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ch. 1. Introduction : exclusions, deficits and trajectories / Sarah Cook and Naila Kabeer -- ch. 2. Shock-induced poverty in urban China / Meiyan Wang -- ch. 3. Social protection and the economic well-being of families with dependent children in urban China / Xiulan Zhang and Yuebrin Xu -- ch. 4. Gender, work and security in urban China : the reconstruction of identity as laid-off worker / Sarah Cook and Susan Jolly -- ch. 5. Social protection and market reforms in Vietnam / Robert L. Bach and Le Bach Duong -- ch. 6. Social security for rural migrant workers in China : current coverage, institutional design and policy suggestions / Dewen Wang, Yongtang Ma and Changyou Zhu -- ch. 7. Reading the signposts : social protection for home-based women workers in South Asia / Ratna M. Sudarshan -- ch. 8. Approaching basic and economic security for informal workers through national and local initiatives : case studies of home-based workers in South East Asia / Donna L. Doane -- ch. 9. Women's vulnerability, risk and social protection : an exploration of links between property ownership and domestic violence in South Asia / Nandita Bhatla, Nata Duvvury and Swati Chakraborty -- ch. 10. Food security at the local level : a study in contrast between Kerala and Orissa in India / K.P. Kannan and N. Vijayamohanan Pillai -- ch. 11. Targeting in social protection programmes : the experience of Indonesia / Asep Suryahadi. [et al.] -- ch. 12. Crafting a graduation pathway for the ultra poor : lessons and evidence from a BRAC programme in Bangladesh / Imran Matin, Munshi Sulaiman and Mehnaz Rabbani.

Residential schools are commonly used in India to provide education for Indigenous youth, which requires young people to stay for long periods at distance from their families and communities. Internationally, there is clear evidence for the deleterious effects of residential schools on the mental health and social and community outcomes of Indigenous children, however little is known about the Indian Indigenous experience. This study examined the impact of residential schooling on Indigenous children's wellbeing and that of their communities, using data from an ethnographic research project in Attapadi, Kerala, including interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation with Indigenous communities. Key outcomes from residential schooling reported by the participants include the fear of losing Indigenous identity, shame of being Indigenous, change in the attitude of young people when they returned from schools, and feelings of confusion and stress that young Indigenous participants felt trying to fit into their communities on their return. Findings suggest that these Indigenous youth felt disconnected from several factors that are known to promote resilience for Indigenous communities including a strong cultural identity, connection to the land and ancestors, thereby making them more vulnerable to poor mental health and negative impacts on their overall wellbeing. Addressing these concerns requires a detailed understanding of the specific factors influencing outcomes for Indigenous youth within the Indian residential schooling system, and designing and implementing data-informed conceptual, structural and policy change including the provision of culturally safe mental health services.

Edwin van Teijlingen is Dutch by birth and a Professor of Reproductive Health at Bournemouth University in the south of England. He has achieved a PhD in Medical Sociology at the University of Aberdeen, UK. Prof. Edwin van Teijlingen connected with Nepal while supervising Nepali PhD scholars in UK, and he has been a frequent visitor to Nepal since 2006. He has supervised more than 35 PhDs, among which 13 are Nepali. He has examined more than 50 PhDs. He has published around 300 academic papers and book chapters in health promotion, midwifery, and health services research. He serves as a peer reviewer for worldwide famous health journals such as PLOS One and BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. He delivered a speech to the Members of Parliamentarians in Kathmandu in 2016 as part of a workshop to promote evidence-based policymaking. He is a committee member on various grant-awarding bodies in the UK, Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, and the USA. He is a visiting Professor at the Centre for Disability Studies, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala in India (2020-present); the School of Health Sciences at the University of Nottingham in England (2017-2026); Nobel College, affiliated with Pokhara University, Nepal (2012-present); and Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences affiliated with Tribhuvan University (2009-present). We would like to express our gratitude for his acceptance to share personal and academic lives, which can inspire young and energetic scholars in Nepal and elsewhere.

