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Historical data shows that world-wide rate of female labour force participation tends to be rather low. According to the aforesaid ILO study, from 1990 to 2019, the global rate of female labour force participation increased from about 50.0 per cent to only about 52.0 per cent. However, this conceals diverse spatial trends. In 2019, the female labour force participation rate was about 20.0 per cent in the Middle East and about 77.0 per cent in Sub-Saharan Africa. Women's participation rate in South Asia has indeed declined from about 35.0 per cent in 1990 to about 28.0 per cent in 2019. Women's participation in Latin America and the Caribbean had increased the most, from about 40.0 per cent in 1990 to about 52.0 per cent in 2019. In 2019, 57.0 per cent of women participated in the labour force in the United States and about 67.0 per cent in the European Union (ILO, 2018). In explaining the differences in the rate of female labour force participation in the high income and low-income countries, Cazes & Verick, (2013) and Verick, (2014) point out that in poor economies women participate in the labour force to meet the family's demand for cash, while, in contrast, in high-income economies it is the higher opportunity costs that induce women to participate in the labour force. Globally women's contribution to GDP is estimated to be about 36.0 per cent. Women's contribution to GDP in China, Thailand, Vietnam, and Singapore is found to be higher compared to the world average. However, for Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan women's contribution to the GDP is estimated to be relatively low, at 19.0 per cent, 18.0 per cent, and 11.0 per cent, respectively.1 In Bangladesh, for example, only about 30.0 per cent of working-age women are active in the labour force as against 80.0 per cent for their male cohorts (BBS, 2018). The lower contribution of women in the GDP of these countries underpins the need for raising participation of women in the labour force of these countries. Indeed, the issue of ensuring greater ...

This is the final version of the article. Available from the publisher via the DOI in this record. ; The impact of neonicotinoid insecticides on the health of bee pollinators is a topic of intensive research and considerable current debate [1]. As insecticides, certain neonicotinoids, i.e., N-nitroguanidine compounds such as imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, are as intrinsically toxic to bees as to the insect pests they target. However, this is not the case for all neonicotinoids, with honeybees orders of magnitude less sensitive to N-cyanoamidine compounds such as thiacloprid [2]. Although previous work has suggested that this is due to rapid metabolism of these compounds [2, 3, 4, 5], the specific gene(s) or enzyme(s) involved remain unknown. Here, we show that the sensitivity of the two most economically important bee species to neonicotinoids is determined by cytochrome P450s of the CYP9Q subfamily. Radioligand binding and inhibitor assays showed that variation in honeybee sensitivity to N-nitroguanidine and N-cyanoamidine neonicotinoids does not reside in differences in their affinity for the receptor but rather in divergent metabolism by P450s. Functional expression of the entire CYP3 clade of P450s from honeybees identified a single P450, CYP9Q3, that metabolizes thiacloprid with high efficiency but has little activity against imidacloprid. We demonstrate that bumble bees also exhibit profound differences in their sensitivity to different neonicotinoids, and we identify CYP9Q4 as a functional ortholog of honeybee CYP9Q3 and a key metabolic determinant of neonicotinoid sensitivity in this species. Our results demonstrate that bee pollinators are equipped with biochemical defense systems that define their sensitivity to insecticides and this knowledge can be leveraged to safeguard bee health. ; his study received funding from Bayer AG. C.B. received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 646625 ). C.B. and K.B. received funding from Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC, award number 15076182 ). The work at Rothamsted forms part of the Smart Crop Protection (SCP) strategic programme ( BBS/OS/CP/000001 ) funded through the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council's Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund.

