Suchergebnisse

The conditions of enforcement of any custodial measure are crucial for its meaning and effectiveness in tenns of reinsertion and the prevention ofreoffending. The preservation of the prisoners' physical and psychological integrity is a source oflegitimacy for the prison institution and its function in a democratic society. Under articles 2 and 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which are respectively protecting the right to life and the prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment, the European Court ofHuman Rights, in its case law, bas identified numerous obligations imposed on Member States. The violations of the prisoners' integrity during custody can be directly imputable to the State when resulting from the official functioning of the institution, especially bodil searches, solitary confinements, security rotations, or conditions of imprisonment. The violations can also be indirectly imputable to the State when its own failure pennitted or tolerated a violation of these absolute rights by a private person. The development of the criteria for violations of prisoners' integrity and the limits of the State responsibility are precisely delineated by the definition and the intensity of European obligations. If the European Court ofHuman Rights appears to be the primary cause of the changing nature of prison and of an increased protection of the prisoners' rights, the loopholes of its case law might have contradictory effects and stand in the way of a coherent theory of the obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights. ; Les conditions d'exécution de toute mesure privative de liberté sont déterminantes de son sens et de son efficacité en termes de réinsertion et lutte contre la récidive. La préservation de l'intégrité physique et psychique des personnes détenues constitue un facteur de légitimité indéniable de l'institution carcérale et de son rôle au sein d'une société démocratique. En vertu des articles 2 et 3 de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme, qui protègent respectivement le droit à la vie et la prohibition des traitements inhumains et dégradants, la jurisprudence européenne a identifié une pluralité d'obligations mises à la charge des États. Les atteintes portées à l'intégrité des personnes détenues dans le cadre de la détention carcérale peuvent être directement imputable à l'État lorsqu'elles résultent du fonctionnement officiel de l'institution, en particulier des fouilles, des placements à l'isolement, des rotations de sécurité, ou des conditions de détention. Elles peuvent aussi lui être indirectement imputables, lorsque la défaillance étatique a permis ou toléré la réalisation d'un acte particulier violant ces droits absolus protégés. L'élaboration des critères d'imputation à l'État de ces atteintes au droit à l'intégrité des personnes détenues et les limites de la responsabilité étatique sont précisément déterminées par la définition et l'intensité des obligations européennes. Si la Cour de Strasbourg apparaît comme le premier facteur de la mutation du droit pénitentiaire et d'une protection renforcée des droits des personnes incarcérées, les lacunes de sa jurisprudence pourraient avoir des effets contradictoires et faire obstacle à l'élaboration d'une théorie cohérente et systématisée des obligations conventionnelles européennes.

Housing production in France is at the heart of several academic debates concerning State intervention, private production models and local governance. In each of them, some authors have expressed the idea that western countries have been affected by a neoliberalization process since the 1970s. But our study of the fiscal aid to rental investment, which is one of the tools of national housing policy, shows the limits of this interpretation, especially in the 2000s. Based on a methodology combining qualitative and quantitative analysis, our research however shows that a new political economy of housing production is emerging. Along with decentralization, there are now two public authorities involved in regulating the market: the State by law and the local governments by negotiation with private parties. And this duality creates contradictions between national issues (especially macroeconomic) and local priorities. In this context, the property development sector has witnessed major changes: if State incentives have induced the emergence of new participants and of a specific model of production, the new public regulation implies a change in strategies. Urban production is concerned by these changes. Not only because State regulation has an impact on supply but also because the unequal ability of local governments to negotiate with developers make small and medium-sized cities more exposed to a gap between real housing production and public expectations ; La production du logement en France est au cœur de plusieurs débats académiques : sur l'action de l'Etat, sur les logiques privées de production, sur la gouvernance locale. La thèse selon laquelle un processus de néolibéralisation affecte les sociétés occidentales depuis les années 1970 en offre une lecture transversale. Cependant, l'analyse d'un instrument de la politique nationale du logement – l'aide fiscale à l'investissement locatif – en montre les nombreuses limites, en particulier dans les années 2000. Reposant sur une méthodologie croisant approches qualitatives et quantitatives, notre recherche révèle plutôt l'émergence d'une nouvelle économie politique de la production du logement. En lien avec la décentralisation, la puissance publique se fait duale, avec d'un côté un Etat qui encadre le marché par la réglementation et de l'autre des collectivités qui entrent en négociation avec les acteurs privés. Cette dualité fait d'ailleurs apparaître des contradictions entre enjeux nationaux (notamment macroéconomiques) et priorités locales. En regard, la promotion immobilière se transforme : si les dispositifs d'incitation fiscale mis en place par l'Etat ont amené de nouveaux acteurs et fait naître un modèle de production spécifique, la nouvelle logique d'action publique induit une adaptation des stratégies. La fabrication matérielle de la ville se trouve affectée par ces changements. A la fois parce que la réglementation nationale a un impact sur l'offre mais aussi parce que les inégales capacités de négociation des collectivités avec les acteurs privés exposent davantage les villes petites et moyennes à une production de logements en décalage avec les attentes publiques