Background: The concept of stigma has been widely used to understand patterns of discrimination and negative ideas surrounding people with mental health problems, yet we know little of the specific nuances of how this might operate beyond the 'Global North'. Aim: This paper aims to explore the notion of stigma in an Indian context by considering the lived experience of patients, carers and community members. Methods: A sample of 204 participants, representing mental health patients, informal carers and community members was recruited from urban and rural areas in Kerala, India. Participants took part in interviews where they were encouraged to talk about their experiences of mental ill health, attitudes towards these problems, barriers encountered and sources of support. Results: Experiences akin to the experience of stigma in Europe and the United States were elicited but there were important local dimensions specific to the Indian context. The difficulties faced by people with diagnoses of mental disorders in finding marriage partners was seen as an important problem, leading to marriage proposals being refused in some cases, and secrecy on the part of those with mental health problems. Rather than the 'self-stigma' identified in the US, participants were more likely to see this as a collective problem in that it could reflect badly on the family group as a whole rather than just the sufferer. Conclusions: In the Indian context, the idioms of stigma emphasised impairments in marriage eligibility and the implications for the family group rather than just the self.

Information.and.communication. Technology (ICT) is critical to India's success in e-government, infrastructure, and economic development. The Akshaya project is Kerala's most successful e-governance initiative. It was one of India's first district-wide e-literacy projects, with the goal of increasing IT literacy among Kerala residents. Every Akshaya e-center provides a single point of access to government services. This initiative contributes to tremendous economic growth and creates numerous job possibilities. They've also concentrated on aspects such as e-learning, e-transactions, and e-governance. As a result, the initiative has a considerable impact on the state's socioeconomic, economic, and political perspectives. The purpose of this study is to look at the benefits of Akshaya e-centers and to learn about the issues that citizens have with the services offered by Akshaya Common Service Centres in Kerala's Thiruvananthapuram district. According to the study's hypothesis, there is a substantial relationship between the benefits provided by Akshaya e-centers and the people' age in the Thiruvananthapuram district. Citizen engagement is essential in a democratic society like India, and it is required to create a platform for it. Implementing ICT is the most cost-effective strategy to gain access to all government services while also reducing the digital gap and enabling participatory e-governance. The Akshaya project offers a variety of e-services to citizens, yet they still encounter significant difficulties in using them. All rural residents in every Panchayats must be able to use e-governance schemes like Akshaya centres.

Abstract
Ocean State Forecasts contribute to safe and sustainable fishing in India, but their usage among artisanal fishers is often limited. Our research in Thiruvananthapuram district in the southern Indian state of Kerala tested forecast quality and value and how fishers engage with forecasts. In two fishing villages, we verified forecast accuracy, skill, and reliability by comparing forecasts with observations during the 2018 monsoon season (June–September; n = 122). We assessed forecast value by analyzing fishers' perceptions of weather and risks and the way they used forecasts based on 8 focus group discussions, 20 interviews, conversations, and logs of 10 fishing boats. We find that while forecasts are mostly accurate, inadequate forecasting of unusual events (e.g., wind >45 km h−1) and frequent fishing restrictions (n = 32) undermine their value. Fishers seek more localized and detailed forecasts, but they do not always use them. Weather forecasts are just one of the tools artisanal fishers deploy, used not simply to decide as to whether to go to sea but also to manage potential risks, allowing them to prepare for fishing under hazardous conditions. Their decisions are also based on the availability of fish and their economic needs. From our findings, we suggest that political, economic, and social marginality of south Indian fishers influences their perceptions and responses to weather-related risks. Therefore, improving forecast usage requires not only better forecast skill and wide dissemination of tailor-made weather information, but also better appreciation of risk cultures and the livelihood imperatives of artisanal fishing communities.

