Suchergebnisse

В статье рассматривается структура историко-сравнительного метода, который был разработан М. М. Ковалевским в конце XIX в. С позиции современных методологических подходов выделяются и анализируются такие его составляющие, как теория, методика и техника исследования. В рамках теории компаративного метода М. М. Ковалевского делается попытка сформулировать задания этого средства познания, а также обозначить основные подходы и принципы их решения. При помощи таблицы очерчивается технология историко-сравнительного метода М. М. Ковалевского. ; Recent trends of the science of history of state and law development are convincing evidence of the urgent need to improve and put in order all the methodological arsenal that is used. Sometimes the question is raised more radically: historical and legal science immediately needs its own means of scientific knowledge. This is due to the fact that in modern research on historical and legal subject-matter, that is extremely complex, a scientist needs a qualitative methodological tools acting primarily as a guideline in the vast historical and legal space. Comparative historical and legal method is able to be one of those guidelines which main difference from other comparative means of scientific knowledge is a flexible combination of comparative, historical and legal approaches. Despite the fact that this method is qualitatively different from the comparative and historical, and comparative and legal ones they have development history in common. M. M. Kovalevsky is considered to be the scientist who made the most weighty contribution to the working out of that methodological tendency of legal science. The work of this pre-revolutionary researcher in the field of legal comparative study is so fruitful that still remains a subject of attention of various legal disciplines, including the history of state and law science. A lot of prominent history scientists and lawyers have repeatedly focused on M. M. Kovalevsky's historical and comparative method. Furthermore, M. A. Damirli, V. T. Zonov, O. V. Kresin, M. N. Marchenko, N. Nikolaenko, A. H. Saidov, A. O. Tille, E. O. Skrypilyov, I. M. Sytar, G. V. Shvekov and others are among them. At the same time, despite the coverage of the individual elements of M. M. Kovalevsky's comparative method in the scientific literature, the holistic view of its structure and functions of each of its components is not formed yet. Appropriate research using structural and functional approach is required. The purpose of this scientific paper is the structural and functional analysis of M. M. Kovalevsky's historical and comparative method by isolating its elements such as the theory, methodology and research technique. As a result, this should allow to debate about the importance of this way of knowledge for the development of law comparative study as the subject matter at hand. In his work «Historical and comparative method in jurisprudence and ways of studying the history of law» M. M. Kovalevsky seeks not only to prove the importance of comparative way of knowledge for research in the field of law, but also provides initial theoretical and methodological reasoning of the new method. In the context of structural and functional approach to the content of M. M. Kovalevsky's historical and comparative method it is already possible to single out its necessary elements such as the theory, methods and research technique, indicating the scientist's attempts to develop a certain concept of use of this means of knowledge. In particular, he reveals the theory of his method by setting tasks of building the history of progressive forms development for living together and studying the history of law of one nation or another and also through historical and comparative approaches to their solution. In M. M. Kovalevsky's work we can also find the principles of the research objectives use which are the basis of his method theory. Methods and technique of historical and comparative analysis subject to the requirement to compare the largest possible number of objects, in the form of legislation, that should belong to peoples which are close in their social development, and are specified in the appropriate practical recommendations. In addition, M. M. Kovalevsky directly indicates the possibility for involving other methodological ways during the comparative analysis to obtain new facts. Estimating the M. M. Kovalevsky's efforts in the methodology of historical and legal comparative study it should be noted that the attitude to his method in the scientific community is controversial. While agreeing, in general, with a positive appreciation of the M. M. Kovalevsky's scientific heritage it should be pointed that the scientist first qualitatively tried to develop theoretical and methodological basis for the historical and comparative method in the domestic comparative study. Despite the fact that while theoretically reasoning his own method, M. M. Kovalevsky lacked modern structural and functional approach, but in most cases he was able to aptly describe the individual elements of the theory, methods and technique of the new means of special and scientific knowledge.

Цель: выработать комплексное научное представление о конституционных основах права собственности граждан и организаций на недвижимое имущество. Методы: обще- и частнонаучные, в том числе формально-логические методы (гипотеза, анализ, синтез, дедукция, индукция). Из специальных применялись исторический, юридико-технический, межотраслевой, сравнительно-правовой, системный и другие методы научного познания. Результаты: во-первых, Конституция РФ не содержит развернутого регулирования имущественных отношений, так как такое регулирование осуществляется отраслевым гражданским законодательством. