Suchergebnisse

For the Cossack units combat training has always been important. In the early twentieth century military system of Cossack units consisted of three age levels: 1st, 2nd and 3rd queuing service (the last two queues were discounted). At the same time, basic training was carried out in parts of the 1st stage. This situation resulted in the lack of a detailed analysis of the historiography of the basics of combat training Cossack beneficiaries. This article investigates the basic parameters of the military-applied preparation Cossacks 2 nd stage service as an example of the II Taman Cavalry Regiment of the Kuban Cossack troops in 1907–1908. Emphasizing that the Kuban Cossacks basically consisted of Ukrainian Cossacks. The content of the combat training documents show the regimental staff, among which are particularly valuable materials about the daily routine and practice schedule. On combat training every day (except Saturday and Sunday) allocated 4 hours (per week – 22 hours). A large part of the time was spent equestrian combat training (55 %). Infantry combat training and familiarization with military theory and the right to allocate 45 % of the time. Among the military-applied disciplines focus was on the battle tactics of equestrian (50 % of the time), and the tactics of infantry combat (25 % of the time). On the other disciplines (individual possession of weapons and firearms, horseback riding, study charters) allocated 25 % of the time. These priorities support the author's concept of the existence of the Cossack military application of martial arts in the late XIX – early XX centuries. An important place was given to the daily choral singing, which corresponded to a long tradition of Ukrainian Cossacks. On Sundays and holy days Cossacks visited local Orthodox churches. A special place was occupied by celebration of birthday of the imperial family (except holiday and visit the temples military parades were held). Thus, in the early twentieth century military training Kuban Cossacks in grace the shelves of the 2nd line was a meaningful and consistent with the requirements of the time. ; У статті на основі штабних документів ІІ Таманського полку за 1907-1908 рр. досліджуються основні напрямки, пріоритети та особливості військово-прикладного вишколу кубанських козаків, що перебували у пільгових кавалерійських полках ІІ-ї черги.

The problematic issue of the Directory agricultural policy coverage is researched nowadays in the way of overcoming stereotypes which were formed in the Marxist historiography concerning Ukrainian agrarian relations in 1917 – 1921. The initial information on the agricultural policy and peasants' insurgencies during the period of the Directory was delivered by the Kharkiv-based Litopys Revoliutsii Journal founded in 1922. The researchers of the journal considered the unsolved agrarian issue to be the major driving force of the insurgencies. Also they believed that in the final count the UNR Directory policy was aimed at preserving of the landowner property. Throughout 1920s – 1930s Soviet historians basically dwelled on the issues related to the local councils (soviets) and Committees of Poor Peasants (kombeds) activities to eliminate "non-labour" landowning and creation of collective farms. Incidentally the Directory land laws were analysed and interpreted by Soviet historians as such that had been developed for the benefit of affluent farmers who had been considered the UNR social basis and its army reserve. The 1940s – 1950s saw the Soviet power agricultural policy reflected in the works by the Ukrainian historians as a constituent part of the political project known as the union of the working class with peasantry. So, the political, social, and legal aspects of the agrarian relations, particularly the criticism of the UNR Directory land reforms, were dependent of the Soviet historiography class paradigm. In the 1950s – 1980s Soviet historians actively utilised materials from the periodical press, central and local archives, and thus managed to introduce numerous facts into scientific use. The interpretation of the Ukrainian village social and economic processes was extended though Directory's land laws and agricultural policy wasn't given any considerable coverage. The Directory's agricultural policy was not well-defined in the Soviet Ukrainian historiography as a subject of research. Although its study reveals the acuteness of the land issue, estimate the political forces strategies in their fight for the influence on peasantry, establish the reasons of the Directory's agricultural policy failure as evaluated by the opposing side. ; У статті висвітлено проблеми потрактування земельної політики Директорії Української Народної Республіки 1918 – 1920 рр. у працях радянських істориків. Акцентується увага на методологічних основах досліджень українських учених та їх практичному значенні.

Die Abschlussarbeit "Die Linke: A Political Discourse Analysis" versucht zu verstehen a) wie und mit welchen Mitteln Sprache in der Politik strategisch genutzt wird, um Wähler zu beeinflussen b) welcher sozialer und politischer Kontext sich auf die Bildung von politischen Diskursen auswirkt c) welche Art von Effekten politische Diskurse auf aktuelle 'policy making' Prozesse haben. Analysiert wird die Partei Die Linke. Das Ziel der Studie ist nicht, der schon existierenden Literatur über Die Linke, welche versucht den Erfolg der Partei mit dem rückläufigen wirtschaftlichen Wohlstand der Massen und dem erfolglosen 'policy making' der anderen Parteien zu erklären, zu widersprechen. Um den Aufstieg von Die Linke besser verständlich zu machen, sollen jedoch linguistische Dimensionen der Analyse hinzugefügt werden. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, untersucht die Arbeit zuerst die diskursiven Strategien eines ausgewählten Texts und diskutiert anschließend die kontextualen Auswirkungen auf die beobachteten Strategien, in dem die Grundlagen der Kritischen Diskurs Analyse herangezogen werden. Die zentrale Hypothese dieser Untersuchung ist, dass der politische Diskurs von Die Linke als Teil einer politischen Strategie betrachtet werden sollte, welche versucht gegenhegemoniale diskursive Praktiken zu kreieren und darauf abzielt Prozesse des 'policy-making' zu beeinflussen. Dass Die Linke erfolgreich die Lücke im linken Spektrum füllen konnte, hängt nicht nur mit dem erfolglosen 'policy-making' der anderen Parteien zusammen, sondern ist auch der Kompetenz der Partei, Wähler mit Hilfe von politischen Diskursen zu beeinflussen, geschuldet. ; The thesis 'Die Linke: A Political Discourse Analysis' tries to understand a) how and by which means language in politics can be strategically used in order to influence voters b) what kind of social and political context have an influence on the formation of political discourses and c) what kind of effects do political discourses have on actual policy making processes on the basis of the analysis of The Left Party (Die Linke in German). The overall aim of this study is not to oppose the already existing literature on Die Linke, which try to explain the party's success with the declining economic prosperity of the masses and the unsuccessful policy making of its opponents but to add the linguistic dimension to the analysis in order to understand the rise of Die Linke more comprehensively. In order to achieve this aim, the research first identifies the discursive strategies of the selected text and then discusses the contextual impacts on the observed discursive strategies by adopting the main principles of Critical Discourse Analysis. The main hypothesis of this research is that political discourses of Die Linke should be considered as a part of the political strategy which tries to create counter-hegemonic discursive practices and aims to affect policy-making process. Die Linke's success for filling the gap in the left is not only dependent on other parties' unsuccessful policy-making but also on the party's capacity to influence voters by its political discourses.

Breaking away from the official circuits of art galleries and museums, mail art heralds a new era for the circulation of artistic work, which focuses primarily on the collective. This alternative means of circulation for artistic proposals and ideas brings forward the concept of network that would later, with the birth of the Internet, become a highly significant issue for contemporaneity. The use of mail in the 1960s and 1970s as a tactical instrument in the field of art relates to the appropriation of the means of communication by the period's artistic manifestations - a period in which establishing networks and communicating were crucial cultural elements. In so doing, mail art democratizes art. Unfortunately, there are few academic studies about mail art, probably because that field of study is obdurately complex, the information is difficult to obtain. It is difficult to accurate facts and datas. The documents and works were frequently intend as ephemera. In spite of that, in this doctoral thesis we analyse in depth mail artists' publications and interviews to understand their communicational connections and strategies, particularly in the field of Latin America. ; Rompiendo con los circuitos oficiales de las galerías y museos, el mail art enuncia una nueva forma de circulación del trabajo artístico, que enfatiza sobre todo lo colectivo. Este modo alternativo de circulación de las proposiciones/ideas artísticas enunciaba la idea de red que, posteriormente, con el adviento de Internet, se haría una cuestión altamente relevante para la contemporaneidad. En los años 1960 y 1970, el uso de los Correos como un medio táctico en el ámbito del arte está relacionado con la apropiación de los medios de comunicación por parte de las manifestaciones artísticas del periodo -un periodo en que la creación de redes y la comunicación eran fundamentales. El objetivo del mail art es romper con el flujo unidireccional emisor-receptor de los medios de comunicación de masa, a través de la participación activa del espectador en la obra, socializando la autoría y diluyendo las fronteras que separan artista y público. Es difícil precisar hechos y fechas. Los documentos y producciones son efímeros. A pesar de esto, en esta tesis doctoral se han analizado en profundidad las publicaciones en arte correo y las declaraciones de los artistas para entender sus conexiones y estrategias de comunicación, especialmente en el ámbito latinoamericano.

BACKGROUND: Improving the health of school-aged children can yield substantial benefits for cognitive development and educational achievement. However, there is limited experimental evidence of the benefits of alternative school-based malaria interventions or how the impacts of interventions vary according to intensity of malaria transmission. We investigated the effect of intermittent screening and treatment (IST) for malaria on the health and education of school children in an area of low to moderate malaria transmission. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A cluster randomised trial was implemented with 5,233 children in 101 government primary schools on the south coast of Kenya in 2010-2012. The intervention was delivered to children randomly selected from classes 1 and 5 who were followed up for 24 months. Once a school term, children were screened by public health workers using malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and children (with or without malaria symptoms) found to be RDT-positive were treated with a six dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine (AL). Given the nature of the intervention, the trial was not blinded. The primary outcomes were anaemia and sustained attention. Secondary outcomes were malaria parasitaemia and educational achievement. Data were analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. During the intervention period, an average of 88.3% children in intervention schools were screened at each round, of whom 17.5% were RDT-positive. 80.3% of children in the control and 80.2% in the intervention group were followed-up at 24 months. No impact of the malaria IST intervention was observed for prevalence of anaemia at either 12 or 24 months (adjusted risk ratio [Adj.RR]: 1.03, 95% CI 0.93-1.13, p = 0.621 and Adj.RR: 1.00, 95% CI 0.90-1.11, p = 0.953) respectively, or on prevalence of P. falciparum infection or scores of classroom attention. No effect of IST was observed on educational achievement in the older class, but an apparent negative effect was seen on spelling scores in the younger class at 9 and 24 months and on arithmetic scores at 24 months. CONCLUSION: In this setting in Kenya, IST as implemented in this study is not effective in improving the health or education of school children. Possible reasons for the absence of an impact are the marked geographical heterogeneity in transmission, the rapid rate of reinfection following AL treatment, the variable reliability of RDTs, and the relative contribution of malaria to the aetiology of anaemia in this setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00878007.

2000'li yılların ortalarından itibaren Twitter'ın politik değerine siyasetçiler, gazeteciler ve akademisyenler tarafından dikkat çekilmekte, Twitter kullanımı ve siyasal katılım arasındaki ilişki hakkında giderek büyüyen bir tartışma olduğu görülmektedir. Dijital demokrasinin katılımcı demokrasiye olan etkisi üzerine giderek yaygınlaşan tartışmalar ve yakın zamanlı araştırmalar Twitter kullanımı ve siyasal katılım arasında olumlu bir ilişki olduğuna dair bir resim sunmaktadır. Twitter politik sorunlarının görüşüldüğü, ağ dolayımlı bir kamusal alan haline gelmiştir. Twitter'ın siyasetçiler, siyasal stratejistler ve yurttaşlar tarafından hızla artan oranda kullanımı, onu e-Katılım ve dijital demokrasi pratiklerinin önemli bir parçası haline getirmiştir. Bütün bu pratikler ve akademik araştırmalara rağmen, Türkiye'de siyasete angaje olma açısından siyasetçilerin Twitter kullanımı hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir. Bu çalışma Twitter ve siyasal adaylar tarafından kullanımı arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktadır. Daha detaylı olarak, bu tez çalışması 2014 yerel seçimlerinde Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (Ak Parti) ve Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi'nin (CHP) Büyükşehir Belediye Başkan adaylarının siyasal katılımda dijital bir araç olarak Twitter kullanımlarını tartışacaktır. ; Twitter has drawn attention for its potential political value by academics, journalists, and politicians and, since the mid-2000s, there have been growing discussions on the relationship between Twitter and politics. The impact of so-called Digital Democracy tools on participatory democracy has been widely discussed and, recently, studies have illustrated a positive relationship between twitter use and political participation Twitter has also been described as a networked sphere in which political issues are publicly negotiated and this is arguably demonstrated by the increasing use of Twitter by politicians, political strategists and citizens, making this social network play an important part in the context of e-Participation and digital democracy practices. However, despite all these practices and academic research interest, there is little knowledge on the politician's use of Twitter to engage in politics at Turkey. This study will be investigating the relationship between Twitter and its use by Turkish political candidates. More in detail, the thesis will discuss how the new media (Twitter) was used during the 2014 Local Election in Turkey by analyzing the metropolitan municipality candidates of Justice and Development Party (Ak Party) and Republican People's Party (CHP) uses and performances on Twitter as a digital tool for political participation.