AbstractThis article focuses on religious pedagogies as an essential part of the practice and the making of modern religion. It takes the case of the Syrian Orthodox communities in Kerala, South India to examine how shifts in pedagogical models and practice have reframed their understanding of knowledge and God. The paper highlights two moments of transformation—the nineteenth-century missionary reforms and twenty-first-century Sunday school reforms—that brought "old" and "new" pedagogies into conflict, redefining the modes of knowing and religious subjectivities they presuppose. For this I draw from historical and pedagogical materials, and ethnographic fieldwork in churches and Sunday schools. The paper diverges from widespread narratives on the missionary encounter by showing how colonial efforts to replace ritual pedagogies with modern schooling were channeled into a textbook culture that remained close to Orthodox ritualism. The "new" pedagogy turned learning into a ritualized practice that continued to emphasize correct performance over interiorized belief. Contrasting this with todays' curriculum revisions, I argue that educational reforms remain a privileged mode of infusing new meanings into religious practice and shaping new orthodoxies, especially under the threat of heterodoxy. This reflects a broader dynamic within Orthodox Christianity that takes moments of crisis or change as opportunities to turn orthopraxy into orthodoxy and renew the faith. The paper engages with postcolonial debates on religion, education, and modernity, and points to more pervasive assumptions about what makes Orthodox Christianity and the modes of knowing and ethical formation in Eastern Christianity.

INTRODUCTION: According to the World Health Organization, more than 300 million people were estimated to suffer from depression in 2017. Many studies have observed that medical personnel have a higher level of depression, but studies among dentists are scarce. Early diagnosis will help in controlling the morbidity and mortality due to depression. Hence, this study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of depression among students of Government Dental College (GDC), Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of the state of Kerala, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at GDC, Thiruvananthapuram, for a period of 3 months from September to December 2017, using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and a pro forma comprising 37 questions. Students having PHQ scores >9 were considered to have depression. The questionnaire was administered on 364 students comprising undergraduate students, paradental students, house surgeons, and postgraduates. Separate sessions were arranged for each group and four reminders were given. RESULTS: The prevalence of depression was estimated as 26.9% (95% confidence interval: 22.4–31.8). Being married, having high and average level of course satisfaction, and having close friends were found to act as independent protective factors, whereas female gender and breakups in relationships were found to be independent risk factors. CONCLUSION: It is high time we provide supportive programs and implement preventive measures to help professional students, especially those who are at higher risk of mental ill-health. Further studies need to be conducted to explore the academic reasons for depression.

The concept of empowerment as a goal of development projects and programmes has been gaining wider acceptance. By women empowerment would be able to develop self-esteem, confidence, realize their potential and enhance their collective bargaining power. Women's empowerment can be viewed as a continuum of several interrelated and mutually reinforcing components (Marilee, Karl, 1995). Indian Constitution in its fundamental rights has provisions for equality, social justice and protection of women. These goals are yet to be realized. Still women continue to be discriminated, exploited and exposed to inequalities at various levels. Inadequate education and skills development keep economies trapped in a vicious circle of low education, low productivity and low income. Skills development is central to improving productivity. Women self-help groups are at present playing a vital role in the personality and skill development of women in India. Kudumbashree, Launched by the Government of Kerala in 1998 for wiping out absolute poverty from the State is today one of the largest women-empowering projects in the country. The present paper shares the experiences of an initiative taken towards developing skills among the members of Kudumbasree unit through our intellectual traditions of Vedic Mathematics. The findings of the study throw light on the unlimited impact of Vedic One line Mental calculations in capacity enhancement among the participants through improved skills. Thus the study suggests the need of popularizing and implementing our traditional treasure of Vedic Mathematics even in the area of women empowerment.

Why do financial intermediaries persist, despite the promises of disintermediation that accompanied the diffusion of digital technologies?Through a comparative qualitative study of financial intermediation in rural markets in Shan State, Myanmar, and Kerala, India, we map out and make visible official and unofficial roles played by different types of brokers (traders, hundi, transport companies, etc.), and different financial tools (cash, gold, land, banks, etc.), and look at how information and communication technologies (ICTs) fit in the interactions between the two. ICTs and human brokers perform functions that are sometimes complementary, sometimes in conflict, and sometimes simply different from each other. In examining the range of roles that (human and non-human) actors and material practices that are involved in conducting financial transactions have, we show the central role that historical legacies and politics play in explaining why both cash and financial intermediaries persist in the digital age. Focusing on the different values that human and non-human intermediaries bring to financial encounters helps explain what characteristics make each resilient or replaceable in a time of change, and furthers understanding of which of the many functions embodied by humans can be replaced or supported by digital technologies, and which ones are likely to remain the domain of humans. We conclude that the "expertise" inscribed into technological artifacts such as mobile phones tends to be fixed, whereas human expertise can be more flexible and quicker to react to changing political or economic situations.

