Suchergebnisse

Social and cultural changes in society are primarily a form of social change, which is not limited to a multitude of social interactions, as determined by the diversity of the characteristics of reality, including - communication. Humor as a form of communication has become increasingly important in modern trends of globalization and the formation of post-industrial society. Comic culture is representative of a certain social and cultural realities and changes which taking place in society. Updating comic increasingly common in all areas of social, from intimate relationships to politics. There is thrust to the comic in publications, television and Internet space, in the slogans at demonstrations seen. Modern media space becomes a representation of laughter, accumulating system of ethical landmarks that permeate the consciousness of the mass audience. Information society, which is characterized by the dominant influence of the media on the attitudes of the individual, using humor as a product of the culture of entertainment content, creates a kind of world of information, by which a person constructs it's lifestyle. Dynamic changes of socio-cultural reality to induce encourage anemia, unstable attitude of the subject of social interaction. The most acutely it evidents in periods of social transformation, the restructuring of the social system, revaluation and changes in vital reference and values of individuals. Transformation processes in modern society lead to a number of negative consequences, each of which is displayed on the operation of social groups and the daily life of every individual. Comic culture is a reflection of social life and the reaction to the negative processes both the macro and micro levels. Humor is one of the most important mechanisms for correction and stabilization of social relations, and in this sense it is a factor of social and cultural stability. ; Соціокультурні зміни суспільства – це, перш за все, зміни форм соціальності, яка не зводиться тільки до безлічі соціальних взаємодій, а визначається різноманіттям характеристик самої реальності, в тому числі – комунікативних. Гумор як форма комунікації набуває все більшого значення в умовах сучасних тенденцій глобалізації та становлення постіндустріального суспільства. Сміхова культура виступає певним репрезентантом соціокультурної реальності та змін, які проходять у суспільстві. Актуалізація комічного все частіше зустрічається в усіх сферах соціальності: від інтимних відносин до політики. У публікаціях, телевізійному та інтернет просторі, в гаслах на демонстраціях простежується тяга до комічного. Сучасний медіа-простір стає полем репрезентації сміху, акумулюючи систему морально-етичних домінант, які пронизують свідомість масової аудиторії. Інформаційне суспільство, яке характеризується домінантним впливом мас-медіа на світогляд особистості, використовуючи сміхову культуру як продукт розважального контенту, створює своєрідний інформаційний світ, за допомогою якого людина конструює стиль життя. Динамічні зміни соціокультурної реальності спонукають до анемічного, нестійкого світовідчуття суб'єкта соціальної взаємодії. Найбільш гостро це проявляється в періоди соціальних трансформацій, при перебудові соціальної системи, переоцінці і зміні життєвих орієнтирів і цінностей індивідів. Трансформаційні процеси в сучасному суспільстві призводять до низки негативних наслідків, кожний з яких відображається на функціонуванні соціальних груп та повсякденному житті кожного окремого індивіда. Cміхова культура стає відображенням суспільного життя і реакцією на негативні процеси як на макро- так і мікрорівні. Гумор є одним з найважливіших механізмів корекції і стабілізації суспільних відносин, і в цьому сенсі є фактором соціокультурної стабілізації. ; Соціокультурні зміни суспільства – це, перш за все, зміни форм соціальності, яка не зводиться тільки до безлічі соціальних взаємодій, а визначається різноманіттям характеристик самої реальності, в тому числі – комунікативних. Гумор як форма комунікації набуває все більшого значення в умовах сучасних тенденцій глобалізації та становлення постіндустріального суспільства. Сміхова культура виступає певним репрезентантом соціокультурної реальності та змін, які проходять у суспільстві. Актуалізація комічного все частіше зустрічається в усіх сферах соціальності: від інтимних відносин до політики. У публікаціях, телевізійному та інтернет просторі, в гаслах на демонстраціях простежується тяга до комічного. Сучасний медіа-простір стає полем репрезентації сміху, акумулюючи систему морально-етичних домінант, які пронизують свідомість масової аудиторії. Інформаційне суспільство, яке характеризується домінантним впливом мас-медіа на світогляд особистості, використовуючи сміхову культуру як продукт розважального контенту, створює своєрідний інформаційний світ, за допомогою якого людина конструює стиль життя. Динамічні зміни соціокультурної реальності спонукають до анемічного, нестійкого світовідчуття суб'єкта соціальної взаємодії. Найбільш гостро це проявляється в періоди соціальних трансформацій, при перебудові соціальної системи, переоцінці і зміні життєвих орієнтирів і цінностей індивідів. Трансформаційні процеси в сучасному суспільстві призводять до низки негативних наслідків, кожний з яких відображається на функціонуванні соціальних груп та повсякденному житті кожного окремого індивіда. Cміхова культура стає відображенням суспільного життя і реакцією на негативні процеси як на макро- так і мікрорівні. Гумор є одним з найважливіших механізмів корекції і стабілізації суспільних відносин, і в цьому сенсі є фактором соціокультурної стабілізації.

Наиболее эффективно сегодня образовательный процесс осуществляется при использовании метода проектов, который был разработан в начале XX века с целью ориентирования обучения на целесообразную деятельность личности с учетом интересов, что позволяло и позволяет учебным заведениям предоставлять ученикам, студентам право свободного выбора занятий, а главное, предвидеть результаты своей деятельности ; Today's learning process is most effectively carried out when using the project method, which was developed in the early twentieth century, the American scientist J. Dewey and discussed in detail in the proceedings of the American teachers U. Agricultural Kilpatrick, E. Collins, Barking, Thorndike, and others with the purpose of orientation training on appropriate activities of individuals with regard to the interests. The curriculum, the main principle of which is the phrase "All of life, all life, is considered as a set of interrelated experiments, as the main point of the project method consists in solving through project activities, providing direct practical application of knowledge, which ultimately stimulates the person to learn and knowledge. In Russia in 1905, almost in parallel with the development of the American teachers under the leadership of the Russian teacher ST Shatsky was organized by a small group of people trying to actively use the design methods in the practice of teaching, but because of the unpreparedness of teachers to work with this method, almost all innovations have come to naught. In America project after some time, was subjected to massive criticism for violating the systematic training and reduce the level of theoretical knowledge of students of secondary schools in basic Sciences. However, many researchers, given the realities of the public demands at the present stage, pay method projects of great importance, because, of course, today, society needs an active, dynamic professionals, who are able to see the situation as a whole, prepared in connection with this event instantly to change responsibly to solve any problem, to see the prospects of their own activities. In his book "Design method" Karl Frey allocates 17 qualities (project initiative of life; agreement with each other about learning; development of project initiatives, bringing it to the attention of all; the organization itself on the matter; inform each other about the progress of the work; discussions etc), knowledge of which is required during development of the project. E. C. Polat in his book "Modern school: a view of theory and practice", indicates that the method of projects is the development of cognitive and creative skills, skills to independently design knowledge to navigate in the information space and the development of critical thinking. Project method always involves the solution of problems involving, on the one hand, the use of different methods, on the other hand the integration of knowledge, skills from various fields of science, engineering, technology, creative industries. Design work is always creative activity, evidence of which, in our case, we offer work on production of the pageant, holiday, theme parties, concerts, etc. which is always assumed and involves the use of project method. The project approach involves a fundamentally new approach to learning, involving self development and implementation of a teaching project, and that's what eventually happens in the work on the production work. The teacher invites the students to prepare a theatrical performance on a specific calendar date, in which the idea of ideological and thematic basis develops together with the student group. The project is a prototype of the ideal image of the suspected or possible object States, in our case the Director's staging of view, which suggests a phased work. At the first stage of the creative group under the skillful direction of the teacher, individually and collectively, engaged in discussion, the definition of the concept of future performances and tasks further joint activities. In the second stage, the creative group after analyzing the personal experience of the project participants, if available scripts, defines the individual task of each participant is working on solving collective problems. At the third stage the stage of the project, there is a discussion of the choice of research methods and information retrieval, independent work of participants over the set of individual and collective tasks at a constant intermediate discussion, the control results. In the fourth stage, after the completion of the project (show view), comes the moment of evaluation, which includes the importance and relevance of directing plays, the validity of a given topic and ideas, if the directing techniques, the activity of each participant project in accordance with its individual features, the collective nature of production work, the nature of communication and mutual complementarity of the participants of the project, the necessary and sufficient depth of penetration in the ideological and thematic basis of presentation, involvement of correct knowledge from other disciplines (literature, film, music, art, politics, architecture and so on), the validity of the decisions, the ability to argue their conclusions, the aesthetics of the design results of the project, the ability to answer the questions of the opponents.