Electric vehicles are seen as remedy for various pressing public concerns and are thus increasingly benefiting from supportive policy measures. Such measures remain contested: their impact on actual vehicle uptake rates, their sustainability, usefulness and justification are far from being self-evident. This work aims at uncovering the effect of financial demand-side public policy measures on i) the uptake rate of electric vehicles among private households in France, and ii) the public budget. First, the context within which electric vehicles are to evolve is sketched. A comprehensive overview of the potential opportunities that come with the introduction of electric vehicles is given. An international policy review depicts public policy levers that are currently deployed in order to support the uptake of electric vehicles. A focus is put on financial demand-side measures. Preliminary conclusions on their effectiveness with regards to observed electric vehicle uptake rates in the various countries reviewed are drawn. Next, the potential market for electric vehicles among French households is explored. Besides financial aspects, socio-economic obstacles to electric vehicle uptake among private households are analysed. With the aid of scenario analysis that accounts for the many uncertainties with regards to future vehicle developments, costs and market trends, a forecast of the electric vehicles' potential up until 2023 is given. The applied disaggregate approach based on the database of the French National Transport Survey 2007/2008 allows identifying the most promising sets of financial public policy measures that are likely to guarantee certain electric vehicle uptake rates over the next decade. Lastly, the effect of replacing one conventional vehicle by one electric vehicle on the public budget is investigated. Both, vehicle manufacture and use aspects are considered. The set up valuation model hereby accounts for direct and indirect financial impacts on the public budget. These comprise direct purchase subsidies, tax breaks, and tax income, as well as effects of changing employment situations that alter the amount of social contributions and unemployment benefits. The study's findings allow for various suggestions for vehicle manufacturers and policy makers willing to support the uptake of electric vehicles. ; L'étude s'attache à évaluer le marché potentiel des véhicules électriques auprès des ménages français. L'analyse porte non seulement sur les déterminants financiers de la demande, mais aussi sur les obstacles socio-économiques à l'adoption des véhicules électriques par ces ménages. L'approche désagrégée qui est appliquée à partir de la base de données de l'Enquête Nationale Transports et Déplacements 2007/2008 permet d'identifier les combinaisons d'instruments financiers les plus à même de garantir certains niveaux de pénétration du véhicule électrique dans la prochaine décennie. Les conclusions et observations tirées de l'étude permettent de formuler diverses suggestions à l'attention des constructeurs automobiles et des décideurs publics affichant la volonté de soutenir l'essor du véhicule électrique.

The system of water management in Romania has undergone various stages of evolution associated with government changes and the various floods the country had known. The flood risk is the more appropriate topic for a transdisciplinary analysis since risk understanding has to go through the analysis of the past and future hazard, the territory and the society. The aim of this thesis is to understand and quantify the impact of water management strategies on flood and fluvial system in Romania from the communism period until the integration of the country in European Union, trough the study case of the Lower Siret River. The diachronic analysis of interactions between social system and fluvial system is based on the study of hydro-climatic data, of various map material integrated into a GIS and of legislation and engineering texts. The results show that the past management left traces both on actual water management (development of structural measures and non-questioning the dykes network) and on the river morphology (narrowing of the active band, acceleration of flow velocity and disconnection of the flood plain). The entry of a risk analysis by the event and the geographical approach help to understand the complexity in time and space of interactions and feedbacks between fluvial system and social system. ; La gestion des inondations dépend étroitement du contexte politique et économique dans lequel elle est pensée, tout autant que des événements hydro-climatiques intenses. Le risque inondation est une étude qui se prête à une pensée transdisciplinaire puisque pour analyser le risque, il est nécessaire de comprendre l'aléa, passé et à venir et les sociétés qui façonnent le territoire dans lequel il s'inscrit. Cette thèse cherche à comprendre et à quantifier l'impact des stratégies d'aménagements sur l'espace fluvial et sur les inondations, de la période communiste à l'intégration de la Roumanie à l'Union européenne, à travers le cas du Siret inférieur. L'analyse diachronique des interactions entre système social et système fluvial est fondée sur l'étude de données de débits et de précipitations, de documents cartographiques intégrés dans un SIG et de textes législatifs et d'ingénierie. Le point de départ de l'analyse du risque inondation s'est fait par l'étude de l'événement de juillet 2005 qui a provoqué une vingtaine de morts et plusieurs millions d'euros de dégâts. Certes les caractéristiques hydro-climatiques de cet épisode sont exceptionnelles, mais les aménagements et les logiques associées participent à expliquer l'ampleur de la catastrophe. On constate que les stratégies passées d'aménagement de cours d'eau sont lisibles autant dans les choix actuels de gestion (préférence donnée aux mesures structurelles et non remise en cause des réseaux de défense) que sur l'espace fluvial (rétrécissement de la bande active, accélération des vitesses d'écoulement, déconnexion de la plaine alluviale). L'entrée d'une analyse du risque inondation par l'événement et l'approche géographique permettent ainsi d'appréhender la complexité dans le temps et dans l'espace, des interactions et rétro-actions entre système fluvial et système social.