Disasters disrupt the physical and social environments that shape health and social problems. Post disaster issues related to the distribution of emergency aid have not been studied systematically but are likely to affect communities after a disaster. The common issues that elderly people face post disaster situations are financial issues, sexual health issues, emotional concerns, physical abuse and related issues. Social isolation puts people in a situation where they are predisposed to be more vulnerable to the risks of a disaster. Here the author specifically elaborates on the various issues of the senior citizens associated with disasters. The example from recent natural disasters in India such as Tsunami disaster in 2004, Uttarakhand disaster in 2013, landslide disasters in various parts of the Kerala and other states in the last few years, and the recent Chennai floods clearly show the significance of the issue that needs to be addressed. Community networks and programmes that addressed abuse and related issues before the disaster should be identified, revitalized and strengthened through training and support. A strong net work starting from neighbourhood groups can go a long way in formulating, and implementing care group activity. The Government too should pass laws against the abuse of elderly and abusers punishable with stiff punishments. Already, there are laws in place which protect senior citizens, if their children abandon them. These laws need to be strictly implemented. Also, newer laws which give more comprehensive protection to senior citizens need to be enacted especially suitable to the pre and post disaster context.

This contribution compares the EMP, and the associated Western European family system (inheritance practices, intergenerational co-residence and exogamy), with what is known about family systems and marriage patterns in the rest of the world, with a special focus on the consequences of these family systems for human capital formation (in view of recent interpretations that interpret the EMP as a step in the 'quantity-quality' switch in demographic behaviour). This is done in the following ways: first the EMP is defined as a family system characterized by monogamy, exogamy, consensus (no arranged marriages), neo-locality, and a relatively strong position of women in marriage. Next we compare these criteria with ethnographic data from other Eurasian societies (mainly based on George Murdock's ethnographic world atlas), and with global classifications of family systems presented by academics (anthropologists, political scientists and demographic and family historians) such as Emmanuel Todd. We present maps of the institutions determining marriage behavior, and show which features of the EMP can be found elsewhere. In the margin of the Eurasian landmass, marriage systems can be found with certain similarities to the EMP. In the 'core' of the continent, in China, Northern India, the Middle East, and Russia, institutions are diametrically opposed to those of the EMP. Finally, we briefly sketch the 'similar' marriage systems in Japan, Sumatra, Kerala, Sri Lanka and Myanmar, and try to find out if these relatively female-friendly systems produced high levels of human capital (as the EMP is supposed to have done).