It is not a novelty that emerging market economies are prone to poor institutions, additional layers of uncertainty and lack of transparency. There is quite a signi cant body of literature that shows the negative e ects due to lack of transparency. Among others, Gelos and Wei (2005) provide evidence that less transparent countries receive less investment and that during crisis they are more likely to experience high capital out ows.1 Marques, Gelos, and Melgar (2013) document that more opaque countries su er more from nancial globalization. Several economic crises have been partially worsened by lack of transparency. For instance, in the recent Asian crisis, Thai government has been accused of allowing an extremely opaque nancial sector to ourish. It is considered to be one of the key elements that triggered the nancial turmoil in 1997. The 2008-2009 debt crisis has shown that, eventually, no country is shielded from high interest rate spreads, unsustainable debt and lack of transparency. Even developed countries like Spain and Greece have been undermined by revealed hidden debts, economic uncertainty and respectively una ordable borrowing costs. 2 The lack of transparency practiced by a range of countries is puzzling. In present work, I study the implications of information asymmetry, that appears between government and lenders, on economic outcomes and analyze the conditions when governments prefer to be less transparent about their states of economy. In particular, the thesis focuses on the joint dynamics of asymmetric information between market participants and sovereign debt and default. In part I, Sovereign Debt and asymmetric market information", I show that in an environment when government is less uncertain about the future state of the economy than lenders are, the former ends up borrowing higher amount of debt and defaults more often. I start with bringing some evidence that shows a positive correlation between the debt to GDP level and future economic uncertainty (proxied by root mean square of GDP growth forecast errors) for di erent countries. Then, I extend the recent quantitative models of sovereign default by allowing asymmetry in information between the government and foreign lenders. The key ingredients are the information about future endowment and its accuracy which are received by market participants. The obtained results can be explained by the fact that in an environment when lenders observe more accurate information, the gains for the government when lenders observe good news are less than costs that are coming from lenders observing bad news. Therefore, on average, government ends up borrowing more when lenders are less informed about future endowment and o er a relatively better price. Chapter 1 focuses on the mechanism of the model and explains how the information precision a ects the level of demanded debt. In chapter 2, I simulate a small open economy and compare the results to the existing literature of endogenous sovereign default. In part II, Optimal Transparency", I study the economic conditions when government prefers to be less transparent about its state of economy. For this purpose, I develop a dynamic model of endogenous sovereign default with private information where both government and lenders act strategically and can update their beliefs upon observing government's actions. I nd that a government prefers to be opaque when it is overindebted, expects a more severe crisis, but with a lower probability. The rst two results are intuitive. A government that has high current debt or expects that recession is going to be more pronounced depends more on the external resources to nance its consumption. Therefore, a government that is experiencing a boom prefers to bear the cost of lower asset price so that it can enjoy a higher consumption if, eventually, a crisis comes. Additionally, I show that government prefers to be less transparent when it is more likely to have better times; and commits to disclose fully its state when it expects more likely to have bad times. If the probability of an upcoming crisis is very high, uninformed lenders increase the costs of borrowing. As a result, the optimal amount of debt under null transparency is close to the level that government in a crisis can borrow even if it reveals its state. Hence, government prefers to be fully transparent and enjoy higher consumption if it ends up in a good state during high probability of a crisis. If a recession is less likely, the price o ered by lenders increases, the amount of debt that a non-transparent government can borrow is higher and as a result, bene ts from being opaque also rise. Chapter 4 suggest some potential areas for future research. ; Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Economía ; Presidente: Stefan Niemann; Secretario: Hernan Daniel Seoane Bernadaz; Vocal: Davide Debortoli

"La Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, (1917) vigente, no establece una normatividad que rija el procedimiento en materia de inocuidad de la leche a nivel federal. En el Artículo 27, Fracción XX, suscribe: "El Estado promoverá las condiciones para el Desarrollo Rural Integral, con el propósito de generar empleo y garantizar a la población campesina bienes y su participación e incorporación en el Desarrollo Nacional, y fomentará la actividad agropecuaria y forestal para el óptimo uso de la tierra, con obras de infraestructura, insumos, créditos, servicios de capacitación y asistencia técnica. Asimismo expedirá la legislación reglamentaria, para planear y organizar la producción agropecuaria, su industrialización y comercialización, considerándolas de interés público". Adicionada mediante decreto publicado en el Diario Oficial de la Federación el 3 de febrero de 1983. La normatividad en materia de producción lechera a nivel nacional se encuentra establecida en: Ley de Sanidad Animal, Ley General de Salud, Ley sobre Metrología y Normalización y sus respectivos reglamentos. Así mismo en las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas expedidas por la Comisión Nacional de Normalización y en base al ámbito de aplicación por las Secretarías de estado: SAGARPA, SS, STPS y las dependencias interiores de cada una. Por lo que se refiere a lo local, existen las leyes estatales de ganadería. No existe en la legislación mexicana, normas que se refieran a la producción lechera a nivel municipal. Debido a su importancia, las actividades y programas destinados a este sector por parte de la SAGARPA y de organismos desconcentrados como Apoyos y Servicios a la omercialización Agropecuaria (ASERCA, 2012) están dirigidos a impulsar el desarrollo integral y diversificado del subsector pecuario, mejorar su productividad y competitividad sin deterioro del ambiente, aumentar los ingresos de los productores, así como ampliar la oferta y la calidad de alimentos, incluida la expansión del comercio exterior. La producción lechera debe examinarse en un contexto mundial dinámico y en evolución como parte del proceso de globalización, que se caracteriza generalmente por el aumento del comercio internacional, la mayor integración de los mercados, la adopción más rápida de nuevas tecnologías, la transmisión de información. Todos estos aspectos tienen consecuencias sustanciales, tanto positivas como negativas, con respecto a la producción lechera y a la elaboración de un enfoque que abarque toda la cadena alimentaria. La organización de la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO) tiene una activa participación en programas de producción lechera. La Dirección de Alimentación y Nutrición (ESN) hospeda a la Secretaría Mixta de la Comisión del Codex Alimentarius (CAC), la cual ha llevado a cabo el Programa Conjunto FAO/OMS sobre Normas Alimentarias durante más de cuarenta años." ; "The Constitution of the United Mexican States, 1917) in force, does not establish a procedure governing regulations regarding safety of milk at the federal level. In Article 27, Section XX, subscribes: "The State shall promote conditions for Integrated Rural Development, in order to generate employment and provide goods to the rural population and their participation and inclusion in the National Development and encourage agricultural activity and Forestry for the optimum use of the land, infrastructure, inputs, credit, training and technical assistance. Also issued regulatory legislation, planning and organizing agricultural production, industrialization and commercialization, considering the public interest. "Added by order published in the Official Journal of the Federation on February 3, 1983. The norms on national milk production is set to: Animal Health Law, Health Law, Law on Metrology and Standardization and their respective regulations. Also in the Mexican Official Standards issued by the National Standards Commission and based on the scope of the Secretaries of State: SAGARPA, SS, STPS and the interior rooms of each. In regard to local, state laws exist livestock. There Mexican law, rules relating to milk production at the municipal level. Because of its importance, activities and programs to this sector by the SAGARPA and decentralized organizations as Support Services for Agricultural Marketing (ASERCA, 2012) are aimed to promote the integral development of the livestock sub-sector and diversified, improve their productivity and competitiveness without environmental damage, increase farmers' incomes and increase the supply and quality of food, including the expansion of foreign trade. Milk production should be considered in a global dynamic and evolving as part of the globalization process, which is generally characterized by the growth of international trade, the increased integration of markets, the faster adoption of new technologies, the transmission of information . All these aspects have significant consequences, both positive and negative, with respect to milk production and the development of an approach that encompasses the entire food chain. The organization of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has an active participation in dairy production. The Food and Nutrition (ESN) hosts the Joint Secretariat of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), which has conducted the Joint FAO / WHO Food Standards for over forty years."