2000'li yılların ortalarından itibaren Twitter'ın politik değerine siyasetçiler, gazeteciler ve akademisyenler tarafından dikkat çekilmekte, Twitter kullanımı ve siyasal katılım arasındaki ilişki hakkında giderek büyüyen bir tartışma olduğu görülmektedir. Dijital demokrasinin katılımcı demokrasiye olan etkisi üzerine giderek yaygınlaşan tartışmalar ve yakın zamanlı araştırmalar Twitter kullanımı ve siyasal katılım arasında olumlu bir ilişki olduğuna dair bir resim sunmaktadır. Twitter politik sorunlarının görüşüldüğü, ağ dolayımlı bir kamusal alan haline gelmiştir. Twitter'ın siyasetçiler, siyasal stratejistler ve yurttaşlar tarafından hızla artan oranda kullanımı, onu e-Katılım ve dijital demokrasi pratiklerinin önemli bir parçası haline getirmiştir. Bütün bu pratikler ve akademik araştırmalara rağmen, Türkiye'de siyasete angaje olma açısından siyasetçilerin Twitter kullanımı hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir. Bu çalışma Twitter ve siyasal adaylar tarafından kullanımı arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktadır. Daha detaylı olarak, bu tez çalışması 2014 yerel seçimlerinde Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (Ak Parti) ve Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi'nin (CHP) Büyükşehir Belediye Başkan adaylarının siyasal katılımda dijital bir araç olarak Twitter kullanımlarını tartışacaktır. ; Twitter has drawn attention for its potential political value by academics, journalists, and politicians and, since the mid-2000s, there have been growing discussions on the relationship between Twitter and politics. The impact of so-called Digital Democracy tools on participatory democracy has been widely discussed and, recently, studies have illustrated a positive relationship between twitter use and political participation Twitter has also been described as a networked sphere in which political issues are publicly negotiated and this is arguably demonstrated by the increasing use of Twitter by politicians, political strategists and citizens, making this social network play an important part in the context of e-Participation and digital democracy practices. However, despite all these practices and academic research interest, there is little knowledge on the politician's use of Twitter to engage in politics at Turkey. This study will be investigating the relationship between Twitter and its use by Turkish political candidates. More in detail, the thesis will discuss how the new media (Twitter) was used during the 2014 Local Election in Turkey by analyzing the metropolitan municipality candidates of Justice and Development Party (Ak Party) and Republican People's Party (CHP) uses and performances on Twitter as a digital tool for political participation.