Genetic engineering can be the solution to achieve the economically feasible production of microalgal based biofuels and other bulk materials. A good number of microalgal species can grow mixotrophically using acetate as carbon source. Moreover, experimental evidence suggests that the biosynthesis of acetyl-CoA could be a limiting step in the complex multifactor-dependent biosynthesis of acylglycerides and point to acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) as a key enzyme in the process. In order to test this hypothesis we have engineered the model chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to overexpress the endogenous chloroplastic acetyl-CoA synthetase, ACS2. Expression of the ACS2 encoding gene under the control of the strong constitutive RBCS2 promoter in nitrogen-replete cultures resulted in a 2-fold increase in starch content and 60% higher acyl-CoA pool compared to the parental line. Under nitrogen deprivation, the Cr-acs2 transformant shows 6-fold higher levels of ACS2 transcript and a 2.4-fold higher accumulation of triacylglycerol (TAG) than the untransformed control. Analysis of lipid species and fatty acid profiles in the Cr-acs2 transformant revealed a higher content than the parental strain in the major glycolipids and suggests that the enhanced synthesis of triacylglycerol in the transformant is not achieved at the expense of membrane lipids, but is due to an increase in the carbon flux towards the synthesis of acetyl-CoA in the chloroplast. These data demonstrate the potential of engineering the chloroplastic ACS to increase the carbon flux towards the synthesis of fatty acids as an alternative strategy to enhance the biosynthesis of lipids in microalgae. ; Part of this work has been supported by research grants from the Spanish (AGL2016-74866-C32R-AEI/FEDER) and European (INTERREG VA POCTEP 2014-20_055 ALGARED_PLUS_5E) governments. The help of CEICAMBIO and CEIMAR University Excellence Campuses is also acknowledged. Rothamsted Research receives grant aided support from the Biotechnology and Biological Research Sciences Council (BBSRC). Haslam, Smith and Sayanova are funded under the BBSRC Institute Strategic Programme grant Tailoring Plant Metabolism (BBS/E/C/000I0420).

PUBLISHED ; Under selection pressure from pathogens, variable NK cell receptors that recognize polymorphic MHC class I evolved convergently in different species of placental mammal. Unexpectedly, diversified killer cell Ig?like receptors (KIRs) are shared by simian primates, including humans, and cattle, but not by other species. Whereas much is known of human KIR genetics and genomics, knowledge of cattle KIR is limited to nine cDNA sequences. To facilitate comparison of the cattle and human KIR gene families, we determined the genomic location, structure, and sequence of two cattle KIR haplotypes and defined KIR sequences of aurochs, the extinct wild ancestor of domestic cattle. Larger than its human counterpart, the cattle KIR locus evolved through successive duplications of a block containing ancestral KIR3DL and KIR3DX genes that existed before placental mammals. Comparison of two cattle KIR haplotypes and aurochs KIR show the KIR are polymorphic and the gene organization and content appear conserved. Of 18 genes, 8 are functional and 10 were inactivated by point mutation. Selective inactivation of KIR3DL and activating receptor genes leaves a functional cohort of one inhibitory KIR3DL, one activating KIR3DX, and six inhibitory KIR3DX. Functional KIR diversity evolved from KIR3DX in cattle and from KIR3DL in simian primates. Although independently evolved, cattle and human KIR gene families share important function-related properties, indicating that cattle KIR are NK cell receptors for cattle MHC class I. Combinations of KIR and MHC class I are the major genetic factors associated with human disease and merit investigation in cattle. ; This work was supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council through a Doctoral Training Award, Institute Strategic Program on Livestock Viral Diseases awarded to The Pirbright Institute, Grants BB/J006211/1 and BBS/E/I/00001410 (to J.A.H.) and National Institutes of Health Grant AI17892 (to P.J.N., L.A.G., and P.P.). The aurochs genome sequencing work was supported by Science Foundation Ireland Investigator Grant SFI/08/IN.1/B2038 and European Union Framework 7 Project Grant KBBE-211602-MACROSYS.

Eurofins MWG provided a discounted service for Illumina and 454 sequencing of the reference genome, funded by Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Urgency Grant NE/K01112X/1 to R.J.A.B. The associative transcriptomic and metabolomic work was part of the 'Nornex' project led by J.A.D. funded jointly by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (BBS/E/J/000CA5323) and the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs. The Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK, sequenced 'Tree 35' funded by 'Nornex' and the European Diversity Panel funded by the Earlham Institute National Capability in Genomics (BB/J010375/1) grant. W. Crowther assisted with DNA extractions for the KASP assay; The John Innes Centre contributed KASP analyses. J. F. Miranda assisted with RNA extractions and quantitative PCR with reverse transcription (qRT–PCR) at the University of York. H. V. Florance, N. Smirnoff and the Exeter Metabolomics Facility developed metabolomic methods and ran samples, and T. P. Howard helped with statistics. L.J.K. and R.J.A.B. were partly funded by Living with Environmental Change (LWEC) Tree Health and Plant Biosecurity Initiative - Phase 2 grant BB/L012162/1 to R.J.A.B., S.L. and P. Jepson funded jointly by a grant from the BBSRC, Defra, Economic and Social Research Council, the Forestry Commission, NERC and the Scottish Government, under the Tree Health and Plant Biosecurity Initiative. G.W. was funded by Teagasc Walsh Fellowship 2014001 to R.J.A.B. and G.C.D. E.D.C. was funded by a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship 'FraxiFam' (grant agreement 660003) to E.D.C. and R.J.A.B. E.S.A.S. and J.Z. were funded by the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Initial Training Network INTERCROSSING. J.A.D. received a John Innes Foundation fellowship. We thank A. Joecker for supervising E.S.A.S. at Qiagen and for helpful discussions. R.H.R.G. is supported by a Norwich Research Park PhD Studentship and Earlham Institute Funding and Maintenance Grant. This research used Queen Mary's MidPlus computational facilities, supported by QMUL Research-IT and funded by Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council grant EP/K000128/1 and NERC EOS Cloud. D.J.S. acknowledges the support of BBSRC grant BB/N021452/1, which partly supported M.G., C.M.S. and D.J.S. during this work.