This report presentsthe findings of scoping research that is focused on developing a research agenda that will enable a greater understanding of the value and contribution of kapa haka to Aotearoa New Zealand society, and which explores the multiple ways in which we may view the value and contribution of kapa haka within cultural, social and economic contexts. • There was a unanimous and resounding view that kapa haka does indeed make a valuable contribution to Aotearoa New Zealand society, but that its value is not fully understood or acknowledged within Aotearoa New Zealand. • The most important components of kapa haka are its intrinsic link to culture and Māori identity, and the essential element of whanaungatanga, the importance of people and connectedness. • Kapa haka has a dynamic role as a vehicle for the revitalisation and retention of te reo, tikanga, ritual processes and histories. • It is perceived as a gateway into the culture for Māori who are disengaged from their marae/hapū/iwi, as well as as a safe, inclusive activity through which all New Zealanders can engage with Māori culture. • Kapa haka is seen as a medium for fostering a richer, more cohesive and inclusive society in Aotearoa New Zealand. As such, it makes a major contribution to building and strengthening New Zealand's nationhood. • Kapa haka makes a significant contribution to New Zealand's national identity and how we are represented and viewed internationally. It provides an effective platform for creating meaningful connections with other nations and peoples. • Māori culture/kapa haka is increasingly utilised to add value to many forums, both formal and informal, within the public and government sectors. This was seen by some to reflect a more embracing attitude toward Māori cultural protocols as a normal part of New Zealand's social fabric. • Kapa haka is not, however, being given the status or respect it deserves as a cultural icon. Because its significance is not well understood by non-Māori, particularly at the level of government, it is often treated in a tokenistic way. • A major component of kapa haka is its power to effect wellbeing, and to positively transform the lives of individuals and communities. A strength of the movement towards increased health and fitness within kapa haka is that it is achieved collectively. • An important social benefit of kapa haka is that it provides a positive, disciplined, strength-based environment for rangatahi. • Kapa haka is having a powerful, transformative impact on social outcomes through the BMPA (Māori performing arts degree), which enables people involved in kapa haka who would otherwise never have considered tertiary education as an option, to embark on that journey and exceed their own expectations. • An overall feeling of optimism about the future of kapa haka was tempered by the conviction that there was much more potential to be explored within the realm of kapa haka, particularly in terms of its social benefits. • The myriad benefits of kapa haka within school environments, including improved learning outcomes, were clearly attested to. However, some barriers to realising those improved outcomes were also identified. • Some participants were very sure ofthe economic value of kapa haka to Aotearoa. Whilemost of them were less able to articulate specific economic outcomes, they nonetheless had a definite sense of the link between the cultural, social and economic, and that that was ofsignificant value. • The immense value of 'culture-to-culture' relationships was identified, with Maōri culture, including kapa haka, playing a significant role in laying the foundations for lasting trade relationships with other nations, and other cultures. • Two significant and largely unacknowledged areas of economic contribution were identified: the 'silent' economy generated by kapa haka activities; and the extensive 'productivity' activity around voluntary workers involved in kapa haka. • There was an overall view that the economic potential of kapa haka is underestimated and needs to be explored more fully, including the potential for engagement with New Zealand's private sector. • A recurrent theme that emerged around the value of kapa haka was to do with how we should go about measuring the value of culture, knowledge and art, and how 'value' itselfshould be defined and measured. • Economic challenges were identified, especially in terms of financial hardship for those involved in kapa haka at the competitive level. It was also noted, however, that kapa haka communities are naturally adept and endlessly resourceful at generating funds. • The issue of sustainability was raised by some participants who were concerned that kapa haka should be supported at every level into the future, and not just at the high-end competitive level. • Of fundamental importance was that the growth and development of kapa haka should take place within the context of the acceptance and embracing of Māori culture as an integral component of New Zealand identity and nationhood.

Transnational migration fields emerged in social research as a result of a tentative criticism of methodological nationalism with its focus on the national space as a homogeneous container of all the forms of social life. The new approach of methodological transnationalism is targeted to locate some sociocultural phenomena and processes in the framework of interactions among several societies. Cross-border practices, links and identities in this new approach put in relation not only nation-states but non-state actors that are structured at group, community and regional level. The three chapters of the working paper address the emerging social transnationalism (Mau, 2012) of Romanians by focusing on transnational fields, perceptions of the first trips abroad and the habitus of emigrants in relation with return intentions. Temporary or indefinite time emigration of Romanians abroad for work started, mainly, during the economic recession that hit Romania in 1997-1999. In spite of its young age, it largely contributed to the structuring of a social transnationalism by fields, actors and layers. EUCROSS and non-EUCROSS data at individual or aggregated level, of quantitative and qualitative nature are put to work for capturing the complexity of the Romanian transnationalism in the making.

The key idea of the first chapter is that regions at different levels, at origin and at destination, function as relevant frames in structuring migration fields. Transnational fields are not only dense interactions between pairs of societies having Romania as origin, but a configuration of interactions among clusters of sending microregions in Romania and receiving macroregions, formed by clusters of receiving countries. Changing the unit of analysis from national societies to regions at different levels allows for a dynamic picture of multisited and multilevel regionalism in understanding transnational migration. Survey and census data are aggregated to reach this picture. The multiregional model of transnationalism is developed by four axes or layers on migration streams, cross-border networks, transnational habitus and migration experiences at individual and family levels. This comprehensive, multilayer approach requires the use of multiple data sets (the EUCROSS survey on Romanian natives, the Romanian census data from 2011 and the Romanian subsample from the Eurobarometer 73.3 on New Europeans) that are able to capture the complexity of the model.

The chapter "First trip abroad: expectations, experiences and stories of transnational Romanians" analyses transnational Romanians' stories about their first trip abroad using the EUMEAN dataset. The concept of physical mobility is seen as a broader framework for understanding transnational and cosmopolitan behaviours as well as international migration. In order to distinguish between different types of travelling for the first trip abroad, the chapter is constructed keeping in mind the structural changes and constraints regarding physical mobility for Romanian citizens. During the transition from a communist country to a EU member state, Romanian citizens' stories about travelling abroad for the first time fundamentally changed. Labour migrants, asylum seekers, business travellers, students or tourists left the country with different expectations and faced different problems at destination. Their attitudes toward origin and destination framed their images about the first trip abroad. Using a qualitative approach and samples of Romanians who live in Denmark, Germany, Italy, Romania, Spain and the United Kingdom, the analysis emphasizes certain differences between different types of travelling for the first time abroad and reconstructs how Romanians started their transnational careers.

Romanian migration has a temporary and circulatory character: on the one hand, people are moving back and forth to and from a destination and, on the other hand, there are migrants who either resettle in Romania, come back in the home country and then emigrate to a different destination than the initial one or move to a new destination after spending time abroad without returning to Romania. The third chapter is concerned with the factors that shape these distinct possible strategies and types of mobility, with a special interest towards intentions and plans for return. In doing so, we look at the bonds Romanian migrants maintain with their home country and explore the different typologies and categories of migrants as moulded by their experiences, opinions and attitudes towards the country of origin. The main questions of interest concern how the experience of migration shapes the attitude towards the home country and the intention to return, how did the crisis influence such aspects (if it did) and what the main factors that appear as significant to one category of migrants or another from this point of view are. For this purpose, we use fifty one of the sixty one in-depth interviews realized with Romanians as part of the EUCROSS project in Denmark, UK, Spain, Italy and Germany (EUMEAN dataset).