Background: Resistance towards endocrine therapy is a great concern in breast cancer treatment and may partly be explained by the activation of compensatory signaling pathways. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) signaling pathway was activated or deregulated in breast cancer patients and to explore if any of the markers were prognostic, with or without adjuvant tamoxifen. This signaling pathway has been suggested to cause estrogen independent cell growth and thus contribute to resistance to endocrine treatment in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Methods: The protein expression of IGF1R, phosphorylated Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (p-mTOR) and phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein (p-S6rp) were investigated by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays in two patient cohorts. Cohort I (N = 264) consisted of mainly postmenopausal women with stage II breast cancer treated with tamoxifen for 2 years irrespective of ER status. Cohort II (N = 206) consisted of mainly medically untreated, premenopausal patients with node-negative breast cancer. Distant disease-free survival (DDFS) at 5 years was used as end-point for survival analyses. Results: We found that lower IGF1R expression was associated with worse prognosis for tamoxifen treated, postmenopausal women (HR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.52 - 0.94, p = 0.016). The effect was seen mainly in ER-negative patients where the prognostic effect was retained after adjustment for other prognostic markers (adjusted HR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.29 - 0.82, p = 0.007). Expression of IGF1R was associated with ER positivity (p less than 0.001) in the same patient cohort. Conclusions: Our results support previous studies indicating that IGF1R positivity reflects a well differentiated tumor with low metastatic capacity. An association between lack of IGF1R expression and worse prognosis was mainly seen in the ER-negative part of Cohort I. The lack of co-activation of downstream markers (p-mTOR and p-S6rp) in the IGF1R pathway suggested that the prognostic effect was not due to complete activation of this pathway. Thus, no evidence could be found for a compensatory function of IGF1R signaling in the investigated cohorts. ; Funding Agencies|Swedish Cancer Society; Swedish Research Council; Gunnar Nilsson Cancer Foundation; Mrs. Berta Kamprad Foundation; Anna and Edwin Bergers foundation; Skane University Hospital Research Foundation; Skane County Councils Research and Development Foundation; Governmental Funding of Clinical Research within the National Health Service

Teen pregnancy is considered to be a phenomenon that generates a high social and economic impact. Its study and intervention has focused on promoting the use of contraceptive methods and the disclosure of scientific information about sexuality; however, the high numbers persist. The present article aims to argue how a social system such as patriarchy can influence the construction of gender representations and the experience of teenage sexuality, which could lead to an unplanned pregnancy. The conclusion is that, although patriarchy affects and is expressed in the experience of sexuality, gender representations and romantic relationships of young people, there are other individual, social, economic and political variables that are articulated in the complex reality of teen pregnancy. ; El embarazo adolescente es considerado un fenómeno que genera un alto impacto social y económico. Su estudio e intervención se ha orientado a la promoción del uso de métodos anticonceptivos y a la divulgación de información científica sobre la sexualidad; sin embargo, persisten las altas cifras. El presente artículo está orientado a argumentar cómo un sistema social, como lo es el patriarcado, puede influir en la construcción de representaciones de género y en la vivencia de la sexualidad de los adolescentes, lo que podría derivar en un embarazo no planeado. La conclusión es que si bien el patriarcado incide y se expresa en la vivencia de la sexualidad, las representaciones de género y las relaciones de pareja de los jóvenes, existen otras variables individuales, sociales, económicas y políticas que se articulan en la compleja realidad del embarazo adolescente. ; A gravidez nos adolescentes é considerada um fenômeno que gera um alto impacto social e econômico. Seu estudo e intervenção se orientaram na promoção do uso de métodos anticonceptivos e à divulgação de informação científica sobre a sexualidade; porém, persistem as altas cifras. O presente artículo está orientado a argumentar como um sistema social, como é o patriarcado, pode influir na construção de representações de gênero e na vivência da sexualidade dos adolescentes, o que poderia derivar em uma gravidez não planejada. A conclusão é que se bem que o patriarcado incide e se expressa na vivência da sexualidade, as representações de gênero e as relações de casal dos jovens, existem outras variáveis individuais, sociais, econômicas e políticas que se articulam na complexa realidade da gravidez adolescente.

The compartmentalisation of university study means students do not engage with the learning community beyond the completion of the subject. This dominant practice is counter to the aims of service learning and the benefits of wider professional experiences, hence the need for a third learning space that is not owned by the university but is co-constructed. As learning tool this third space can complement and disseminate the rich face-to face experiences to other cohorts in order to use peer experiences as learning resources. As service tool a third space can facilitate information sharing, coordination of service learning, research projects and other authentic learning opportunities. Over successive offerings of Service Learning for Sustainable Futures an increasing network of community organisations have become involved with service learning. The use of service learning in higher education implies shifts from more traditional transmission pedagogies and exhibits sustainability pedagogies identified by Sterling (2004): learning through discovery, learner-centred, collaborative, praxis oriented, focus on self-regulation and real issues, cognitive, affective and skills objectives, learning with staff and with and from outsiders. Sustainability frameworks underpin the curriculum aims. Sustainability brings together multidisciplinary organizations that may be working with the same groups of people to educate them and provide access to more sustainable environmental, social, political or economic outcomes. However these community networks could be sustained beyond the experience in order to strengthen the capacities of organisations and the capacities of graduates as engaged civic professionals. Particularly for education students, wider professional experiences are crucial in developing professionals who are engaged with the communities in which they will teach (Salter, Hill, Navin & Knight, 2013). This paper discusses the development, communicative practices and outcomes of an online forum involving community organisations, university students and staff. The project used an action research methodology to involve teacher educators, pre-service and practicing teachers and community organisation representatives. Surveys and focus groups were used to capture participant perceptions and feedback in the development of a web portal as a third learning space. The paper uses civic engagement literature and spatial theory to critically reflect on the web portal and the experiential learning and serving it supports. In a policy context that increasingly positions higher education as a private good, such bridging spaces and sustainability aims work towards the public good.