Crowdfunding and place making efforts in New Orleans / Madhuri Sharma -- Exploring the spatial pattern of urban heat island formation in relation to land transformation : a study Paschim Bardhhaman District of West Bengal / Soumen Chatterjee, Sujit Das, Krishnendu Gupta -- Mechanism for brownfield redevelopment : a case of Indore City / Hemadri Raut, Kakoli Saha -- Religious tourism in the age of commodification and reconstruction of heritagescapes : a neighbourhood based study along the stretch of River Hooghly, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India / Anu Rai, S. Das -- Mapping of urban heat island and its mitigation measures in Durgapur-Asansol Industrial Region, India / Santu Guchhait, Tanmay Patra, Nirmalya Das, Subhrangsu Das -- Approaches to season-responsive urban spaces for children : lessons and challenges in Winter Cities / A.G. Andal -- Urbanization and climate change in the Fiji Islands during the 21st century : a tourism perspective / Sakul Kundra, Mohammad Afsar Alam, Ravinesh Rohit Prasad, Asif Iqubal, Unaisi Nobobo-Baba, Mumtaz Alam, Feroz Ali -- The maturity of social innovations for the adaptation of cities to climate change -- the case of Poland / B. Wieteska-Rosiak, B. Ocicka, G. Wieteska -- Role of urban green space fostering environmentally modified attitude and behaviour : reflection from a highly expanding medium size town in India / Swatilekha Sen, Sanat Kumar Guchhait -- Urban spaces and smart city development : issues and future challenges / Vishal Soodan, Supernova Chakraborty, Richa Mitra -- Urban soundscape and noise pollution : an introduction / Tallal Abdel Karim Bouzir, Djihed Berkouk, Hamza Benacer, Uday Chatterjee, Sushobhan Majumdar -- Transportation sustainability assessment using indicator based method : a case of Kochi, Kerala, India / Cladia Anna Jose, Mohammed Firoz C -- The relation between urban physical indicators and solar irradiation availability on building envelopes : using Tehran as a case study / M. Ghorbanian, Z. Chehregan -- Urban water quality index of commercial capital city of Bangladesh / Prabal Barua -- Urban sprawl, blight, and the COVID-19 pandemic / Anzhelika Antipova, Ehsan Momeni, Reza Banai -- Improving food security in African cities towards smartness : a bibliometric analysis / Joan Nyika -- Analysis of urban sprawl and blight using Shannon entropy index : a case study of Memphis, Tennessee / Anzhelika Antipova, Ehsan Momeni, Reza Banai -- A geospatial analysis on effects of wetland changes in coastal urban area in Ampara District / A.L. Iyoob, R.M.K Rathnayake -- Geospatial analysis of solid waste management in Badulla Municipality -Uva province, Sri Lanka / S.A. Sudusinghe, R.M.K. Ratnayake, D.K.D.A. Ranaweera -- Building a sustainable green space system in Bhubaneswar City, Odisha by using remote sensing and GIS technology / Ashis Chandra Pathy, Gopal Krishna Panda -- Identification of landslide hazard zone of Gangtok urban area in Sikkim Himalayas with the help of multi -- criteria evaluation method using geospatial techniques / Bappaditya Koley, Uday Chatterjee, Anindita Nath, Subhajit Saraswati, Nilendu Chatterjee, Bidhan Chandra Ray -- Designing sustainable urban blocks; an effort to optimizing 3D form and achieving the maximum amount of solar radiation / Amir Shakibamanesh, Omid Veisi -- Rethinking disaster resilient cities : a close integration of planning with geospatial technology / Navneet Munoth, Divya Jain, Apurva Deshmukh, Nirmoha Mandal -- Analysis of multi environmental geo-hazards challenges for the City Coimbatore, South India / Dhanya Praveen, Ganapathy Pattukandan Ganapathy -- Monitoring of urban climate using geospatial techniques / Archisman Barat, P. Parth Sarthi, Sunny Kumar, Aakriti Asim.