The purpose of this study is to examine the literary work of Martin Kohan (Buenos Aires, 1967), prolific and increasingly renowned writer in contemporary Argentinian literature. We analyse the corpus – made up of the essential of his work: eight novels out of the nine published so far, La pérdida de Laura (1993), El informe. San Martín o el otro cruce de los Andes (1997), Los cautivos. El exilio de Echeverría (2000), Dos veces junio (2002), Segundos afuera (2005), Museo de la Revolución (2006), Ciencias morales (2007), Cuentas pendientes (2010); and two collections of short stories, Muero contento (1994), and Una pena extraordinaria (1998), mainly – from the perspective of antagonism, an essential pattern in terms of diegesis but also in terms of form. The starting point of this study is the observation of a constant within a diverse work: a dichotomous relationship made of incomprehension and sometimes violence between popular culture and literate culture. The first part of the thesis consists of a systematic analysis of the dichotomy in the five novels which explicitly explores this type of conflict. The second part examines other devices that tend to confirm the structuring role of antagonism throughout Kohan's fictions : love's defeat seems to express the fatality of misunderstanding, yet the depreciation of the middle characters and of consensus on the one hand, and the invigorating nature of conflicts when driven to their end on the other hand, reveal the positive and particularly dynamic aspect of antagonism. The last part focuses on the implications of this pattern which perbades to the point of becoming a necessity: on a political level– although Kohan's literature is not realistic, it activates the Marxist revolution by developing counter-power figures –; in literary terms, where antagonism proves a productive force. The hypertextual relation, set up especially with seminal national pieces, is an essential expression of this productivity but the dichotomy also operates at every level of writing, from the minimal unit of the word to the whole architecture of the novels. Echoing the conflicts between the characters is another type of conflic – the utmost formal challenge, that opposing form and content, an inexhaustible source of ambivalence which represents one of the most interesting features of this brilliant author. ; L'œuvre de Martín Kohan (Buenos Aires, 1967), écrivain prolifique à la notoriété grandissante au sein de la littérature argentine contemporaine, est l'objet de ce travail de recherche. Nous abordons le corpus – constitué par l'essentiel de l'œuvre : huit romans sur les neuf publiés à ce jour, La pérdida de Laura (1993), El informe. San Martín o el otro cruce de los Andes (1997), Los cautivos. El exilio de Echeverría (2000), Dos veces junio (2002), Segundos afuera (2005), Museo de la Revolución (2006), Ciencias morales (2007), Cuentas pendientes (2010); et deux recueils de nouvelles, Muero contento (1994), et Una pena extraordinaria (1998), principalement – sous l'angle de l'antagonisme, motif essentiel de l'univers fictionnel de Kohan, non seulement sur le plan de la diégèse mais également sur celui de la forme. Ce travail part de l'observation d'une constante au sein d'un corpus pourtant très varié : un rapport dichotomique, fait d'incompréhension et parfois de violence, entre la culture populaire ou la culture de masse, et la culture lettrée. La première partie de la thèse en propose une analyse systématique dans les cinq romans qui abordent explicitement ce type de conflit sous les modalités les plus diverses. La deuxième partie explore d'autres procédés qui tendent à confirmer le rôle structurant de l'antagonisme au sein de l'œuvre : si la mise à mal de l'union amoureuse semble exprimer la fatalité du malentendu, la dévalorisation des personnages du « milieu » et de la figure du consensus d'une part, et l'aspect revigorant des conflits menés à leur dernière extrémité d'autre part, révèlent l'aspect positif et particulièrement dynamique de l'antagonisme. La dernière partie se consacre aux implications de ce motif, omniprésent au point de représenter une nécessité : sur le plan politique – car sans être réaliste, la littérature de Kohan met en action la révolution marxiste en élaborant des figures de contre-pouvoir – ; sur le plan littéraire, où l'antagonisme montre toute sa fécondité. Le rapport hypertextuel, établi notamment avec des textes qui font autorité dans la littérature nationale, en est une expression essentielle ; mais la dichotomie est aussi une composante qui se manifeste à tous les niveaux de l'écriture, de l'unité minimale du mot à l'architecture complexe des romans. À la lutte entre personnages fait écho celle – défi formel le plus ambitieux – qui se joue entre le fond et la forme, source d'inépuisable ambivalence qui constitue l'une des spécificités les plus intéressantes de cet écrivain brillant.

The Panama Canal Watershed has been influenced by different invasive plants, in particular, Sacharum spontaneum, an aggressive grass from Southeast Asia that has colonized forest gaps blocking forest connectivity. To improve these problems, teak trees (Tectona grandis) were planted by ECOFOREST (Panama) S.A., to better utilize grass land spaces and generate essential income for private institutions and the Panamanian government. Due to the fact that these plantations will require removing extended areas with grass and pioneer forest, mammal diversity was studied in four habitats: native forest, teak plantation, mixed-grass and burned grass. In this study, we aim to understand how the mammal community will interact with the four dynamic habitats after this initiative. We monitored mammals by transect line, mist-nets, diurnal and nocturnal observations, tracks and trapping, for a period of six months from April to September 2002. This survey invested a total of 23,425 sampling hours, and found a total of nine Orders of the Mammalia group, being present in the total survey area. In teak plantation, 31 species were observed, 23 species for native forest, 10 species for mixed grass and 16 species reported for burned grass. We found deer, ocelots and peccaries using the teak as a corridor to cross between patches of native forest to another, while grasses were used as a refuge and resting sites for white-tail deer, pacas, and rabbits. Burned grass habitat showed presence of other predators like jaguarondi. Although teak plantation apparently obtained higher mammal diversity, it is highly influenced by the surrounded native forest, which acts as a donor habitat. We found capybaras, deer, agouties, pacas and rabbits were the groups more affected by the process of removing grassland. This is likely due to diminishing refuge sites, hence exposing them to predators in the new introduced habitat. We recommend the maintenance of native patches and mixed-grass habitat buffer zone in areas near the border of the Gatun Lake and between the teak parcels, to diminish the effect of the teak into the mammal community at the Panama Canal Zone. ; La Cuenca del Canal de Panamá ha sido influenciada por diferentes plantas invasivas, en particular Sacharum spontaneum, una hierba agresiva del sureste de Asia, que ha colonizado espacios abiertos de bosque y consecuentemente bloqueado su conectividad. Para aminorar estos problemas y utilizar el recurso de espacio, Ecoforest (Panamá) S.A. plantó árboles de teca (Tectona grandis), de tal manera que se pudiera sacar provecho de los espacios abiertos con pajonales y generar a su vez un dividendo para instituciones privadas y al gobierno panameño. Dado que las plantaciones requieren la remoción de pajonales y bosque pionero, se considero el estudio de la diversidad de mamíferos en cuatro tipo de hábitats: bosque nativo, plantación de teca, paja mixta y paja quemada. En este trabajo queremos enfocar la dinámica de una comunidad de mamíferos interactuando en cuatro hábitats después de la introducción de la teca y la remoción del pajonal. Se monitoreo en base a transecto de línea, redes de niebla, observaciones diurnas y nocturnas, rastros, y trampeo, por un periodo de seis meses de Abril a Septiembre de 2002. Se logró un total de 23,425 horas de esfuerzo y se encontró un total de nueve Órdenes de mamíferos. Se encontró una diversidad de 31 especies para la teca, 23 especies para el bosque nativo, 10 especies para el pajonal mixto y 16 especies utilizando el pajonal quemado. Encontramos que los venados, ocelotes y saínos utilizan la teca como corredor para pasar de un lado de bosque nativo al otro, mientras que la paja canalera fue utilizada como refugio por especies presa como venados colablanca, conejos pintados y muletos. La paja quemada presentó preferencia de otros depredadores como el tigrillo congo. Aunque la plantación de teca obtuvo mayor cantidad de especies, la misma se relaciona al efecto donador del bosque nativo. Encontramos también animales como el conejo poncho, conejo pintado, y conejo muleto como los más afectados por la remoción de la paja canalera y la quema de la misma. La paja aparentemente había sido adoptada por estas especies como una zona de evasión de depredadores, por lo que su remoción elimina puntos clave de cría, y de refugio para estos animales. Recomiendo mantener pequeños parches de bosque nativo en medio de las plantaciones de teca y mantener los pajonales como zona de amortiguamiento en los bordes del lago Gatún para aminorar el efecto de la teca en la diversidad de mamíferos de esta zona dentro de la Cuenca del Canal.

