Suchergebnisse

Abstract
As the telecommunications market transitions from POTS to VoIP, interconnection plays a key role. How will migration from a termination regime to a peering regime impact carriers and subscribers? Cunningham and Alexander model the potential results under conditions of both traffic symmetry and asymmetry. Competition for subscribers, they find, is the key factor in holding interconnection costs down, although possibly increasing prices for subscribers. Under symmetry, this may ultimately increase firms' profits. Under asymmetry, some firms will lose profits. The consequences of this may be somewhat offset by public policies. This has implications for universal service, antitrust law, and network neutrality.

Abstract
As the telecommunications market transitions from POTS to VoIP, interconnection plays a key role. How will migration from a termination regime to a peering regime impact carriers and subscribers? Cunningham and Alexander model the potential results under conditions of both traffic symmetry and asymmetry. Competition for subscribers, they find, is the key factor in holding interconnection costs down, although possibly increasing prices for subscribers. Under symmetry, this may ultimately increase firms' profits. Under asymmetry, some firms will lose profits. The consequences of this may be somewhat offset by public policies. This has implications for universal service, antitrust law, and network neutrality.

"Yes, No, Perhaps" are the most written words in Mary Bauermeister's artworks. Together they stand for the concept of many-valued aesthetics in the German artist's oeuvre - an aesthetic that Bauermeister developed using many-valued logic. Hauke Ohls brings the artist's central groups of works in context with each other as well as with the neo-avant-garde of the post-war period in Europe and the USA. He shows that the development of Bauermeister's art may appear disparate, but her canvas and relief works, drawings and writing pictures, lens boxes and stone pictures are characterized by a reciprocal relationship of combinations and interconnections. Through the ubiquitous use of meta-references, the entire oeuvre ultimately appears as an interconnected assemblage.

The article is dedicated to research of the impact of the court decisions on the process of applying the norms of administrative legislation. The author emphasised the importance of determining the newest system of administrative law sources with the aim to formulate the role of court decisions for the dynamics of administrative-legal relations. It is analysed the correlation of such concepts as ''law enforcement'', ''court decision'' and ''judicial legislation''. It is established that complexity of the interconnection between judicial legislation and administrative-legal relations consists in the special impact of the acts of judicial bodies on the public administration functioning. The legal nature of public dispute touches upon the public order in the state, the necessity for proportional correlation of public and private interests, public administration functioning, etc. It is concluded that the efficiency of connection between judicial legislation and administrative legal relations depends on such a phenomenon as a judicial error since under such conditions the relevant impact can have a destructive nature regarding the field of public administration.

PurposeThe main goal of the paper is to describe the knowledge interconnection process embedded in an interactive business relationship. The purpose of this study is to understand the knowledge interconnection inside the supplier-buyer relationship in the field of contract manufacturing. The knowledge interconnection process is defined by the authors as a process linked to business relationships, which contains different types of knowledge and various sub-processes related to them.Design/methodology/approachThe Industrial Marketing and Purchasing Group (IMP) research framework has been applied and the contribution is a better understanding of the role of knowledge in the interactive business world. The empirical evidence is based on a case study of a Hungarian contract manufacturing company. This paper describes empirical, qualitative research about knowledge interconnection processes applying an abductive research design.FindingsThe knowledge interconnection process is linked to business relationships. It is a complex process, which contains three types of knowledge and five sub-processes. The knowledge evolution indicates the links between the different types of knowledge. The sub-processes relate to different types of knowledge and allow the flow of knowledge between the supplier and the buyer. In the business relationship, this flow of knowledge makes possible the new knowledge creation. A model of the knowledge interconnection process has been developed.Research limitations/implicationsSingle case studies can create rich descriptions of complex phenomena, but the possibility for generalization is limited. Another limitation is that the knowledge interconnection process has been studied only from the supplier's perspective. The present research extends IMP's knowledge of embedded knowledge. In addition, empirical research contributes to the emerging field of IMP research that explores knowledge as a resource but lacks an empirical foundation.Practical implicationsThe knowledge interconnection process is a decisive factor in the development and maintenance of long-term customer relations in the field of contract manufacturing. The evolution of knowledge types – from the body of knowledge to knowledge in use – demands the management of different sub-processes. Knowledge selection, knowledge recombination, knowledge mobilization and new knowledge creation processes are more strongly related to the supplier-customer dyad, while the knowledge relocation process has a network character. The knowledge interconnection process influences the company's body of knowledge and its relationship management capability.Originality/valueThe originality of the study is, on the one hand, an empirical examination of the process of knowledge interconnection. On the other hand, the development of a model of the knowledge interconnection process. A further feature is that empirical research has been conducted in the field of contract manufacturing.

The article actualizes the problem of the parity of politics and economics, especially when, in modern conditions, countries and continents are experiencing global economic and epidemiological shocks. The author comes to the conclusion that in the future world the effectiveness of the state will be determined by: The perfection of relations between government, business and society; the degree of controllability of society; the speed and adequacy of the reaction of the political system to the demands and support for resolving key problems and countering the challenges and threats facing the state. The purpose of the study is to identify by means of political science analysis of positive experience in the formation and implementation of socio-political projects aimed at ensuring the optimal way to achieve the desired values and needs obtained at the exit from the political system. Achieved results: The causal relationships of politics and economics as fundamental components of life have been determined; a comprehensive political science study of the impact of digitalization on the processes of interaction and interdependence of politics and economics was carried out; revealed the specifics of the relationship between economics and politics.