En nuestro país existen múltiples entidades y materias que no aplican la Ley 80 de 1993. Así, el desarrollo de su actividad contractual escapa al ámbito normativo que establece el Estatuto General de Contratación de la Administración Pública, configurándose de esta manera los denominados regímenes excepcionales. Sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta que son entidades que administran recursos públicos y en virtud del deber de observancia de los principios que orientan la función administrativa establecido por el ordenamiento jurídico, el Derecho Público que pareciere inicialmente no exigible a estos regímenes termina siendo aplicado, llegando a convivir e interactuar entonces con el Derecho Privado preponderantemente aplicable en este tipo de entidades. Dentro de estas, precisamente, se encuentran las denominadas Empresas Sociales del Estado - ESES -, las cuales por disposición expresa del legislador en materia contractual se rigen por el Derecho Privado, pero otorgándoles además la facultad de utilizar las cláusulas exorbitantes previstas en el Estatuto Contractual. Este escenario particularmente confuso, donde impera la incertidumbre sobre el alcance de la aplicación del Derecho Público y/o del Derecho Privado, constituye el problema jurídico que se aborda en el presente trabajo, el cual se desarrolla a partir del estudio del régimen contractual de las ESES, señalando sus rasgos más importantes y brindando una serie de criterios para la determinación de aspectos puntuales como: la aplicación de los principios, el régimen de inhabilidades e incompatibilidades aplicable, la utilización de las cláusulas y potestades exorbitantes, las modalidades de selección del contratista, entre otros. ; In our country there are multiple entities who do not apply to their contractual regime, the Act 80 of 1993. Thus, the development of its activities escapes to the contractual regime which establishes the General Contracting Statute of the Public Administration, configuring the called exceptional regimes. However, considering these entities manage public resources and have the duty to apply the principles that guide the administrative function established by Colombian law, the public law is supposed not apply to these entities ends up being applied, coexisting with private law regime of these entities. Within these precisely are the so-called State Social Enterprises - SSE - which by express provision of the legislature in contractual matters are governed by private law, but also giving them the power to use exorbitant rules of the Contracting Statute. This scenario is particularly confusing, remains the uncertainty about the scope of the application of public law and / or private law , is the legal issue addressed in this paper which is developed from the study of the SSE contractual regime, noting its most important features and providing a set of criteria for determining aspects such as: the application of the principles, the rules of disabilities and incompatibilities applicable, the use of terms and exorbitant powers, the procedures for selecting contractors, among others.