Objetivo: Estudio de diseño de la Estrategia Hospital Saludable con el fin de promover la salud en los pacientes, trabajadores de la salud y la comunidad que la rodea, contribuyendo en mejorar la prestación del servicio de la salud, el bienestar social y las condiciones en la salud de esta población. Método: Tipo de investigación Propositiva, fundamentada en la construcción de una propuesta para el estudio del diseño de la estrategia entorno saludable dentro del marco conceptual y normativo de entornos saludables como acción para la promoción de la salud. Resultados: El trabajo plantea el diseño de la Estrategia Hospital Saludable, por medio del diseño de los pilares, la metodología y las fases para su implementación. Se diseñaron cinco pilares del modelo: 1). Formulación Política Hospital Saludable; 2). Atención Humanizada del servicio; 3). Trabajo Decente; 4). Sostenibilidad Ambiental,y;5). Participación Social en Salud. Además de ello, se adoptó la herramienta de calidad para el mejoramiento continuo articulado a nueve pasos para la implementación de la Estrategia Hospital Saludable. Por otro lado, el estudio plantea quince líneas de acción para promover la salud en los pacientes, trabajadores de la salud y la comunidad circunvecina ,asimismo cuenta con cinco cuestionarios de evaluación compuestos de 12 preguntas para un total de 66 preguntas, cuyos resultados permiten el análisis de acciones para la mejora continua de la Estrategia. Y finalmente se presenta un grupo de indicadores que miden el alcance de las metas de cada uno de los pilares. Conclusiones: El trabajo concluye que la estrategia entornos saludables en el país se ha enfocado en los últimos años a tres escenarios, como los son los municipios saludables, escuela saludable y vivienda saludable, dejando de lado el estudio de otros entornos que de acuerdo con sus dinámicas posiblemente afecten la calidad en la salud de poblaciones que habitan o laboran en entornos específicos, como es el caso de los hospitales, por esta razón la propuesta del estudio de diseño de la estrategia hospital saludable, es un insumo para posteriores investigaciones que amplíen el marco de las políticas públicas en entornos saludables en Colombia. Recomendaciones: La validación del estudio de la estrategia hospital saludable en la red de hospitales públicos y privados para su fortalecimiento en la estructura institucional, metodológica y operativa que generen nuevas investigaciones en materia de estrategias en entornos saludables. ; Abstract. Objective: Study of design strategy of the Hospital Healthy in order to promote health in the patients, health workers and the surrounding community, helping to improve the delivery of the service of the health, social welfare and the conditions in the health of this population. Method: Type of purposeful research, based on the construction of a proposal for the study of the design strategy healthy environment within the conceptual and normative framework of healthy environments as action for the promotion of health. Results: The work raises the design strategy of the Hospital Healthy, through the design of the pillars, the methodology and the phases for its implementation. Five pillars were designed the model: 1). Healthy Hospital Policy Formulation; 2). Humane Care of the service; 3). Decent work; 4). Environmental sustainability, and 5). Social participation in health. In addition to this, it adopted the quality tool for the continuous improvement articulated to nine steps for implementation of the Hospital Healthy Strategy. On the other hand, the study raises fifteen lines of action for promoting health in the patients, health workers and the community surrounding ,also has five evaluation questionnaires composed of 12 questions for a total of 66 questions, the results allow the analysis of actions for the continuous improvement of the Strategy. And finally there is a group of indicators that measure the scope of the goals of each of the pillars. Conclusions: The study concludes that the strategy healthy environments in the country has been focused in recent years to three scenarios, as are the healthy municipalities, healthy schools and healthy housing, leaving aside the study of other environments that agree with their dynamic possibly affect the quality on the health of populations that live or work in specific environments, as is the case of hospitals, for this reason the proposal for the study of design strategy of the hospital healthy, it is an input to further research that extend the framework of public policies in healthy environments in Colombia. Recommendations: The validation of the study of the hospital healthy strategy in the network of public and private hospitals for its strengthening in the institutional structure, methodological and operational research to generate new strategies in healthy environments. ; Maestría

The impacts of climate change on livestock production are complex problems, existing in the relationship among this sector and others sectors such as environmental, social, economic and political systems. The complexity and dynamic of these impacts cannot be solved simply in isolation with the linear approach. A system thinking methodology is introduced in this paper to understand the impacts of climate change on livestock production, and identify effective interventions strategies to address this systemic problem. System thinking is a way of thinking about the world and relationships which has been developed far along way in the past. Today, systems thinking has become increasingly popular because it provides a 'new way of thinking' to understand and manage complex problems, whether they rest within a local or global context. While four levels of thinking is a fundamental tool to identify systemic problems, Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) is a visual tool created by a computer program to illustrate the whole picture of climate change impacts. CLD consist of feedbacks for system, which help strategists identify appropriate intervention strategies in solving the systemic problem. Ảnh hưởng của biến đổi khí hậu đến ngành chăn nuôi là một trong những vấn đề phức tạp, bởi mối quan hệ chặt chẽ có hệ thống của chúng với các lĩnh vực khác như môi trường, xã hội, kinh tế và chính trị. Những tác động phức tạp đa chiều này không thể giải quyết đơn thuần bằng các giải pháp mang tính đơn lẻ. Phương pháp tư duy hệ thống được giới thiệu trong bài này cho phép hiểu đầy đủ, có hệ thống các tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến ngành chăn nuôi, đồng thời xác định được những giải pháp chiến lược phù hợp để giải quyết vấn đề mang tính hệ thống này. Tư duy hệ thống là cách tư duy và tiếp cận với sự vật, hiện tượng khách quan, và các mối quan hệ của chúng, phương pháp này đã được nghiên cứu và phát triển từ xa xưa. Ngày nay, tư duy hệ thống đang được ứng dụng phổ biến và rộng rãi hơn trong các nghiên cứu phát triển bền vững vì phương pháp này cung cấp một "tư duy mới" để hiểu và quản lý được các vấn đề phức tạp, dù chúng ở qui mô địa phương hay trên phạm vi toàn cầu. Trong đó, bốn cấp bậc của tư duy là công cụ cơ bản để nhận biết các vấn đề phức tạp, và sơ đồ các vòng tròn tác động (CLD) là công cụ trực quan được xây dựng bằng phần mềm máy tính để chỉ ra bức tranh toàn cảnh các tác động của biến đổi khí hậu. Các vòng tròn tác động này phản ánh các diễn biến thực tế và các thông tin giúp cho việc xác định các giải pháp chiến lược. ; Ảnh hưởng của biến đổi khí hậu đến ngành chăn nuôi là một trong những vấn đề phức tạp, bởi mối quan hệ chặt chẽ có hệ thống của chúng với các lĩnh vực khác như môi trường, xã hội, kinh tế và chính trị. Những tác động phức tạp đa chiều này không thể giải quyết đơn thuần bằng các giải pháp mang tính đơn lẻ. Phương pháp tư duy hệ thống được giới thiệu trong bài này cho phép hiểu đầy đủ, có hệ thống các tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến ngành chăn nuôi, đồng thời xác định được những giải pháp chiến lược phù hợp để giải quyết vấn đề mang tính hệ thống này. Tư duy hệ thống là cách tư duy và tiếp cận với sự vật, hiện tượng khách quan, và các mối quan hệ của chúng, phương pháp này đã được nghiên cứu và phát triển từ xa xưa. Ngày nay, tư duy hệ thống đang được ứng dụng phổ biến và rộng rãi hơn trong các nghiên cứu phát triển bền vững vì phương pháp này cung cấp một "tư duy mới" để hiểu và quản lý được các vấn đề phức tạp, dù chúng ở qui mô địa phương hay trên phạm vi toàn cầu. Trong đó, bốn cấp bậc của tư duy là công cụ cơ bản để nhận biết các vấn đề phức tạp, và sơ đồ các vòng tròn tác động (CLD) là công cụ trực quan được xây dựng bằng phần mềm máy tính để chỉ ra bức tranh toàn cảnh các tác động của biến đổi khí hậu. Các vòng tròn tác động này phản ánh các diễn biến thực tế và các thông tin giúp cho việc xác định các giải pháp chiến lược.

The Panama Canal Watershed has been influenced by different invasive plants, in particular, Sacharum spontaneum, an aggressive grass from Southeast Asia that has colonized forest gaps blocking forest connectivity. To improve these problems, teak trees (Tectona grandis) were planted by ECOFOREST (Panama) S.A., to better utilize grass land spaces and generate essential income for private institutions and the Panamanian government. Due to the fact that these plantations will require removing extended areas with grass and pioneer forest, mammal diversity was studied in four habitats: native forest, teak plantation, mixed-grass and burned grass. In this study, we aim to understand how the mammal community will interact with the four dynamic habitats after this initiative. We monitored mammals by transect line, mist-nets, diurnal and nocturnal observations, tracks and trapping, for a period of six months from April to September 2002. This survey invested a total of 23,425 sampling hours, and found a total of nine Orders of the Mammalia group, being present in the total survey area. In teak plantation, 31 species were observed, 23 species for native forest, 10 species for mixed grass and 16 species reported for burned grass. We found deer, ocelots and peccaries using the teak as a corridor to cross between patches of native forest to another, while grasses were used as a refuge and resting sites for white-tail deer, pacas, and rabbits. Burned grass habitat showed presence of other predators like jaguarondi. Although teak plantation apparently obtained higher mammal diversity, it is highly influenced by the surrounded native forest, which acts as a donor habitat. We found capybaras, deer, agouties, pacas and rabbits were the groups more affected by the process of removing grassland. This is likely due to diminishing refuge sites, hence exposing them to predators in the new introduced habitat. We recommend the maintenance of native patches and mixed-grass habitat buffer zone in areas near the border of the Gatun Lake and between the teak parcels, to diminish the effect of the teak into the mammal community at the Panama Canal Zone. ; La Cuenca del Canal de Panamá ha sido influenciada por diferentes plantas invasivas, en particular Sacharum spontaneum, una hierba agresiva del sureste de Asia, que ha colonizado espacios abiertos de bosque y consecuentemente bloqueado su conectividad. Para aminorar estos problemas y utilizar el recurso de espacio, Ecoforest (Panamá) S.A. plantó árboles de teca (Tectona grandis), de tal manera que se pudiera sacar provecho de los espacios abiertos con pajonales y generar a su vez un dividendo para instituciones privadas y al gobierno panameño. Dado que las plantaciones requieren la remoción de pajonales y bosque pionero, se considero el estudio de la diversidad de mamíferos en cuatro tipo de hábitats: bosque nativo, plantación de teca, paja mixta y paja quemada. En este trabajo queremos enfocar la dinámica de una comunidad de mamíferos interactuando en cuatro hábitats después de la introducción de la teca y la remoción del pajonal. Se monitoreo en base a transecto de línea, redes de niebla, observaciones diurnas y nocturnas, rastros, y trampeo, por un periodo de seis meses de Abril a Septiembre de 2002. Se logró un total de 23,425 horas de esfuerzo y se encontró un total de nueve Órdenes de mamíferos. Se encontró una diversidad de 31 especies para la teca, 23 especies para el bosque nativo, 10 especies para el pajonal mixto y 16 especies utilizando el pajonal quemado. Encontramos que los venados, ocelotes y saínos utilizan la teca como corredor para pasar de un lado de bosque nativo al otro, mientras que la paja canalera fue utilizada como refugio por especies presa como venados colablanca, conejos pintados y muletos. La paja quemada presentó preferencia de otros depredadores como el tigrillo congo. Aunque la plantación de teca obtuvo mayor cantidad de especies, la misma se relaciona al efecto donador del bosque nativo. Encontramos también animales como el conejo poncho, conejo pintado, y conejo muleto como los más afectados por la remoción de la paja canalera y la quema de la misma. La paja aparentemente había sido adoptada por estas especies como una zona de evasión de depredadores, por lo que su remoción elimina puntos clave de cría, y de refugio para estos animales. Recomiendo mantener pequeños parches de bosque nativo en medio de las plantaciones de teca y mantener los pajonales como zona de amortiguamiento en los bordes del lago Gatún para aminorar el efecto de la teca en la diversidad de mamíferos de esta zona dentro de la Cuenca del Canal.