Since the 1930s female cashew workers have constituted a majority of the registered workers in the South Indian State of Kerala and today number some 200,000. This group challenged the stereotypical view of Third World women because they were organized into unions, worked in the formal sector, and were literate. The background for this thesis has been the ?Kerala Model?, i.e., the political context of a state known for its radicalism, redistribution of resources, and high social indicators for citizens (men as well as women). How did the encounter of women of different castes at the cashew factory take place? How was the factory work structured with regard to gender and caste? How did membership in unions shape women's view of their own lives? How have marriage and motherhood influenced their identities? Why did females suffer more pronounced capitalist exploitation than males? At a theoretical level this interdisciplinary study engages in a dialogue with Marxist, Subaltern, postmodern, and feminist scholars. In the analysis, change and continuity have been considered not only with regard to material ?realities?, but also in terms of discourses and ideologies. Among the main themes traced over the period 1930-2000 are the organization of work in the factories, wages, trade unions, and marriage; and how elements in these spheres have interacted in the formation of identities based on class, caste, and gender. The limitations imposed upon female laborers by poverty and extremely unequal power relations between capital and labor alone cannot adequately account for the discriminatory treatment of female workers over males. Neither can women's lack of class-consciousness serve as a justification. The story of the Kerala cashew workers chronicles not only shameless, brutal capitalist exploitation, but also demonstrates that we have to go beyond economic structures to explain oppression and lack of empowerment: cultural and ideological factors must be incorporated in the analysis. Low-caste female workers have gone through a process of effeminization which has acted to curb their class-identity and limit their scope of action. The historical development traced shows a widening gap between femininity and masculinity, with a more dichotomized gender ideology visible among low-caste cashew workers. While it does not mean to imply a deterioration of living conditions for women, it should not be taken as idealizing a better and more gender-equal past; rather, it seeks to highlight the complexity of historical analysis. The thesis has striven to show that, once one takes a gender perspective, a polarization such as ?traditional? or ?modern? is seen as flawed. Capitalist forces were active in spreading a patriarchal, high-caste gender ideology among lower castes, who were seen to ?modernize? their gender relations by introducing male breadwinners and dependent housewives as the ideal. Union leaders themselves ?modernized? gender relations by supporting an internationally-acknowledged wage system which was institutionalized by the minimum wages committees in 1953 and 1959. This study shows that the radicalism of males turned to be built upon women's maintaining of the families-a reality which strongly contradicts hegemonic gender discourses and confuses gender identities.

Dialectic of territory and economy is questioned from regional metropolitan areas located in India, where Information Technology and software activities cluster. Cities of Pune (Maharashtra), Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi (Kerala) represent some interesting labs to observe cumulative effects of the technopolitan process. The main research purpose is to grasp innovative spatial systems within three of its evolution stages: genesis, growth and adjustment capacities. From a perspective of climbing up the value-chain, this thesis aims to demonstrate the making of high-tech clusters is realized by simultaneous favorable actors' play, stakeholders' interactions and changing contexts. Economic geography of innovation and urban planning clarify this fact, by providing analyzing tools of multi-scaled and long-term system's dynamics. Research underlines the leveraging effect of central and regional policies makers - eitherinitiator, either facilitator - by encouraging strong economic, scientific and technological environment to develop software sector. In addition, studying places evidences overlapping of both urban and technopolitan fabric. Beyond the only IT parks, we prove that competitiveness strategies fraction the whole space getting benefits from metropolization. Finally, the examination of IT initiatives' embeddedness within the city leads us to put forward the entrepreneur, at the same time world linked and localized. Furthermore, their deep involvement in social, scientific and professional networks implements good conditions for the innovative spatial systems evolution. ; La dialectique territoire - économie est interrogée depuis les métropoles régionales indiennes dans lesquelles s'agglomèrent des activités de services informatiques et de conception logicielle. Les villes de Pune (Maharashtra), Thiruvananthapuram et Kochi (Kerala) constituent de véritables laboratoires d'observation du processus technopolitain. L'objet de la recherche est le système territorial potentiellement innovant saisi à travers ses phases d'apparition, de croissance et d'adaptation. La thèse démontre que la genèse des clusters de haute technologie dans une logique de remontée de filière est soumise à la réalisation simultanée de conditions contextuelles et de jeux d'acteurs favorables. La géographie économique de l'innovation et la géographie urbaine éclairent ce constat, en permettant une lecture multi-échelle et sur le temps long du dynamisme des systèmes. La recherche souligne le rôle moteur des pouvoirs publics centraux et régionaux, tantôt initiateurs tantôt facilitateurs, dans l'accompagnement et le développement d'un secteur informatique à haut contenu technologique et scientifique. Par ailleurs, l'étude des lieux met en évidence l'étroite imbrication de la fabrique urbaine et technopolitaine. La construction de l'attractivité engendre des processus d'enclosure dépassant les activités économiques pour aller toucher les quartiers bénéficiant de la métropolisation. Enfin, la question de l'ancrage des activités numériques dans le tissu urbain met en perspective l'entrepreneur à la fois mondialisé, encastré localement et aux prises avec son implication dans des réseaux sociaux professionnels dont les initiatives contribuent à façonner l'évolution du système.