Abstract Background Bangladesh is one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change (CC). A basic understanding of public perception on vulnerability, attitude and the risk in relation to CC and health will provide strategic directions for government policy, adaptation strategies and development of community-based guidelines. The objective of this study was to collect community-based data on peoples' knowledge and perception about CC and its impact on health. Methods In 2012, a cross-sectional survey was undertaken among 6720 households of 224 enumeration areas of rural villages geographically distributed in seven vulnerable districts of Bangladesh, with total population of 19,228,598. Thirty households were selected randomly from each enumeration area using the household listing provided by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Information was collected from all the 6720 research participants using a structured questionnaire. An observation checklist was used by the interviewers to collect household- and community-related information. In addition, we selected the head of each household as the eligible participant for an interview. Evidence of association between sociodemographic variables and knowledge of CC was explored by cross-tabulation and measured using chi-square tests. Logistic regression models were used to further explore the predictors of knowledge. Results The study revealed that the residents of the rural communities selected for this study largely come from a low socioeconomic background: only 9.6 % had postsecondary education or higher, the majority worked as day labourer or farmer (60 %), and only 10 % earned a monthly income above BDT 12000 (equivalent to US $150 approx.). The majority of the participants (54.2 %) had some knowledge about CC but 45.8 % did not ( p < 0.001). The majority of knowledgeable participants ( n = 3645) felt excessive temperature as the change of climate (83.2 %). Among all the respondents ( n = 6720), 94.5 % perceived change in climate and extreme weather events. Most of them (91.9 %) observed change in rainfall patterns in the last 10 years, and 97.8 % people think their health care expenditure increased after the extreme weather events. Age, educational qualification, monthly income, and occupation were significantly associated with the knowledge about climate change ( p < 0.001). People with higher educational level or who live near a school were more knowledgeable about CC and its impact on health. .

ABSTRAK Purnomo, Gumelar Cahyo, Penerapan Asas Nebis In Idem dalam Penyelesaian Perkara Perdata di Pengadilan Negeri Brebes Nomor 11/Pdt.G/2019/PN Bbs. Skripsi. Tegal: Program Studi Ilmu Hukum, Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Pancasakti Tegal. 2019. Putusan hakim bersifat mengikat para pihak yang bersengketa dan yang terlibat dalam sengketa, para pihak juga harus tunduk dan menghormati putusan yang telah dijatuhkan hakim. Putusan tersebut harus dianggap benar dan tidak dimungkinkan pembuktian lawan serta seorang hakim tidak dibenarkan untuk memutus kembali perkara yang sama mengenai pokok sengketa yang sama. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk: 1) mengkaji penerapan asas nebis in idem dalam penyelesaian perkara perdata Putusan Nomor 11/Pdt.G/2019/PN.Bbs, 2) mengetahui mengetahui dasar hukum hakim dalam menerapkan asas nebis in idem dalam putusannya pada Putusan Nomor 11/Pdt.G/2019/PN.Bbs. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah data sekunder dengan metode pengumpulan data menggunakan studi kepustakaan dan studi dokumen. Analisis data penelitian menggunakan analisis normatif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian diperoleh suatu kesimpulan bahwa: 1) Penerapan asas nebis in idem dalam penyelesaian perkara perdata Putusan Nomor 11/Pdt.G/2019/PN.Bbs mengacu pada peraturan undang-undang, berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka dapat diuraiakan bahwa penerapan asas nebis in idem dalam perkara tersebut sudah benar diterapkan, yaitu didasarkan pada Pasal 1917 KUHPerdata. Namun dalam perkara ini, ada hal yang menjadi poin penting dalam hal pengajuan tergugat, yang pada awalnya terdapat 2 (dua) tergugat, dan