Integrierte Landnutzungs- und Verkehrsmodelle, sog. Land use and transport interaction (LUTI) models, ermöglichen Analysen und Bewertungen von Verkehrs-, Landnutzungs- und Umweltmaßnahmen. Sie dienen politischen Entscheidungsträgern als Unterstützungswerkzeug um alternative Verkehrs-, Wirtschafts- und Umweltmaßnahmen, sowie Investitionen in bestimmte Regionen zu beurteilen und soziale, wirtschaftliche und ökologische Zielsetzungen gezielter umsetzen. LUTI Modelle können als vereinfachte Abbildung des urbanen Systems – mit all seinen Prozessen und Wechselbeziehungen – angesehen werden. Charakteristisch für LUTI Modelle ist der Rückkopplungsprozess zwischen Landnutzung und Verkehr. Ziel ist die Wechselwirkung zwischen beiden Teilsystemen zu verstehen und Auswirkungen durch Modifikationen an diesen Teilsystemen erklären und prognostizieren zu können. Landnutzung und Verkehr beeinflussen sich auf eine dynamische und komplexe Weise. Die Erreichbarkeit von Aktivitätenorten, d.h. von Arbeitsplätzen, Einkaufs- und Freizeitgelegenheiten, beeinflusst Standortentscheidungen sozioökonomischer Gruppen (Haushalte, Firmen und Bauunternehmen). Umgekehrt ergibt sich durch die Verteilung der Aktivitätenorte die Notwendigkeit räumlicher Interaktion. In diesem Kontext ist die Erreichbarkeit ein zentrales Maß und spiegelt die Attraktivität von Aktivitätenorten wieder und zeigt wie gut Aktivitätenorte über das Verkehrssystem verbunden sind und erreicht werden können. Ein Beispiel der Vielzahl von Erreichbarkeitsmaßen ist der sog. "Logsum Term", der zur Evaluierung von Richtlinien verwendet wird. Er ist ein nutzenbasiertes Erreichbarkeitsmaß und spiegelt den maximal zu erwartenden ökonomischen Nutzen einer Person wieder, den diese durch Zugang zu räumlich verteilten Aktivitätenorten erlangt. Bisher fehlen einsatzfähige Modelle, die den Rückkopplungsprozess zwischen Landnutzung und Verkehr berücksichtigen oder deren Modelle konsistent integrieren. Ziel der Dissertation ist es, dieser Problemstellung nachzugehen und moderne agentenbasierte Microsimulationsmodelle, UrbanSim und MATSim miteinander zu koppeln. UrbanSim ist ein flexibles Landnutzungsmodell, das Wechselwirkungen zwischen Landnutzung, Verkehr, Wirtschaft und Umwelt für große Metropolregionen und über lange Zeithorizonte simuliert. MATSim (Multi-Agent Transport Simulation) ist ein mikroskopisches agentenbasiertes Verkehrsmodell zur Simulation umfangreicher Verkehrsszenarien mit mehreren Millionen individuellen Verkehrsteilnehmern. Diese Arbeit stellt Konzepte und Implementierungsdetails zur (i) mikroskopisch personenzentrierten Kopplung beider Simulationsmodelle vor. Die Robustheit der Software-Anbindung wird durch die Validierung des Datenaustausches über eine Metasprache (XSDs) erreicht. Zur Laufzeitoptimierung der Verkehrssimulation wird ein sog. Warm- und Hot-Start implementiert. (ii) Das integrierte Simulationsmodell wird in einer Fallstudie untersucht – dabei wird die Erreichbarkeit eines schlecht angebundenen Gebietes drastisch verbessert. (iii) Zudem wird das Verkehrsmodell um eine Komponente zur effizienten Berechnung hochauflösender Erreichbarkeiten erweitert. Der vorgestellte Ansatz bietet ein differenziertes Bild von Erreichbarkeiten im Raum. Artefakte, wie vermeintlich homogene Erreichbarkeiten in Zonen, entstehen nicht. ; Land use and transport interaction (LUTI) models allow to perform impact analysis and the evaluation of transport, land use and environmental policies. The use of state-of-the-art LUTI models is valuable to decision makers in assessing alternative combinations of transport, economic, and environmental policies, and investments in specific metropolitan areas in order to attain their social, economic and environmental objectives. LUTI models can be seen as simplifications of the urban system. They try to represent the urban system, with all its processes and interactions as well as its evolution over time. In particular, LUTI models are taking the feedback cycle between land use and transport into account. Both land use and transport are influencing each other in a dynamic and complex manner. Accessibility provided by transport influences location decisions of developers, firms and households. Conversely, land use determines the need for spatial interaction. The main purpose of LUTI models is to understand the interactions between land use and transport and consequently to use the knowledge to explain effects of modifications to the urban system such as modifications on the structure of the transport system, the land use patterns and the environment. Accessibility is a central measure. Generally, it is a measure of attractiveness. The important aspect in the context of LUTI models is that accessibility measures how opportunities, e.g., workplaces, locations for shopping and leisure, are linked with each other via the transport network and how well they can be reached. Various accessibility measurements exist. One example is the so-called logsum that is used as a policy evaluation measure. It is an utility-based measurement of accessibility reflecting the (economic) benefit, as the maximum expected utility, that someone gains from access to spatially distributed opportunities. So far, modern operational models taking the feedback cycle between land use and transport into account are still missing or are not implemented in a consistent way. This dissertation aims to address this issue by integrating the micro-simulation land use model UrbanSim with the agent-based travel model MATSim. UrbanSim is an extensible agent-based urban simulation model that aims at simulating interactions between land use, transportation, economy and the environment at large-scale metropolitan areas and over long time horizons. MATSim (Mutli-Agent Transport Simulation) is a disaggregated agent-based transport model that is designed to simulate several million travelers individually for large real-world transport scenarios. This dissertation presents concepts and implementation details (i) to couple both frameworks directly at a microscopic person-centric level. Moreover, the robustness of the software integration is taken into account by using a "certified grammar" (XSD) to validate the data exchange. The computational efficiency of the traffic simulation is increased by the so-called warm and hot start that reduces computing times of simulation runs. (ii) Both, the integrated modeling framework and the impact of a large accessibility increase are analyzed in case study. (iii) The traffic model is extended to compute accessibilities at high resolutions. The proposed approach is computationally feasible and provides a spatially differentiated picture; artifacts such as supposedly homogeneous accessibility within zones are removed.