Um die bessere Vergleichbarkeit von Abschlüssen nach internationalen Rechnungslegungsstandards über die Landesgrenzen hinweg zu gewährleisten, bedarf es auch einer einheitlichen Anwendung und Durchsetzung der Standards. Mit den Enforcement-Einrichtungen, die diese einheitliche Anwendung prüfen und durchsetzen, beschäftigt sich diese Arbeit. Der erste Fokuspunkt liegt dabei auf der konzeptionellen Begründung für die Notwendigkeit von Enforcementinstitutionen und auf deren Funktionen in Hinblick auf die Information und den Schutz des Kapitalmarktes. Weiterführend wird die rechtliche Entwicklung zum Thema Enforcement innerhalb Europas und die institutionelle Verankerung und Koordination auf EU-Ebene beschrieben. Das europäische System sieht nämlich vor, dass die eigentliche Durchsetzungstätigkeit durch die Mitgliedstaaten erfolgt, während die EU auf supranationaler Ebene hauptsächlich für die Schaffung allgemein koordinierender Rahmenbedingungen zuständig. Der dritte und größte Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der vergleichenden Beschreibung von verschiedenen nationalen Ausgestaltungsvarianten, deren Prüfungsmethoden, den Durchsetzungsmöglichkeiten und den empirischen Ergebnissen aus der Tätigkeit. Dazu werden die Institutionen der Länder Großbritannien, Frankreich und Deutschland dargestellt sowie auch einer kritischen Würdigung unterzogen. Der daraus entstehende, groß angelegte Vergleich soll die Gemeinsamkeiten, vor allem aber auch die Unterschiede dieser Varianten zeigen. Zusätzlich wird auf die Ergebnisse und auch auf deren Nutzung auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene eingegangen. Im dritten Teil wird dann auch noch die Situation des Enforcement in Österreich beschrieben, wo eine solche Einrichtung erst 2012 gesetzlich festgeschrieben und 2013 errichtet wurde, um zu zeigen, wie hierzulande das Enforcement in Zukunft aussehen wird und an welcher der drei zuvor beschriebenen Varianten sich der österreichische Gesetzgeber orientiert hat. ; To guarantee that there is a higher international comparability of financial reports prepared under international reporting standards the consistent application and enforcement of these standards is a necessary condition. This thesis emphasises on institutions which review this enforce the consistent application. At first, a conceptual justification of why such institutions are really necessary is given and furthermore it will be specified how they are contributing to a better information of investors on capital markets. Afterwards the legal development concerning Enforcement within the European Union will be shown. The European system of Enforcement delegates the task to each member state, which have to name or establish an institution that reviews certain financial information and tries to prevent, or if already existent identify and correct errors within those reports. The Union is just providing the basic conditions and offering coordinative mechanisms. The third and by far biggest part of this thesis is a comparative description of the three different national models of such institutions in Great Britain, France and Germany. It is shown how these institutions are working, how they review and which possible actions they are able to take to enforce their findings. Out of this descriptions results a table which in summary compares the most important criteria of national institutions and areas of where they are equal or differ from each other. It is also shown which empirical results the work of such institutions provides and how those results and gathered information are used on a national and international level. At last there is also a part which describes the situation in Austria, where an institution for Enforcement was recently legally consolidated in 2012 and established in 2013 to show how Enforcement will be done in Austria and on which of the above described model the Austrian standard setter relied most in his work. ; Gernot Gassmann ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2013 ; (VLID)234376

Resumen:Una política de salud signi ca todo el proceso elaborado por los agentes gubernamentales, civiles y la comunidad participativa de una sociedad para el progreso de una buena calidad de salud a todos los ciudadanos. El medicamento genérico es considerado como un fármaco similar al de marca, y que posee el mismo principio activo, la misma dosis con la farmacocinética y vías de administraciones semejantes. Una de las características es el precio de bajo coste. El hito de la política de genéricos del gobierno brasileño es ampliar el acceso de la población a los medicamentos. El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar la elaboración y la implementación de un conjunto de políticas, de salud e industriales, que permiten la fabricación y distribución de medicamentos genéricos por parte de Brasil.La metodología usada fue el análisis de dependencia del camino o path dependency y las bases de datos de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, Lylacs, Bireme, Google Académico, SciELO y Dialnet.Abstract Abstract: A health policy means all the processes developed by government agents, civil and the community"s participation of a society for the advancement of good quality health care for all citizens. The generic drug is considered as a similar to the brand-name drug and has the same active ingredient, with the same dose and route of administration phar- macokinetics like. One feature is the price of low cost. The milestone generic policy of the Brazilian govern-ment is to expand public access to medicines. The objective of this research is to analyze the development and implementation of a set of policies, health and industry, enabling the manufacture and distribution of generic drugs from Brazil. The methodology used was the analysis of path dependency and the databases such us the Virtual Health Library, Lylacs, Bireme, Google Scholar, SciELO and Dialnet. ResumUna política de salut significa tot el procés elaborat pels agents governamentals, civils i la comunitat participativa d"una societat per al progrés d"una bona qualitat de salut a tots els ciutadans. El medicament genèric és considerat com un fàrmac similar al de marca, i que posseeix el mateix principi actiu, la mateixa dosi amb la farmacocinètica i vies d"administracions semblants. Una de les seues característiques és el preu de baix cost. La fita de la política de genèrics del govern brasiler és ampliar l"accés de la població als medicaments. L"objectiu d"aquesta recerca és analitzar l"elaboració i la implementació d"un conjunt de polítiques, de salut i industrials, que permeten la fabricació i distribució de medicaments genèrics per part de govern de Brasil. La metodologia emprada va ser l"anàlisi de dependència del camí o path dependency i les bases de dades de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salut , Lylacs , Bireme , Google cadèmic , SciELO i Dialnet Paraules clau: Polítiques públiques