pada perkara selanjutnya hanya terdapat 1 (satu) tergugat, tergugat dalam pengajuan gugatan kedua pada hakikatnya sama yaitu sama-sama ahli waris Soedarmo Bin Soemarsono; 2) Dasar hukum hakim dalam menerapkan asas nebis in idem dalam putusannya pada putusan nomor 11/Pdt.G/2019/PN.Bbs yaitu Pasal 1917 KUHPerdata dan Putusan Mahkamah Agung RI Nomor 647 K/sip/ 1973. Jadi nebis in idem menurut penulis dapat dimaknai sebagai suatu esensi pokok perkara, dimana melibatkan para pihak yang sama dengan objek sengketa yang sama yang ternyata telah diberi status hukum lewat suatu putusan pengadilan yang telah berkekuatan tetap (inkracht van gewijsde), maka tidak dapat digugat ulang dalam register perkara terpisah guna menghindari tumpang tindih antar putusan yang dapat menimbulkan ketidakpastian yang memungkinkan akan mengurangkan kepercayaan rakyat terhadap pemerintahnya dalam praktik peradilan yang baik dan sehat. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini diharapkan akan menjadi bahan informasi dan masukan bagi mahasiswa, akademisi, praktisi, dan semua pihak yang membutuhkan di lingkungan Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pancasakti Tegal. Kata Kunci: Penerapan, Nebis in Idem dan Perkara Perdata. ===================================================================================================== ABSTRACT Purnomo, Gumelar Cahyo, Application of the Nebis In Idem Principle in the Settlement of Civil Cases in Brebes District Court Number 11 / Pdt.G / 2019 / PN Bbs. Thesis. Tegal: Law Study Program, Faculty of Law, Pancasakti University, Tegal. 2019. Judges' decisions are binding on the parties to the dispute and those involved in the dispute, the parties must also submit to and respect the decisions that the judge has handed down. The decision must be considered correct and it is not possible to prove the opponent and a judge is not justified to decide again the same case regarding the same subject matter. The purpose of this study is to: 1) examine the application of the principle of nebis in idem in the settlement of civil cases Decision Number 11/Pdt.G/2019/ PN.Bbs, 2) know the judge's legal basis in establishing the principle of nebis in idem in its decision on Decision Number 11/Pdt.G/2019/PN.Bbs. This type of research is library research with normative juridical approach. The data source of this research is secondary data with data collection methods using literature studies and document studies. Analysis of research data using qualitative normative analysis. The results of the study obtained a conclusion that: 1) The application of the principle of nebis in idem in the settlement of civil cases Decision Number 11/Pdt.G/2019/ PN.Bbs refers to the rule of law, based on the results of the study it can be described that the application of the principle of nebis in idem in the case it has been properly implemented, which is based on Article 1917 of the Civil Code. But in this case, there are things that become important points in the filing of the defendant, which initially contained 2 (two) defendants, and in subsequent cases there were only 1 (one) defendant, the defendant in filing the second claim is essentially the same, namely both heir Soedarmo Bin Soemarsono; 2) The legal basis of the judge in establishing the principle of nebis in idem in his decision on the decision number 11/Pdt.G/2019/ PN.Bbs, namely Article 1917 Civil Code and the Supreme Court's Decision Number 647 K/Sip/1973. So nebis in idem according to the author can be interpreted as an essential essence of the case, which involves the same parties with the same object of dispute which turned out to have been given legal status through a court decision that has a permanent power (inkracht van gewijsde), then it cannot be re-sued in a separate case register to avoid the overlap between decisions that can cause uncertainty that may reduce the people's trust in their government in good and sound judicial practices. Based on the results of this study are expected to be material information and input for students, academics, practitioners, and all those who need it in the Faculty of Law, University of Pancasakti Tegal. Keywords: Implementation, Nebis in Idem and Civil Cases.