In recent years security is becoming a challenge in grid computing networks. Anti-virus softwares, firewalls and intrusion detection systems are not enough to prevent sophisticated attacks fabricated by multiple users. Grid computing networks are often composed of different administrative domains owned by different organizations. Each domain can have its own security policy and may not want to share its security data with less protected networks. It is therefore more complex to ensure the security of such networks and to protect them from cross-domain attacks. The main difficulty is to deal with the distinguish nature of grid infrastructure, that are: multi-sites networks, multi-administrative domains, dynamic collaboration between nodes and sites, high number of nodes to manage, no clear view of the external networks and exchange of security information among different administrative domains. To handle the above mentioned issues, I am proposing a Security Event Manager (SEM) called Grid Security Operation Center (GSOC). GSOC can assist IT security managers in giving a view of the security of the whole grid network without compromising confidentiality of security data. To do so, GSOC provides a security evaluation of each administrative domain (AD) depending on the number of security alerts reported. There are three security levels defined as level 1 is the most secure, level 2 is the more secure and level 3 is the least secure. This classification helps to identify the ADs that are under attacks or the ADs that are at high risk of being attacked in future. A two step time based correlation mechanism is proposed which reduces the security alerts and continue detecting attacks under intense distributed attacks. A parametric security alerts sharing scheme has been introduced. Security alerts can be shared at any time between the members of the grid computing network. This alert sharing informs the participating members to see the ongoing attacks on the other premises of the ADs without interfering in the security policy. This security alert sharing concept has been discussed in past but never implemented. GSOC is the first state of the art implementation of this idea. This alert sharing helps in blocking the propagation of cross-domain networks in grid computing networks. ; Ces dernières années, la sécurité est devenue un défi dans les réseaux informatiques. Les logiciels anti-virus, les pare-feu et les systèmes de détection d'intrusion ne suffisent pas à empêcher les attaques sophistiquées fabriquées par plusieurs utilisateurs. Les réseaux informatiques de grille sont souvent composés de différents domaines administratifs appartenant à différentes organisations. Chaque domaine peut avoir sa propre politique de sécurité et ne pas vouloir partager ses données de sécurité avec des réseaux moins protégés. Il est donc plus complexe d'assurer la sécurité de ces réseaux et de les protéger des attaques interdomaines. La principale difficulté est de traiter la nature distinctive de l'infrastructure du réseau, à savoir: les réseaux multi-sites, les domaines multi-administratifs, la collaboration dynamique entre les nœuds et les sites, le nombre élevé de nœuds à gérer, l'absence de vue claire des réseaux externes et l'échange d'informations de sécurité entre différents domaines administratifs. Pour gérer les problèmes mentionnés ci-dessus, je propose un Security Event Manager (SEM) appelé Grid Security Operation Center (GSOC). GSOC peut aider les responsables de la sécurité informatique à donner une vision de la sécurité de l'ensemble du réseau sans compromettre la confidentialité des données de sécurité. Pour ce faire, GSOC fournit une évaluation de sécurité de chaque domaine administratif (AD) en fonction du nombre d'alertes de sécurité signalées. Il y a trois niveaux de sécurité définis: le niveau 1 est le plus sécurisé, le niveau 2 est le plus sécurisé et le niveau 3 est le moins sécurisé. Cette classification aide à identifier les AD qui sont sous les attaques ou les AD qui sont à haut risque d'être attaqué à l'avenir. Un mécanisme de corrélation en deux temps est proposé, ce qui réduit les alertes de sécurité et continue à détecter les attaques dans le cadre d'attaques distribuées intensives. Un schéma de partage d'alertes de sécurité paramétrique a été introduit. Les alertes de sécurité peuvent être partagées à tout moment entre les membres du réseau informatique. Ce partage d'alertes informe les membres participants à voir les attaques en cours dans les autres locaux des AD sans interférer dans la politique de sécurité. Ce concept de partage d'alertes de sécurité a été discuté dans le passé mais n'a jamais été mis en œuvre. GSOC est la première mise en œuvre de cette idée à la fine pointe de la technologie. Ce partage d'alertes permet de bloquer la propagation des réseaux inter-domaines dans les réseaux informatiques de grille.

Technology assessments in Europe have mainly focused on air quality management with respect to energy conversion and road transport. However, other environmental media must also be considered to arrive at an integrated perspective for developing strategies towards more sustainability and an improved human welfare. Consequently, bioaccumulation of pollutants in the environment, in food crops and in animal food products leads to human ingestion exposure that must be accounted for. In addition, growing crops for use as energy, biofuels and non-energy raw materials becomes more and more important in the context of current policy. Unfortunately, only little is known about how the health of the general population is affected by current agriculture in Europe, especially with respect to the use of pesticides. Over the last three decades, European policy has developed towards a large legislation body regulating the marketing and use of pesticides as well as their residues in drinking water and various food items. Nonetheless, residues are still reported to reach levels where they can harm humans or the environment. Especially effects of pesticides on human health have lead to a continuously concerned general public. Existing regulations are therefore under constant revision by steadily evaluating the negative consequences of pesticide application based on continuously required scientific support. Thereby, evaluating exposure to pesticides and related health effects must build upon a deterministic understanding of the pathways from substance application via loss to the environment and uptake into the different food crops to finally human intake. However, current assessment tools are still challenged by the inherent complexity of plant uptake and translocation mechanisms as well as by an insufficient understanding of substance-specific chemical transformation, post-harvest food processing and health effects. The present work, hence, aims at improving existing health impact assessments of pesticide use by contrasting pathways of human exposure to pesticides. Main challenges were to consider characteristics of different food crops, to characterize individual pesticide-crop combinations and to simplify a complex dynamic model for incorporation into existing assessment tools to also account for the pesticide fraction that directly reaches the target crops. To address these challenges, a new operational modeling approach was developed for quantifying health impacts from exposure to pesticide residues in multiple directly treated food crops based on transparent matrix algebra. From analyzing its functioning and uncertainty, the system was parameterized for use in existing models, thereby keeping crops and substances disaggregated. In a case study, the new approach was applied to estimate health impacts and related damage costs caused by the five most extensively used pesticides in each of 25 European countries in 2003. Results indicate a high variation of impacts between countries as a function of the amount applied and substance toxicity. Total health impacts amount to 1672 DALY (disability-adjusted life years), to which the fraction reaching the target crops and the fraction lost to the environment during application contribute with 97% and 3%, respectively. Spain with 485, Italy with 442 and France with 370 DALY show the highest impacts per country. If translated into costs, damages amount to 67 million Euro in Europe in 2003. Results demonstrate the importance of considering pesticide residues in treated food crops for estimating overall human health impacts as integral part of evaluating current pesticide use in Europe. ; Technikbewertung in Europa war bisher hauptsächlich fokussiert auf Luftreinhaltemaßnahmen im Rahmen der Energieumwandlung und des Straßenverkehrs. Jedoch müssen für einen ganzheitlichen Ansatz zur Erreichung von mehr Nachhaltigkeit und eines verbesserten Gemeinwohls auch weitere Umweltmedien berücksichtigt werden. Diesbezüglich führt die Schadstoffanreicherung in der Umwelt, in Nahrungspflanzen und tierischen Produkten zur menschlichen Exposition über die Nahrungsaufnahme. Auch der wachsende Kulturpflanzenanbau zur Energie-, Biokraftstoff- und Rohmaterialien-Produktion spielt eine wichtige Rolle für die aktuelle Politik. Leider ist bisher nur wenig darüber bekannt, wie sich die heutige Landwirtschaft auf die menschliche Gesundheit auswirkt, insbesondere bezüglich der Nutzung von Pestiziden. In den letzten drei Jahrzehnten wurden in Europa Richtlinien zur Regulierung von Vermarktung und Anwendung von Pestiziden als auch zur Kontrolle von Rückständen in Trinkwasser und Nahrungsmitteln erarbeitet. Trotzdem finden sich Rückstandsmengen, die auf Mensch und Umwelt schädlich wirken können. Insbesondere Gesundheitsschäden führten zu einer kontinuierlich besorgten Bevölkerung. Bestehende Regulierungen unterliegen deshalb der ständigen Überprüfung hinsichtlich negativer Auswirkungen des Pestizideinsatzes auf Basis wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse. Dabei ist eine deterministische Betrachtungsweise der gesamten Wirkungskette vom Pestizideinsatz über den Transport in der Umwelt und in Nahrungspflanzen bis zur Aufnahme durch den Menschen entscheidend für die Abschätzung von Gesundheitsbelastungen. Bisherige Bewertungsmodelle haben jedoch bis heute sowohl mit der Komplexität von Schadstoffflüssen in Pflanzen als auch mit unzureichenden Kenntnissen bezüglich chemischen Stoffumbaus, Nahrungsmittelverarbeitung und Gesundheitseffekten zu kämpfen. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll durch den Vergleich von menschlichen Expositionspfaden gegenüber Pestiziden bestehende Methoden zur Bewertung des Pestizideinsatzes verbessern. Besondere Herausforderungen waren die Betrachtung verschiedener Nutzpflanzen, die Charakterisierung einzelner Pestizid/Pflanze-Kombinationen und die Einbindung des Ansatzes in bestehende Bewertungsmodelle zur Berücksichtigung der Rückstände in Nahrungspflanzen. Zur Bewältigung dieser Herausforderungen wurde ein neues Bewertungsmodell zur Quantifizierung von Gesundheitsschäden durch Pestizidrückstände in Nahrungspflanzen auf Basis eines Matrix-Algebra Ansatzes entwickelt. Das Modellsystem wurde mittels Funktional- und Unsicherheitenanalyse parametrisiert, um in ganzheitlichen Bewertungsmodellen verwendet zu werden. In einer Fallstudie wurde der vorliegende Ansatz zur Abschätzung von Gesundheitsschäden und damit verbundener Kosten durch die fünf am meisten eingesetzten Pestizide in jeweils 25 europäischen Ländern im Jahr 2003 angewendet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen hohe länderspezifische Unterschiede als Funktion von Einsatzmenge und Toxizität. Insgesamt belaufen sich die Schäden auf 1672 DALY ('disability-adjusted life years'), zu denen der die Nahrungspflanzen erreichende Pestizidanteil mit 97% beiträgt. Spanien mit 485, Italien mit 442 und Frankreich mit 370 DALY weisen die höchsten Schäden auf. Die Schadenskosten durch Pestizideinsatz in Europa im Jahr 2003 belaufen sich auf 67 Millionen Euro. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass die Berücksichtigung von Rückständen in Pflanzen wichtig ist für die Abschätzung von Gesundheitsschäden als integralem Bestandteil zur Bewertung des Pestizideinsatzes in Europa.