En este texto se exponen el desarrollo y las experiencias obtenidas durante la implementación de un proyecto denominado Sí se puede, Teocelo: promoción cultural y construcción local de ciudadanías, de dos años de duración. En él intervinieron principalmente la Universidad Veracruzana, la Red Iberoamericana para el Desarrollo Sustentable (Reddes) y el Ayuntamiento de Teocelo, instituciones que firmaron un convenio de colaboración. Se buscó impulsar actividades culturales con la participación de actores locales para mejorar los servicios culturales públicos, especialmente los de la biblioteca municipal, así como identificar y proponer soluciones a problemáticas locales. También, documentar las dificultades y las sinergias logradas, que entorpecieron o facilitaron su realización. Se relatan los antecedentes que situaron el proyecto en el municipio; posteriormente, se definen los principales conceptos movilizados en la investigación, así como su metodología; se describen las actividades emprendidas, los fracasos y los logros: la promoción de lectura con niños, jóvenes y adultos (se leyeron aproximadamente 50 títulos en diversos círculos), la elaboración de ocho productos multimedia de contenido educativo y social (1 Gb), entre otros. Los autores subrayan la colaboración y la participación entusiasta de diversos grupos de la población; sin embargo, señalan también un habitus burocrático de la administración municipal y su indiferencia cada vez más acentuada hacia el proyecto, que generó conflictos y divergencias que llevaron a su suspensión.Abstract This text presents the development and the experiences of the implementation of an intervention project first named "Sí se puede, Teocelo: cultural promotion and local construction of citizenship" with a duration of two years. Principally involved were the Universidad Veracruzana, the Red Iberoamericana para el Desarrollo Sustentable and the Teocelo's municipal board of commission, institutions that all agreed to participate with the signing of a collaboration agreement. The project was aimed toward the implementation of cultural activities involving local social actors to improve public cultural services, especially those of the municipal library, and to expose and search for solutions to local problems. Troubles that complicated the realization of the activities and synergies that facilitated them were also documented. This paper relates the project's background and the choice of this community; then, we define the main theoretical concepts and the methodological decisions adopted. We describe the activities launched and its failures and successes: the reading promotion with children, young people and adults (50 different titles were read in the context of reading circles), eight multimedia products were made with cultural and educational purposes (1 GB), among other activities. The authors emphasize the enthusiastic participation and cooperation of some groups of inhabitants but they also remark on the bureaucratic habitus of government authorities and the increasing indifference towards the project, indifference that created conflicts and divergences that finally put an end to it. Recibido: 03 de diciembre de 2012Aceptado: 03 de junio de 2013

Since 1986, the Gitksan Government Commission (GGC), located in Hazelton, British Columbia, has been providing technical, advisory and support services to their four member Bands (Gitanmaax, Gitanyow, Kispiox, and Sik-e-dakh). They have recently completed the planning phase of an extensive, community-based Comprehensive Community Planning (CCP) project, and are now embarking on its implementation. The practicum requirement, for the University of British Columbia's Indigenous Community Planning (ICP) program (at the School of Community and Regional Planning), provides a unique opportunity for Graduate students to gain hands-on experience with an Indigenous community that is engaged in a planning process. In Fall 2012, we (Lesley Campbell and Kate Kittredge) were invited to support the GGC, both on and off-site over a seven-month period, in their CCP implementation work. Once the GGC identified their implementation priorities, we dove right into the practicum partnership with Sandra Harris, our talented practicum partner. Through the development of the Learning Agreement, we collaboratively defined the objectives, deliverables, scope, principles, and ethics that would guide our work. Our partnership was grounded in a methodology inspired by collaborative planning theory, and was reflective of the GGC's culturally based approach to planning. Together we embarked on 4 Pillars of Planning Action: 1) Practicum Preparation, Intercommunity/Interagency Cooperation and Support; 2) Housing: Community Awareness Raising and Education Initiative; 3) CORE Binders, an Information Management System, Cover Pages, and Indicator Proposal and Work Plan; and 4) Final Presentations. Based on the changing needs of the communities, we regularly adapted timelines and deliverables. The materials we created with them (such as the housing brochures and the Gitksan Indicator Project proposal) will continue to be adapted by them and, will support their 'Next Steps' as they continue with their CCP implementation work, and its ongoing evaluation and monitoring. The GGC is a unique and effective leader. Our practicum with them provided many learning opportunities. For example, we witnessed the centrality of relationships as the GGC continuously adapted to community needs, built capacity, and fostered partnerships among the four member communities. We observed how Gitksan culture and values guide dialogue and support challenging decision-making (specifically around housing arrears), the importance of using a strengths-based approach to ICP, and some comparative differences between mainstream and Indigenous planning. We also experienced the challenges and rewards of working with external partners, and as part of a student team. Supporting the GGC in their CCP implementation provided the opportunity to offer our facilitation, writing and analytical skills while learning about the complexity of ICP, on-Reserve, in a Northern Canadian context. The richness of our practicum experience has helped shape us as emerging Indigenous Community Planners. ; Applied Science, Faculty of ; Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of ; Unreviewed ; Graduate