The name "comic" is a result of the often comic tales that were told in the short image sequences or pictures. These short image sequences are called as comic strips. Besides the many humorous series, there are all kinds of comics which have the political, social or violent content. Although we think that only children and youths read comics, both children and youths and adults prefer to follow and read these comics which have different themes . Comics are popular culture whose origin taken as part of the Sunday newspapers, and today have great importance in children and youth's literature. The aim of this study is to make an introduction, what are objectives and significance of comics, which properties are available of comics e.g. Speech bubbles, writing or pictures . etc. and to compare the history of comics in America, Germany and Turkey. The origin of comics based on the cave paintings, frescoes, statues and tapestries. It was dealing with symbols in the cave paintings, frescoes, statues and tapestries and tells a story with the pictures. In this context, "The Yellow Kid" of Richard Felton Outcault is the first comic strip and the birthplace of comics is America. That is why comics have remained in Germany and Turkey under the influence of America. The Italian products have had great impact in Turkey. Nevertheless, their own comics developed both in Germany and in Turkey. Abstrakt Der Name "Comic" ist eine Folge der oft komischen Erzählungen, die in den kurzen Bildabfolgen oder Bilder erzählt wurden. Diese kurzen Bildabfolgen wird man als Comic Strips genannt. Neben den zahlreichen humoristischen Serien gibt es jede Art von Comics, die politischen, gewaltverherrlichenden oder gesellschaftlichen Inhalte haben. Diese Comics, die unterschiedlichen Themen haben, werden von sowohl Kinder und Jugendlich als auch Erwachsenen lieber gefolgt und gelesen, obwohl man denkt, dass nur Kinder und Jugendlich Comics lesen. Comics sind populäre Kultur, die Ursprung als Bestandteil der Sonntagszeitungen nehmen, und haben heutzutage große Bedeutung in der Kinder und Jugend Literatur. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist eine Einführung zu machen, was Ziel und Bedeutung von Comics sind, welche Eigenschaften Comics vorliegen, z.B. Sprechblasen, Schreiben oder Bilder etc. und zu vergleichen die Geschichte von Comics in Amerika, Deutschland und in der Türkei. Der Ursprung der Comics beruht auf die Höhlenmalereien, Fresken, Bildsäulen und Bildteppiche. Mit Symbolen in den Höhlenmalereien, Fresken, Bildsäulen und Bildteppiche wurde es sich beschäftigt und mit den Bildern eine Geschichte erzählt. In diesem Zusammenhang ist "The Yellow Kid (Das gelbe Kind)" von Richard Felton Outcault der erste Comicstrip und der Geburtsort von Comics ist Amerika. Deswegen sind Comics in Deutschland und in der Türkei unter dem Einfluss von Amerika geblieben. Auch die italienischen Produkte hatten große Wirkung in der Türkei. Trotzdem entwickelten eigene Comics sich sowohl in Deutschland als auch in der Türkei.