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have been widely recognized as an innovative management approach to address both environment conservation and human welfare while serving as a policy instrument to deal with the ecosystem service (ES) trade-offs resulting from land-use/ cover change (LUCC). However, there is no solid understanding of how PES could affect the synergies and trade-offs among ES. This research focuses on the LUCC and its inherent ES trade-offs in the context of social-ecological systems (SES) that incorporates key feedbacks and processes, and explores the possible impacts of management regimes, i.e., PES schemes (e.g., eco-certification and reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD)). To address the complexity of this research, a multi-agent simulation (MAS) model (LB-LUDAS - Lubuk Beringin - Land Use DynAmics Simulator) was applied in which process-based decision-making sub-models were incorporated in the decision-making mechanism of agents. The model was developed to explore policy scenarios by quantifying the potential ES trade-offs resulting from the agents' land-use choices and preferences. It was first implemented for the rubber agroforest landscape in Jambi Province (Sumatra), Indonesia. Species richness, carbon sequestration, opportunity costs, and decision processes such as PES adoption and future land-use preferences sub-models were incorporated to capture as much as possible the real SES of a rubber agroforest landscape. Three scenarios were simulated over a 20-year period, namely the PES scenario, the scenario land-use preference if supported by financial assistance/subsidies (SUB), and the current trend as the baseline scenario. From the simulations, the key findings show that there was a minimal land-cover change under the PES scenario, where an estimated 22% of the species richness in rubber agroforests could be conserved and 97% of the carbon emissions reduced compared to the baseline scenario. For the SUB scenario, an estimated 6% of the species richness could be conserved and 47% of the carbon emissions reduced. With regard to livelihoods, only under the PES scenario was wealth inequality reduced up to 50%. Regarding the return for land investment, the profitability of a land-use type depends considerably on each scenario; however, rubber agroforests would be highly profitable (20%) if a price premium were to be implemented under an eco-certification scheme. The main conclusions of this study are firstly, that PES schemes for rubber agroforests could offer synergies among carbon emission reduction, biodiversity and livelihoods, thus reducing the trade-offs resulting from possible land-use/cover change, and secondly that the LB-LUDAS model as an integrated and MAS model is a useful tool to capture the ES trade-offs as an emergent property of the dynamic social-ecological systems at the same time serving as a negotiation-support system tool to support the design of land-use policies. The use of process-based decision making in the LB-LUDAS model is recommended in order to incorporate intended decisions of agents in various situations. In this way, the triggers, options and temporal and spatial aspects of agents' reactions are captured in a relatively realistic way. ; Flexibilität von Multi-Agenten-Modellen für Gummi-Agroforste-Landschaften und die soziale Reaktion auf die neu entstehenden Belohnungsmechanismen für Ökosystemdienstleistungen in Sumatra, Indonesien Bezahlungen für Ökosystemdienstleistungen (PES) sind weit verbreitet und anerkannt als ein Managementansatz sowohl für den Umweltschutz als auch für das menschliche Wohlbefinden. Gleichzeitig dienen sie als Politikinstrument zur Behandlung der Folgen (ES trade-offs) durch Veränderungen in der Landnutzung/-bedeckung (LUCC). Es gibt jedoch kein solides Wissen darüber, wie sich PES auf die Synergien und trade-offs zwischen den ES auswirken könnten. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Studie liegt auf den LUCC und ihren inhärenten ES trade-offs im Kontext von sozial-ökologischen Systemen (SES), die wichtige Feedbacks und Prozesse berücksichtigen. Die Studie untersucht die möglichen Auswirkungen von Managementregimen, d.h., PES-Systeme (z.B. Ökozertifizierung und reduzierte Emissionen von Entwaldung und Degradation (REDD)). Um die Komplexität des Themas zu erfassen, wurde ein Multi-Agentensimulationsmodel (MAS; LB-LUDAS - Lubuk Beringin - Land Use DynAmics Simulator) eingesetzt, in dem prozessbasierte Entscheidungs-Submodelle in den Entscheidungsmechanismus der Agenten berücksichtigt werden. Das Modell wurde entwickelt, um verschiedene Szenarien durch die Quantifizierung der potentiellen ES trade-offs, die durch die Wahl bzw. Vorlieben der Agenten hinsichtlich der Landnutzung entstehen, zu untersuchen. Es wurde zuerst für die Landschaften der Gummi-Agroforste in Jambi Provinz (Sumatra), Indonesien, eingesetzt. Sub-Modelle wie Artenvielfalt, Kohlenstoffspeicherung, Opportunitätskosten und Entscheidungsprozesse wie Anwendung von PES und zukünftige Präferenzen wurden berücksichtigt, um so weit wie möglich die tatsächlichen SES von Gummi-Agroforsten zu erfassen. Drei Szenarien wurden über eine Periode von 20 Jahren simuliert nämlich das PES-Szenario, das Szenario Landnutzungspräferenz, wenn mit finanzieller Unterstützung bzw. Subventionen (SUB), sowie der aktuelle Trend als Grundszenario. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Simulationen zeigen eine minimale Veränderung der Landnutzung im PES-Szenario wobei ca. 22% der Artenvielfalt in den Gummi-Agroforsten erhalten und die Kohlenstoffemissionen um 97% reduziert werden konnten verglichen mit dem Grundszenario. Bei dem SUB-Szenario konnten ca. 6% der Artenvielfalt erhalten und die Kohlenstoffemissionen um 47% reduziert werden. Hinsichtlich der Lebensgrundlagen wurden nur beim PES-Szenario die Wohlstandsungleichheit um bis zu 50% reduziert. Bei den Renditen für Investitionen in Land hängt Wirtschaftlichkeit sehr stark vom Landnutzungstyp ab; Gummi-Agroforste wären jedoch sehr profitabel (20%) bei einem Preisaufschlag in einem Ökozertifizierungsprogramm. Die wichtigsten Schlussfolgerungen dieser Untersuchung sind erstens, dass PES-Programme für Gummi-Agroforste zu Synergien zwischen Reduzierung von Kohlenstoffemissionen und Biodiversität sowie Lebensgrundlagen führen und damit die trade-offs reduzieren, die durch mögliche Veränderungen in der Landnutzung/-bedeckung entstehen können und zweitens, dass das LB-LUDAS-Modell als integriertes sowie als MAS-Modell ein nützliches Instrument darstellt, um die ES trade-offs als eine zu Tage tretende Eigenschaft der dynamischen sozialen-ökologischen Systemen zu erfassen. Gleichzeitig dient das Modell als Instrument zur Unterstützung von Verhandlungen bei der Planung von Landnutzungsmaßnahmen. Der Einsatz prozessbasierter Entscheidungen im LB-LUDAS-Modell um geplante Entscheidungen von Agenten in verschiedenen Situationen zu berücksichtigen, wird empfohlen. Auf diese Art können die Auslöser, die Optionen sowie die zeitlichen und räumlichen Aspekte der Reaktionen der Agenten auf relativ realistische Weise erfasst werden.