Este artículo presenta los resultados de «Observar TV», un observatorio infantil de televisión puesto en marcha en la ciudad de Barranquilla (Colombia) en el que los niños y niñas participantes actuaron como protagonistas de los procesos de investigación, formación e interlocución llevados a cabo. El proyecto apuntó a: 1) La reflexión y discusión de las preferencias y opiniones que niños/as presentaron en relación con la televisión; 2) La identificación e interpelación de sus imaginarios de la ciudadanía alrededor de la convivencia y la paz, la interculturalidad y la participaciónresponsabilidad democrática; 3) El desarrollo de procesos de formación que contribuyeran a cualificar su capacidad crítica en torno a la televisión y su consumo; 4) La visibilización de los niños/as como interlocutores en la agenda pública de su ciudad. El proceso se desarrolló desde la investigación-acción participativa utilizando técnicas cualitativas (grupos focales, talleres y observación), para la ejecución de tres componentes simultáneos: investigación, formación y visibili za ción/interacción. Los resultados permitieron constatar que los chicos se presentaron críticos hacia la televisión, dando a conocer sus gustos y disgustos en relación con los contenidos. También que ellos asumieron el reto de discutir, transformar o reafirmar sus imaginarios de ciudadanía, y fortalecieron su capacidad expresiva al vincular las reflexiones surgidas en el observatorio dentro del programa «Aprender a ver TV», del canal regional «Telecaribe ; This paper presents the results of work on «Observar TV», a children's observatory of television launched in the city of Barranquilla (Colombia) in which children participated as protagonists in research, training and spaces for dialogue centred on their observations of television broadcasts. The goals of the project included: 1) to ascertain the reflection and discussion of preferences and opinions (expressed by boys and girls) regarding television; 2) to identify and discuss their imagery around citizenship in relation to coexistence and peace, multiculturalism and democratic responsibility and participation; 3) to understand the development processes that contribute to the construction of their critical thinking abilities regarding television and its consumption; 4) to increase the visibility of children as active participants in setting the public agenda of their city. This study was developed using a participatory action research approach that employed qualitative methods (focus groups, workshops, and observations) for the simultaneous execution of three components: research, training, and visibility/interaction. The results demonstrate that the child participants displayed a critical attitude toward television and expressed their likes and dislikes regarding television content. The participants took up the challenge to discuss, transform, or reaffirm their imagery relating to citizenship and strengthened their capacities in language and communication. The children expressed the reflections that came up in the work of the observatory by participating in the television program «Learning to watch television», that was produced by the regional station Telecaribe.

ResumenIntroducción: Las políticas públicas corresponden al diseño de acciones colectivas y el curso que efectivamente toman las acciones como resultado de las interacciones que comporta y, en consecuencia, los hechos reales que la acción colectiva produce.Objetivo: Plantear una metodología participativa para la construcción de políticas públicas en localidades municipales urbanas.Métodos: el estudio se realizó en dos fases: una primera de tipo descriptivo para caracterizar los sistemas humanos y ambiental y una segunda fase correspondió a investigación participación mediante la cual se construyeron los lineamientos de las políticas públicas, previa priorización de problemas con la población e instituciones y propuestas de solución siguiendo las fases que contempla el método del arco de Maguerez.Resultados: Se logró priorizar con la población participante y las instituciones desde lo individual, familiar y comunitario, ocho determinantes: bajo nivel educativo, bajos ingresos económicos, débil participación y organización comunitaria, escasez de vivienda propia, servicios de salud centrados en lo curativo, inadecuado uso de tiempo libre, deficientes condiciones de infraestructura para la movilidad y subvaloración de los entornos naturales, que se socializaron con los entes gubernamentales y la comunidad para aportar a la construcción de políticas públicas que coadyuven a mejorar los componentes de los sistemas estudiados, desde una perspectiva de desarrollo humano y bienestar. Conclusión: El estudio permitió disponer de una metodología basada en las características de los sistemas, humano y ambiental que consensuados con la población y las autoridades locales generan información para la construcción de políticas públicas.AbstractIntroduction: Public policies are for the design of collective action and the course that is effectively is taken by the action as a result of interactions and, in consequence the real facts that collective action produce.Objective: To introduce a participatory methodology for the construction of municipal public policies in urban locations.Methods: The study was conducted in two phases: a first descriptive to characterize human and environmental systems and a second phase corresponded to research-participation, which let guidelines of public policy were built, upon prioritization of problems with the population and institutions and proposed solutions following the phases that includes the arc approach Maguerez.Results: It was possible to prioritize eight determinants with the participant population and institutions from the individual, family and community: low education, low income, weak community participation and organization, lack of home ownership, health services focused on curative , inappropriate use of free time, poor infrastructure conditions for mobility and undervaluation of natural environments, socialized with government agencies and the community to contribute to the construction of public policies that help to improve the components of the systems studied, from perspective of human development and welfare. Conclusion: The study permitted provide a methodology based on the characteristics of human and environmental systems, that in agreed with the population and local authorities may generate information for the construction of public policies.