На підставі аналізу існуючих у світовій науковій думці концептуальних підходів до вивчення понять "регіон", "регіональна інтеграція", "регіонобудівництво", "регіоналізм" визначено структуру порівняльного дослідження та розроблено теоретичну модель міжнародно-політичного/міжнародно-економічного простору. З урахуванням міжнародного досвіду дослідження регіональних інтеграційних процесів удосконалено існуючу концептуально-методологічну матрицю регіональної компаративістики шляхом розробки комплексного методу аналізу та оцінки конструювання міжнародних регіонів. Ключові слова: регіональна компаративістика, механізми регіонального співробітництва, регіональна інтеграція, відкритий регіоналізм, концептуально-методологічна матриця регіональної компаративістики, моделі регіональної економічної інтеграції, побудова теоретичної моделі міжнародного регіону, системи індикаторів регіональної інтеграції, міжнародні банки даних, методи статистичного аналізу. кандидат политических наук, старший научный сотрудник Стародуб-Подберёзная Т. С. Методологические аспекты региональной компаративистики как научного направления международной политической регионалистики / Киевская гуманитарная академия, Украина, г. КиевНа основе анализа существующих в мировой научной мысли концептуальных подходов к изучению понятий "регион", "региональная интеграция", "регионостроительство", "регионализм" определено структуру сравнительного исследования и разработано теоретическую модель международно-политического/международно-экономического пространства. С учетом международного опыта исследования региональных интеграционных процессов усовершенствовано существующую концептуально-методологическую матрицу региональной компаративистики путем разработки комплексного метода анализа и оценки конструирования международных регионов.Ключевые слова: региональная компаративистика, механизмы регионального сотрудничества, региональная интеграция, открытый регионализм, концептуально-методологическая матрица региональной компаративистики, модели региональной экономической интеграции, построение теоретической модели международного региона, системы индикаторов региональной интеграции, международные банки данных, методы статистического анализа. Ph. D (Political Sciences), Senior Researcher. Starodub-Pidberezna T. S., Methodological aspects of regional comparative studies as scientific direction of international political regionalisitics / Kyiv Academy for the Humanities, Ukraine, Kyiv On basis of conceptual approaches on research of the following definitions: "region", "regional integration", "region-building", "regionalism" in the world-wide scientific thought the structure of comparative study was determined and theoretical model of international political/international economic space was elaborated. Taking into account international experience of research of regional integration processes the existent conceptual and methodological matrix of regional comparative studies was improved by way of developing a sophisticated method of analysis and assessment of constructing of international regions. Key words: regional comparative studies, mechanisms of regional cooperation, regional integration, open regionalism, conceptual and methodological matrix of regional comparative studies, models of regional economic integration, theoretical modelling of international region, systems of indicators of regional integration, international databanks, methods of statistical analysis.

Schools should be active partners in the process of building entrepreneurship as well as fostering entrepreneurs, new heroes for the future! The role of the educational leader is important to reflect on this aspect of the major changes. Can the leader turn apparent problems into challenges, and challenges into creative opportunities? This paper is a presentation of results from research based on interviews with school leaders who have also been students at courses in pedagogical entrepreneurship. The course has been designed with a special purpose in mind: the implementation of entrepreneurial measures at the student's own school in order to help promote entrepreneurship at the school. The importance of the ability to exercise entrepreneurial activity in society is that it forms the basis of achieving economic growth and social security. This well-documented principle applies both to industrialised countries and to countries that are undergoing intensive development. Within the commercial sector it is not unusual even today to see entrepreneurship defined narrowly in terms of establishing companies. But research also demonstrates important links between education, creative business development and production quality. When it can be documented that entrepreneurial training yield an increase in entrepreneurs who can produce qualitatively better results, this will naturally be an important justification for new investment. This paper is also based on a concentrated survey of literature in addition to an empirical study. So – our research question is: What kind of leadership needs an entrepreneurial school? Entrepreneurship is on the agenda in various contexts within the Norwegian society. However this is not typical for Norway, but because of a lack of an entrepreneurial culture, and the importance to have a leading edge in this development, a goal must be to strengthen the competitive ability in schools through emphasising entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is a mindset as well as a force behind developing activities in schools and society. In Norway curriculum for entrepreneurship has been a growing field of interest among politicians, in universities, colleges, and in public school. To start a discussion on entrepreneurship in schools, it should be useful to look at definitions of entrepreneurial education. How is entrepreneurship education defined, and what are the critical components of entrepreneurial training in different contexts? Entrepreneurship education needs to be defined more broadly than business management in that it includes fostering creativity and innovation, traits not normally nurtured in a standard business environment.