23 pags., 6 figs. ; Endoplasmic reticulum–plasma membrane contact sites (ER–PM CS) play fundamental roles in all eukaryotic cells. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking the ER–PM protein tether synaptotagmin1 (SYT1) exhibit decreased PM integrity under multiple abiotic stresses, such as freezing, high salt, osmotic stress, and mechanical damage. Here, we show that, together with SYT1, the stress-induced SYT3 is an ER–PM tether that also functions in maintaining PM integrity. The ER–PM CS localization of SYT1 and SYT3 is dependent on PM phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate and is regulated by abiotic stress. Lipidomic analysis revealed that cold stress increased the accumulation of diacylglycerol at the PM in a syt1/3 double mutant relative to wild-type while the levels of most glycerolipid species remain unchanged. In addition, the SYT1-green fluorescent protein fusion preferentially binds diacylglycerol in vivo with little affinity for polar glycerolipids. Our work ; This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economıa y Competitividad, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (grant no. BIO2017-82609-R to M.A.B.), the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (grant no. PGC2018-098789-B-I00 to N.R.-L.) UMA-FEDER (grant UMA18-FEDERJA-154 to N.R.-L.), and the Marie SkłodowskaCurie actions (grant no. H2020-655366-IIF- PLICO to M.A.B. and N.R.-L.). N.R.L. was supported by the Ramon y Cajal program RYC-2013-12699 (MINECO, Spain). J.P.-S. and S.G.-H. were funded by the Ministerio de Economıa y Competitividad in Formacion del Personal Investigador Fellowship (grant no. BES-2012-052324) and (PRE2018- 085284), respectively. R.P.H. and J.A.N. received support from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC, UK) in the form of an Institute Strategic Programme Grant (grant no. BBS/E/C/000I0420). J.L. is supported by the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (111 Project, grant no. B13007). A.P.M. and J.P.-S. were supported by the Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Chinese 1000 Talents Program. A.R. was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERCDiscovery Grant no. RGPIN-2019-05568). Support was also provided by AEI/FEDER, UE (grant nos. BIO2016-79187-R and PID2019-106987RB-I00 to J.P.-S.) and by the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (grant no. FP7/2007-2013)/ERC grant agreement no. 742985 to J.F. and T-Rex (project number 682436 to D.V.D.).

Increasing feed efficiency is a key target in ruminant science which requires a better understanding of rumen microbiota. This study investigated the effect of a shift from a non-grazing to a grazing diet on the rumen bacterial, methanogenic archaea, fungal, and protozoal communities. A systems biology approach based on a description of the community structure, core microbiota, network analysis, and taxon abundance linked to the rumen fermentation was used to explore the benefits of increasing depth of the community analysis. A total of 24 sheep were fed ryegrass hay supplemented with concentrate (CON) and subsequently ryegrass pasture (PAS) following a straight through experimental design. Results showed that concentrate supplementation in CON-fed animals (mainly starch) promoted a simplified rumen microbiota in terms of network density and bacterial, methanogen and fungal species richness which favored the proliferation of amylolytic microbes and VFA production (+48%), but led to a lower (ca. 4-fold) ammonia concentration making the N availability a limiting factor certain microbes. The adaptation process from the CON to the PAS diet consisted on an increase in the microbial concentration (biomass of bacteria, methanogens, and protozoa), diversity (+221, +3, and +21 OTUs for bacteria, methanogens, and fungi, respectively), microbial network complexity (+18 nodes and +86 edges) and in the abundance of key microbes involved in cellulolysis (Ruminococcus, Butyrivibrio, and Orpinomyces), proteolysis (Prevotella and Entodiniinae), lactate production (Streptococcus and Selenomonas), as well as methylotrophic archaea (Methanomassiliicoccaceae). This microbial adaptation indicated that pasture degradation is a complex process which requires a diverse consortium of microbes working together. The correlations between the abundance of microbial taxa and rumen fermentation parameters were not consistent across diets suggesting a metabolic plasticity which allowed microbes to adapt to different substrates and to shift their fermentation products. The core microbiota was composed of 34, 9, and 13 genera for bacteria, methanogens, and fungi, respectively, which were shared by all sheep, independent of diet. This systems biology approach adds a new dimension to our understanding of the rumen microbial interactions and may provide new clues to describe the mode of action of future nutritional interventions. ; This work has been supported by the European Regional Development Fund Program through the Welsh Government (WISE Network) and by the BBRSC (BBS/E/W/10964A01). The authors thank Eleanor Jones, Pauline Rees Stevens, Andrew P. Detheridge, and Wanchang Lin for their contribution to the sample analysis. ; Peer Reviewed