In recent years European Commission has developed a set of documents for Members States tracing, directly or indirectly, recommendations for the transformation of the European city. The paper wants to outline which future EU draws for the city, through an integrated and contextual reading of addresses and strategies contained in the last documents, a future often suggested as Smart City. Although the three main documents (Cohesion Policy 2014-2020 of European Community, Digital Agenda for Europe and European Urban Agenda) face the issue of the future development of European cities from different points of view, which are respectively cohesion social, ICT and urban dimension, each of them pays particular attention to urban and territorial dimension, identified by the name of Smart City. In other words, the paper aims at drawing the scenario of evolution of Smart Cities that can be delineated through the contextual reading of the three documents. To this end, the paper is divided into three parts: the first part briefly describes the general contents of the three European economic plan tools; the second part illustrates the scenarios for the future of the European city contained in each document; the third part seeks to trace the evolution of the Smart Cities issue developed by the set of the three instruments, in order to provide the framework of European Community for the near future of our cities. ; Negli ultimi anni la Commissione Europea ha elaborato una serie di documenti per gli Sati Membri che tracciano, direttamente o indirettamente, indirizzi per la trasformazione della città europea. Il paper vuole tentare di delineare quale futuro l'Unione Europea traccia per la città attraverso la lettura integrata e contestuale di indirizzi e strategie contenuti negli ultimi documenti, futuro spesso indicato sotto il nome di Smart City. Sebbene i tre principali documenti (la Politica di Coesione 2014-2020 della Comunità Europea, un'Agenda Digitale per l'Europa e l'Agenda Urbana Europea) affrontino il tema del futuro sviluppo degli Stati Europei da differenti punti di vista, quali rispettivamente coesione sociale, ICT e dimensione urbana, ognuno di essi dedica particolare attenzione alla dimensione urbana e territoriale, individuata sotto il nome di Smart City. L'obiettivo del paper è, in altre parole, tracciare lo scenario di evoluzione delle Smart Cities che può essere delineato attraverso la lettura contestuale dei tre documenti. A tal fine il paper si articola in tre parti: la prima parte descrive brevemente i contenuti generali dei tre strumenti di programmazione europea; la seconda parte illustra gli scenari per il futuro della città europea contenuti in ciascun documento; la terza parte cerca di tracciare le linee evolutive che l'insieme dei tre strumenti offre in tema di Smart Cities al fine di fornire il quadro di riferimento della Comunità Europea per il prossimo futuro delle nostre città.

Las plantas de generación eléctrica en España pueden vender su energía a través de contratos directamente con los consumidores a los que abastecen, o bien, pueden acudir a diversos mercados eléctricos en función de la tecnología empleada para el mismo. Esto es debido, a que cada planta de generación presenta unas características tecnológicas imponiendo una serie de restricciones técnicas en los mercados a los que acuden. Este suceso, determina el comportamiento del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional así como los ingresos obtenidos por la venta de electricidad. Sin embargo, el comportamiento del mismo es dinámico en el tiempo ya que fluctúa significativamente en función de múltiples parámetros, como puede ser desde los cambios legislativos al incremento del número de centrales de producción. El presente proyecto consiste en la elaboración de una aplicación informática que en base a datos históricos disponibles públicamente analice el comportamiento de estas tecnologías en los diferentes mercados eléctricos en el corto plazo. También permite estimar los ingresos obtenidos por cada tipo de tecnología en función del volumen de energía programado en cada mercado. Para un análisis más profundo del mismo, se permite desglosar la información en las diferentes Unidades de Programación entendiéndose como tal al elemento mínimo con capacidad de ofertar en un mercado. Igualmente con estas unidades se puede obtener tanto el volumen de energía programado en cada mercado como una estimación de sus ingresos. Estos análisis son empleados para estudiar la fuerte interrelación que existe entre los diversos mercados, ya que los resultados obtenidos en cada uno de ellos son determinantes para predecir la evolución de los sucesivos mercados. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ; The power plants in Spain can sell their energy through contracts directly with consumers, or they can participate in many electricity markets. Each generation plant has their own technology with technical restrictions in the markets they attend. This event determines the behavior of the national electricity system as well as income from the sale of electricity. However, the dynamic behavior is the same time as it fluctuates significantly depending on many parameters, such as from the legislative changes to increase the number of production plants. This project involves the development of a software application based on public historical data to analyze the behavior of these technologies in different electricity markets in the short term. It also allows estimating the income from each type of technology based on the volume of energy scheduled in each market. For a deeper analysis, the software application distinguishes between the different Programming Units, that´s to say, the minimum element capable of offering in a market. Also with these units can be obtained either programmed energy volume in each market as an estimate of their income. These analyzes are used to study the strong interrelationship between the different markets, since the results obtained in each of them are crucial to predict the evolution of successive markets. ; Ingeniería Industrial

