantillon d'immigrés en Allemagne dans les données du SOEP. Notre mesure des relations bilatérales varie donc non seulement dans le temps mais aussi entre immigrés venant de pays différents. Nous observons une relation positive et significative entre la satisfaction dans la vie des immigrés et la qualité des relations bilatérales entre le pays d'accueil et le pays d'origine. Cet effet est plus marqué pour les immigrés présents en Allemagne depuis plus longtemps et qui veulent y rester. Ce résultat témoigne de l'effet direct des relations internationales sur la qualité de la vie ...