Suchergebnisse

When it comes to processing, purple pepper and purple corn are poorly utilised even though they are rich in anthocyanins and other nutrients. Therefore, studies focusing on their processing are vital for resolving their underutilisation. In the present work, purple pepper and corn were used to prepare a compound fruit wine. The fermentation process parameters were optimised using single factor tests and response surface design. The sensory characteristics of the compound fruit wine were used as an indicator. The antioxidant potential of the purple compound fruit wine was also assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) scavenging rates. A purple compound fruit wine with a sensory score of 94.2 and 8.6% alcohol by volume was obtained using a combination of 72.0% purple pepper juice and 28.0% purple corn juice (with an initial sugar content of 23.3%), followed by inoculation with 6.2% Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fermentation for 7.8 d at 23°C. The resulting purple compound fruit wine had a typical harmonious fruit aroma and a mellow taste. Furthermore, the content of anthocyanins in purple compound fruit wine was 1.38 ± 0.14 mg/mL, and the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) values against DPPH· and ·OH were 51.31 and 49.08 mg/mL, respectively. This optimised fermentation process could serve as a theoretical basis for the industrial utilisation of purple pepper and corn.

Chao Liu,1,2 Bing Sun,2 Bin Xu,1 Xiangying Meng,2 Lan Li,1 Yang Cong,2 Jiannan Liu,2 Qian Wang,2 Liang Xuan,2 Qibin Song,1 Shikai Wu2 1Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China Introduction: Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), an immune checkpoint molecule, has recently been recognized as a predictive and prognostic biomarker in several malignant tumors, but its diagnostic value remains largely unknown. We aimed to investigate the differential diagnostic efficiency of PD-1 and other immune molecules and propose a panel of immune molecules combined with cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) to distinguish breast cancer (BC) from benign breast disease (BBD).Patients and methods: Ninety-one eligible BC patients and 31 BBD patients were enrolled. Pretreatment peripheral blood was collected and tested for mRNA expression of PD-1, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4, forkhead box P3, transforming growth factor beta, interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-2 receptor alpha (IL-2Rα), and cluster of differentiation 28 by quantitative reverse transcription PCR.Results: The diagnostic areas under curve (AUCs) of PD-1, IL-2Rα, and IL-10 for BC–BBD discrimination were 0.764, 0.758, and 0.743, respectively. The diagnostic efficiencies of these three parameters in distinguishing early-stage or advanced BC from BBD were consistent with a role in BC–BBD discrimination. A panel of PD-1 + IL-10 + IL-2Rα + CA15-3 showed the highest AUC (0.862), with a sensitivity of 0.933 and a specificity of 0.724, for BC–BBD discrimination. In addition, for early-stage BC discrimination, this panel also had the highest AUC (0.811), with a sensitivity of 0.933 and a specificity of 0.614, while for advanced BC discrimination, a panel of PD-1 + IL-10 + CA15-3 exhibited the highest AUC (0.896), with a sensitivity of 0.933 and a specificity of 0.783.Conclusion: These data indicate that the panel containing PD-1, IL-2Rα, IL-10, and CA15-3 can effectively discriminate BC from BBD with a high efficiency. After further confirmation, it could be used to complement conventional imaging modalities, especially in discriminating early-stage BC from BBD. Keywords: breast cancer, immune checkpoint, PD-1, CTLA-4, IL-2Rα, diagnosis, biomarker