Increasing the efficiency of utilization of fresh and preserved forage is a key target for ruminant science. Vitamin E is often used as additive to improve product quality but its impact of the rumen function is unknown. This study investigated the successional microbial colonization of ryegrass (GRA) vs. ryegrass hay (HAY) in presence of zero or 50 IU/d supplementary vitamin E, using a rumen simulation technique. A holistic approach was used to link the dynamics of feed degradation with the structure of the liquid-associated (LAB) and solid-associated bacteria (SAB). Results showed that forage colonization by SAB was a tri-phasic process highly affected by the forage conservation method: Early colonization (0-2 h after feeding) by rumen microbes was 2× faster for GRA than HAY diets and dominated by Lactobacillus and Prevotella which promoted increased levels of lactate (+56%) and ammonia (+18%). HAY diets had lower DM degradation (-72%) during this interval being Streptococcus particularly abundant. During secondary colonization (4-8 h) the SAB community increased in size and decreased in diversity as the secondary colonizers took over (Pseudobutyrivibrio) promoting the biggest differences in the metabolomics profile between diets. Secondary colonization was 3× slower for HAY vs. GRA diets, but this delay was compensated by a greater bacterial diversity (+197 OTUs) and network complexity resulting in similar feed degradations. Tertiary colonization (> 8 h) consisted of a slowdown in the colonization process and simplification of the bacterial network. This slowdown was less evident for HAY diets which had higher levels of tertiary colonizers (Butyrivibrio and Ruminococcus) and may explain the higher DM degradation (+52%) during this interval. The LAB community was particularly active during the early fermentation of GRA and during the late fermentation for HAY diets indicating that the availability of nutrients in the liquid phase reflects the dynamics of feed degradation. Vitamin E supplementation had minor effects but promoted a simplification of the LAB community and a slight acceleration in the SAB colonization sequence which could explain the higher DM degradation during the secondary colonization. Our findings suggest that when possible, grass should be fed instead of hay, in order to accelerate feed utilization by rumen microbes. ; This work has been supported by the BBRSC (BBS/E/W/10964A01) and by the EU Regional Development Fund Program through the Welsh Government (WISE Network). Donation of vitamin E and concentrate was much appreciated (Wynnstay and Celtic Pride Ltd., United Kingdom). ; Peer Reviewed

Understanding SARS-CoV-2 transmission in higher education settings is important to limit spread between students, and into at-risk populations. In this study, we sequenced 482 SARS-CoV-2 isolates from the University of Cambridge from 5 October to 6 December 2020. We perform a detailed phylogenetic comparison with 972 isolates from the surrounding community, complemented with epidemiological and contact tracing data, to determine transmission dynamics. We observe limited viral introductions into the university; the majority of student cases were linked to a single genetic cluster, likely following social gatherings at a venue outside the university. We identify considerable onward transmission associated with student accommodation and courses; this was effectively contained using local infection control measures and following a national lockdown. Transmission clusters were largely segregated within the university or the community. Our study highlights key determinants of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and effective interventions in a higher education setting that will inform public health policy during pandemics. ; DA is a Wellcome Clinical PhD Fellow and gratefully supported by the Wellcome Trust (Grant number: 222903/Z/21/Z). BW receives funding from the University of Cambridge and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at the Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. IG is a Wellcome Senior Fellow and is supported by the Wellcome Trust (Grant number: 207498/Z/17/Z and 206298/B/17/Z). EMH is supported by a UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Fellowship: MR/S00291X/1. CJRI acknowledges Medical Research Council (MRC) funding (ref: MC_UU_00002/11). NJM is supported by the MRC (CSF MR/P008801/1) and NHSBT (WPA15-02). AJP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); their research was funded by the BBSRC Institute Strategic Programme Microbes in the Food Chain BB/R012504/1 and its constituent project BBS/E/F/000PR10352, also Quadram Institute Bioscience BBSRC funded Core Capability Grant (project number BB/CCG1860/1). LdP and OGP were supported by the Oxford Martin School. This research was supported by the NIHR Cambridge BRC. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health and Social Care. The COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium is supported by funding from the MRC part of UK Research & Innovation (UKRI), the National Institute of Health Research and Genome Research Limited, operating as the Wellcome Sanger Institute. The Cambridge Covid-19 testing Centre is funded by the Department of Health and Social Care, UK Government. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. For the purpose of Open Access, the author has applied a CC-BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.