Like all the others territorial-political systems in Europe, even Siciliy is characterized by the presence of royal Courts of Appeal, institutions that a consolidated – even if outdated – legal-historical tradition brought together under the generic name of "Grandi Corti" (Great Courts) or "Tribunali Supremi " (Supreme Courts). It is known that the definition of "Grande Tribunale" can be related to the Suprem Court of every state-organization of the Modern Age; a high court composed only by the choicest jurists, personally appointed by the sovereign, with exclusive competence on a number of subjects (above all crimen lesae maiestatis) and competence of appeal on any sentence emitted by lower tribunals. In the past decades, the studies on the "Grandi Tribunali" had a significant development, even though characterized by sporadic occurrence; in addition, it's to point out that, at least by historians of Law, it has been paid more attention to the production of case law – in particular the collections of decisiones – than to the procedural documentation. Therefore, being so relevant the analysis of these structures, wich stood at the top of the administrative and jurisdictional organization of early modern kingdoms, equally valuable is the study of the officiales, i.e. the judges who formed the courts. These figures, in fact, constituted a powerful and often cohesive class, the so-called togati, which greatly influenced the institutional dynamics of the Five seventeenth century monarchies. Appointed by the sovereigns in order to set up their own judicial arm and ensure the strict application of the royal law, these officials actually exercised an alternative power, often opposing to the central one. This counter-power stemmed precisely from the prominent role performed, ex officio, in the administration of justice of last degree, not to mention the personal prestige claimed by these judges, chosen among the most distinguished jurists of the realm and coming from the most relevant families. A silent confrontation, then, that elects Law – and in particular the rules of the process – as a privileged ground of clash. This is a capital fact, especially if focusing, as I intend to do in this paper, on the collections of Seventeenth century decisiones relating to the judgements of the "Supremi Tribunali" of the Regnum Siciliae. These represent a literary genre flourishing in Sicily in that time, a genre to which the most distinguished jurists devoted themselves, the same who, as mentioned, were part of those same courts as judges. These primary sources return an image of a legal doctrine committed to provide such an extensive interpretation of the royal law as to result almost subversive, presenting a scheme in wich the doctrin produced by the togati became itself a source of law, thus overtaking the royal legitimacy. Here, then, as the Sixteenth century judge, in his role as high royal official, becomes the balance of the political, institutional an doctrinal reality of the Regnum Siciliae.

Health sector reform is ongoing in many countries to bring out the efficiency, equity effectiveness. Nepal initiated health sector reform, through operational plan, Nepal health sector programme-implementation plan (2004-2009) .The major objective was to achieve millennium development goal through efficient and equitable health system. The government is now on Nepal health sector programme II (2010-2015), but the status of equity and efficiency is still unanswered. The present study was carried to assess the equity and efficiency in the maternal health programme, Priority 1 programme, before and after health sector reform. The equity analysis was done using data from the Nepal demographic health survey 2001, 2006 and 2011.The data were analyzed using the concentration index, highest-lowest difference, rate-ratio,percentage change. The inequality is determined across wealth, place of residence, administrative region and ethnicity. The result shows that wealth related inequity has decreased (decreasing concentration index) except for the poorest 20 (increased highest-lowest difference).The rural-urban gap is increasing in two indicators: institutional delivery and delivery conducted by skilled birth attendant. The inequality among the administrative region is decreasing. The ethnic and underprivileged populations are utilizing service at slower rate than the privileged population. The efficiency analysis was done for the year 2001, 2006 and 2011 using the output oriented data envelopment analysis method. The data on input and output indicators were collected from the multiple secondary sources. The technical and scale efficiency were determined for each 75 districts. The result shows that average technical efficiency score has decreased and scale efficiency score has increased after health sector reform. There exists the topographical variation on the distribution of efficiency score, resulting on the terai having the highest score and mountain the least score. In the year 2010, 22 out of 75districts were technically efficient. The narrowing wealth related inequity can be attributed to safe delivery incentive programme. The rural-urban distance can be attributed to difficult topography , absenteeism of health workers, infrastructure etc.The health access gap among ethnic group exist due to normative issue such as faith, cultural beliefs and the practical reasons such as economic, health service factor etc.The decreasing technical efficiency is due to lack of decentralization, unfilled sanctioned post,abseentism of health worker, the leakage of resources, unavailability of equipments .The increasing scale efficiency is due to increase in input resources mainly budget after the health sector reform,as most of the scale were increasing in return. The study recommends the proper decentralization, fulfillment of staff with inclusion of ethnic and underserved population and better procurement of equipment and drugs in health institution. The study recommends for further research on increasing gap on access of services between poorest and richest population despite of free service and monetary incentives. The study also recommends the efficiency study at different level of health institution and investigating the factors effecting on efficiency