The article analyzes the interconnection among science, industry, state, and society in Russia and the world. It also deals with the common characteristics and peculiarities of the Russian economy in transition. The authors focus on the transition from a linear to nonlinear model of the innovation process and the role of this transition in the technological progress of particular countries. The paradox in Russia is caused by an inherited linear model of the innovation process from the USSR. The transition to a nonlinear model is being carried out, but slowly and it is not yet generalized. The Russian innovation and legal spheres require comprehensive reforms, and the government needs to become the driving force for these changes in order for Russia to achieve the postindustrial stage of development. Understanding the peculiarities of the national innovation system (NIS) in Russia during the current transition period sheds light on how the Russian paradox can be overcome.

How is ecothinking articulated in varied research fields? What are the conjunctions and concurrences of academic endeavors in the attempt to curb environmental destruction? This collection of essays offers a multifaceted exploration of the basic tenets of environmentalism proposed by academic curricula across the world. Ecodestruction, the wilderness, rampant pollution, tourism developments, sustainability, educational interventions, and the plurivocal turn to ecotheoretical textual analysis are some of the critical perspectives and scientific findings investigated here. The book introduces a multilateral understanding of environmental consciousness, and suggests that the study of nature should not be compartmentalized into separate fields of analyses, but aim for the interconnections between disciplines, given that the physical cosmos is an unambiguous and finite host of humanity's endeavours. The volume appeals to academics, researchers and professionals with a particular interest in the current environmental crisis, offers solid insights into the ways human societies construe nature and hopefully will embark on the protection of the ecosphere.

This article contributes to current debates around EU policy on territorial cohesion and its place-based approaches. Based on substantial empirical research in seven member countries in an on-going EU Horizon 2020 project, the article develops a conjunctural approach based on Doreen Massey's conceptualisation of place to provide insight into how local development functions in spatial and temporal dimensions. One of the main objectives of the case studies is to compare policy programmes and practices that seek to alleviate territorial inequality and generate economic growth and territorial cohesion. In such a comparison, the issue of conflating and rescaling administrative territorial units and boundaries demands particular attention. Administrative boundaries do not necessarily reflect the complexity and interconnections between policy actors, businesses, and local communities. Local specificities make it difficult to compare the local political room for manoeuvre due to different administrative principles, unequal degrees of devolution of competences or differences in constitutions, e.g., federal states versus unity states. In this article, we argue that, faced with an analysis of highly diverse cases, a conjunctural analytical approach can help to capture and unpack some of the places' complexities and regional interconnections and be a useful supplement to more conventional comparisons of more similar places. Through two examples, the article discusses what the application of this conjunctural approach means in practice, how it helped shape our understanding of how differently and how it can be further developed to accommodate place-based approaches to researching territorial cohesion.

This article contributes to current debates around EU policy on territorial cohesion and its place-based approaches. Based on substantial empirical research in seven member countries in an on-going EU Horizon 2020 project, the article develops a conjunctural approach based on Doreen Massey's conceptualisation of place to provide insight into how local development functions in spatial and temporal dimensions. One of the main objectives of the case studies is to compare policy programmes and practices that seek to alleviate territorial inequality and generate economic growth and territorial cohesion. In such a comparison, the issue of conflating and rescaling administrative territorial units and boundaries demands particular attention. Administrative boundaries do not necessarily reflect the complexity and interconnections between policy actors, businesses, and local communities. Local specificities make it difficult to compare the local political room for manoeuvre due to different administrative principles, unequal degrees of devolution of competences or differences in constitutions, e.g., federal states versus unity states. In this article, we argue that, faced with an analysis of highly diverse cases, a conjunctural analytical approach can help to capture and unpack some of the places' complexities and regional interconnections and be a useful supplement to more conventional comparisons of more similar places. Through two examples, the article discusses what the application of this conjunctural approach means in practice, how it helped shape our understanding of how differently and how it can be further developed to accommodate place-based approaches to researching territorial cohesion.

Research report.

Argues for the theoretical centrality of area studies within the field of political science; focus on concepts of comparative politics such as clientelism, democracy, nationalism, political identity, revolution, and the state; 6 articles. Contents: Area and regional studies in the United States, by Peter J. Katzenstein; The postsocialist experience and comparative politics, by Valerie Bunce; Africanists' contributions to political science, by Goran Hyden; The Middle East, by Michael C. Hudson; Asia studies and the discipline, by Lucian W. Pye; Latin America, by Guillermo O'Donnell.

Adaptive deadlock-free routing mechanisms are required to handle variable traffic patterns in dragonfly networks. However, distance-based deadlock avoidance mechanisms typically employed in Dragonflies increase the router cost and complexity as a function of the maximum allowed path length. This paper presents on-the-fly adaptive routing (OFAR), a routing/flow-control scheme that decouples the routing and the deadlock avoidance mechanisms. OFAR allows for in-transit adaptive routing with local and global misrouting, without imposing dependencies between virtual channels, and relying on a deadlock-free escape subnetwork to avoid deadlock. This model lowers latency, increases throughput, and adapts faster to transient traffic than previously proposed mechanisms. The low capacity of the escape subnetwork makes it prone to congestion. A simple congestion management mechanism based on injection restriction is considered to avoid such issues. Finally, reliability is considered by introducing mechanisms to find multiple edge-disjoint Hamiltonian rings embedded on the dragonfly, allowing to use multiple escape subnetworks. ; This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education, FPU grant AP2010-4900; the Spanish Science and Technology Commission (CICYT) under contracts TIN2010-21291-C02-02, TIN2012-34557 and TIN2013- 46957-C2-2-P; the European Union FP7 under Agreements ICT-288777 (Mont-Blanc) and ERC-321253 (RoMoL); the European HiPEAC Network of Excellence and the JSA no. 2013-119 as part of the IBM/BSC Technology Center for Supercomputing agreement. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)