AbstractIn 1900, the Ontario Department of Education and Alfred Fitzpatrick engaged in an experiment to supply books to reading camps for lumber, mining, and railway workers in Northern Ontario. The center-periphery interplay between education officials and Fitzpatrick gave birth to two important adult education agencies: Frontier College and Ontario's travelling library system. Although the Department partially accepted Fitzpatrick's original plan for library extension, he garnered enough public support and employer endorsements to leverage government action on key issues related to a systematic book supply, the reduction of illiteracy, and non-formal adult learning techniques. This paper uses primary sources to examine the differing objectives held by Fitzpatrick and the Department during their initial joint venture prior to the Ontario election of 1905. The study highlights why travelling libraries became a provincial responsibility; as well, it shows Fitzpatrick reshaped his original plans by practical interactions with resource workers that led to new approaches for adult learning at the outset of the 20th century.RésuméEn 1900, le Département de l'éducation de l'Ontario et Alfred Fitzpatrick se lancent dans une expérience : celle d'approvisionner en livres les camps des travailleurs forestiers, des mines et des chemins de fer dans le Nord ontarien. Cette interaction « centre-périphérie », des fonctionnaires et de Fitzpatrick, a donné naissance à deux agences importantes d'éducation aux adultes : le Frontier College et le système ontarien de bibliothèques ambulantes. Bien que le Département ait accepté partiellement le plan originel de Fitzpatrick pour l'expansion du système de bibliothèques, ce dernier a pu compter sur un soutien suffisant de la part du public et des employeurs pour motiver le gouvernement à agir sur des questions clés comme l'approvisionnement en livres, la diminution de l'analphabétisme et l'application de techniques d'apprentissage non-formelles pour les adultes. Cet article s'appuie sur des sources primaires afin d'examiner les objectifs divergents de Fitzpatrick et du Département au début de leur entreprise commune, et ce, avant l'élection provinciale de 1905. L'auteur expose pourquoi les bibliothèques ambulantes sont passées sous la responsabilité provinciale. Il montre également que Fitzpatrick a adapté ses plans originaux à la suite d'interactions avec des travailleurs-ressources qui menèrent à de nouvelles approches en éducation aux adultes au début du vingtième siècle.

La participación de la mujeres en la actividad empresarial en Andalucía, aun cuando se ha incrementado de forma progresiva en los últimos años, es todavía escasa. A partir de diversos trabajos sobre la actividad empresarial en Andalucía, se deduce que la débil tasa de emergencia empresarial de la región, considerada una de las razones que explican su atraso económico en comparación con otras regiones españolas y europeas, se podría incrementar estimulando la aparición de mujeres empresarias de calidad, capaces de impulsar a través del tejido empresarial el desarrollo económico de esta región. Desde tal perspectiva, en el presente trabajo se pretende profundizar en el conocimiento del potencial empresarial femenino en la provincia de Sevilla, dado que resultaría de gran utilidad comprender cuales son los principales obstáculos que impiden a las potenciales empresarias de Sevilla emprender una actividad empresarial, y cuales las motivaciones que les inducen a dedicarse a este tipo de ocupación. De esta manera, las instituciones públicas y sociales podrán adaptar mejor sus programas políticos y económicos dirigidos a reforzar el tejido empresarial y fomentar la creación de empresas gestionadas por empresarias eficientes, innovadoras y dinámicas. ; The participation of women in entrepreneurship activities in Andalusia, despite has been progressively growing in the recent years, is still limited, being deduced based on several studies about it, that the weak rate of entrepreneurship emergence, considered as one of the reasons that explain its economical backwardness regarding other Spanish and Europeans areas, could be increased by stimulation of entrepreneur women of high quality, who are able to impulse the economical development of Andalusia through the entrepreneurship network. From this perspective, this work intends to study in depth the knowledge about the women entrepreneurship capacity in Sevilla, due it would be highly useful to understand what are the main obstacles that avoid potential female entrepreneurs in Sevilla to launch a entrepreneurship activity and what are the motivations that push them to choose this way. Therefore, public and social institutions will be able to better adapt their political and economical programs in order to strength the entrepreneurship network and impulse the creation of business managed by efficient, innovator and dynamic female entrepreneurs.