Understanding SARS-CoV-2 transmission in higher education settings is important to limit spread between students, and into at-risk populations. In this study, we sequenced 482 SARS-CoV-2 isolates from the University of Cambridge from 5 October to 6 December 2020. We perform a detailed phylogenetic comparison with 972 isolates from the surrounding community, complemented with epidemiological and contact tracing data, to determine transmission dynamics. We observe limited viral introductions into the university; the majority of student cases were linked to a single genetic cluster, likely following social gatherings at a venue outside the university. We identify considerable onward transmission associated with student accommodation and courses; this was effectively contained using local infection control measures and following a national lockdown. Transmission clusters were largely segregated within the university or the community. Our study highlights key determinants of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and effective interventions in a higher education setting that will inform public health policy during pandemics. ; DA is a Wellcome Clinical PhD Fellow and gratefully supported by the Wellcome Trust (Grant number: 222903/Z/21/Z). BW receives funding from the University of Cambridge and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at the Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. IG is a Wellcome Senior Fellow and is supported by the Wellcome Trust (Grant number: 207498/Z/17/Z and 206298/B/17/Z). EMH is supported by a UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Fellowship: MR/S00291X/1. CJRI acknowledges Medical Research Council (MRC) funding (ref: MC_UU_00002/11). NJM is supported by the MRC (CSF MR/P008801/1) and NHSBT (WPA15-02). AJP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); their research was funded by the BBSRC Institute Strategic Programme Microbes in the Food Chain BB/R012504/1 and its constituent project BBS/E/F/000PR10352, also Quadram Institute Bioscience BBSRC funded Core Capability Grant (project number BB/CCG1860/1). LdP and OGP were supported by the Oxford Martin School. This research was supported by the NIHR Cambridge BRC. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health and Social Care. The COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium is supported by funding from the MRC part of UK Research & Innovation (UKRI), the National Institute of Health Research and Genome Research Limited, operating as the Wellcome Sanger Institute. The Cambridge Covid-19 testing Centre is funded by the Department of Health and Social Care, UK Government. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. For the purpose of Open Access, the author has applied a CC-BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.

How embryo adoption advances the Christian Right's political goals for creating a Christian nationIn 1997, a group of white pro-life evangelical Christians in the United States created the nation's first embryo adoption program to "save" the thousands of frozen human embryos remaining from assisted reproduction procedures, which they contend are unborn children. While a small part of US fertility services, embryo adoption has played an outsized role in conservative politics, from high-profile battles over public investment in human embryonic stem cell research to the overturning of Roe v. Wade. Based on six years of ethnographic research with embryo adoption staff and participants, Risa Cromer uncovers how embryo adoption advances ambitious political goals for expanding the influence of conservative Christian values and power.Conceiving Christian America is the first book on embryo adoption tracing how this powerful social movement draws on white saviorist tropes in their aims to reconceive personhood, with drastic consequences for reproductive rights and justice. Documenting the practices, narratives, and beliefs that move embryos from freezers to uteruses, this book wields anthropological wariness as a tool for confronting the multiple tactics of the Christian Right. Timely and provocative, Conceiving Christian America presents a bold and nuanced examination of a family-making process focused on conceiving a Christian nation

Ash trees (genus Fraxinus, family Oleaceae) are widespread throughout the Northern Hemisphere, but are being devastated in Europe by the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, causing ash dieback, and in North America by the herbivorous beetle Agrilus planipennis. Here we sequence the genome of a low-heterozygosity Fraxinus excelsior tree from Gloucestershire, UK, annotating 38,852 protein-coding genes of which 25% appear ash specific when compared with the genomes of ten other plant species. Analyses of paralogous genes suggest a whole-genome duplication shared with olive (Olea europaea, Oleaceae). We also re-sequence 37 F. excelsior trees from Europe, finding evidence for apparent long-term decline in effective population size. Using our reference sequence, we re-analyse association transcriptomic data, yielding improved markers for reduced susceptibility to ash dieback. Surveys of these markers in British populations suggest that reduced susceptibility to ash dieback may be more widespread in Great Britain than in Denmark. We also present evidence that susceptibility of trees to H. fraxineus is associated with their iridoid glycoside levels. This rapid, integrated, multidisciplinary research response to an emerging health threat in a non-model organism opens the way for mitigation of the epidemic. ; Eurofins MWG provided a discounted service for Illumina and 454 sequencing of the reference genome, funded by Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Urgency Grant NE/K01112X/1 to R.J.A.B. The associative transcriptomic and metabolomic work was part of the 'Nornex' project led by J.A.D. funded jointly by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (BBS/E/J/000CA5323) and the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs. The Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK, sequenced 'Tree 35' funded by 'Nornex' and the European Diversity Panel funded by the Earlham Institute National Capability in Genomics (BB/J010375/1) grant. W. Crowther assisted with DNA extractions for the KASP assay; The John Innes Centre contributed KASP analyses. J. F. Miranda assisted with RNA extractions and quantitative PCR with reverse transcription (qRT–PCR) at the University of York. H. V. Florance, N. Smirnoff and the Exeter Metabolomics Facility developed metabolomic methods and ran samples, and T. P. Howard helped with statistics. L.J.K. and R.J.A.B. were partly funded by Living with Environmental Change (LWEC) Tree Health and Plant Biosecurity Initiative - Phase 2 grant BB/L012162/1 to R.J.A.B., S.L. and P. Jepson funded jointly by a grant from the BBSRC, Defra, Economic and Social Research Council, the Forestry Commission, NERC and the Scottish Government, under the Tree Health and Plant Biosecurity Initiative. G.W. was funded by Teagasc Walsh Fellowship 2014001 to R.J.A.B. and G.C.D. E.D.C. was funded by a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship 'FraxiFam' (grant agreement 660003) to E.D.C. and R.J.A.B. E.S.A.S. and J.Z. were funded by the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Initial Training Network INTERCROSSING. J.A.D. received a John Innes Foundation fellowship. We thank A. Joecker for supervising E.S.A.S. at Qiagen and for helpful discussions. R.H.R.G. is supported by a Norwich Research Park PhD Studentship and Earlham Institute Funding and Maintenance Grant. This research used Queen Mary's MidPlus computational facilities, supported by QMUL Research-IT and funded by Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council grant EP/K000128/1 and NERC EOS Cloud. D.J.S. acknowledges the support of BBSRC grant BB/N021452/1, which partly supported M.G., C.M.S. and D.J.S. during this work.

Tourism is acquiring the attention worldwide especially in the developing countries (Akpabio et al. 2006). In the case of coastal areas, tourism is more sensitive to environmental degradation compared to other economic activities because the environment is its primary resource. With the help of efficient planning and proper management of natural resources, tourism can significantly contribute to environmental conservation and to achieve environmental sustainability in coastal areas (Orhon et al. 2011). The main purposes of this study are to explore the tourism development trend in coastal areas of Cox's Bazar, to analyse existing environmental conditions of Cox's Bazar coastal area, to examine the importance of environmental sustainability at coastal region. More positively, the study shows environmental sustainability can be achieved through more eco-friendly planning of installations in tourism hubs like Cox's Bazar. The main methods of conducting this study were desktop research; data collection through questionnaire survey and expert interview; data input in SPSS, processing and analysis; evaluation of policies, strategies and institutional framework. To formulate study goal and objectives, a comprehensive literature review has been conducted to understand about tourism, tourism development, sustainability, sustainable development by reviewing relevant reports, journals, and international cases which has helped to develop the conceptual framework of the study. After extensive literature review and formulation of goal and objectives, the conceptual framework of the study data collection instruments such as questionnaire has been prepared to collect data from the field. The study is largely based on the primary data collected through field visit, interviews to the experts on tourism and environment, and questionnaire survey at the study area, Cox's Bazar. In this study, the statistical data on the study area has been collected from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Apart from this, information has also been collected from various sources e.g. journals, projects, periodicals, and the daily newspapers, archives of both home and abroad. From the analysis, it found that Cox's Bazar sea beach is a good place for tourism development, and it is also found that the level of tourism is improving gradually. Tourism in Cox's Bazar mainly depends on natural beauty and environment of the coastal area. Tourism is producing long term negative effects on the coastal environment. If the environmental systems degrade tourism will not sustain any more. However, tourism can provide incentive for the conservation and restoration of the natural environment. Nearly half of the respondents stated that because of tourism, natural environment is in better condition in Cox's Bazar and tourism provides incentive for the conservation and restoration of the natural environment. The analysis also identifies that policies and strategies play a big role to the conservation of natural environment and resources, and the implementation of principles of sustainable development. Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has been formulated some policies and strategies related to tourism development, sustainable development and coastal zone management, but most of the policies and strategies are not implemented properly because of institutional conflicts. In the light of the data analysis, discussion and findings, some recommendations are suggested here to help and guide future decisions regarding tourism development, conservation of the environment, sustainable development and sustainability at coastal areas in Bangladesh. ; published_or_final_version ; Urban Planning and Design ; Master ; Master of Science in Urban Planning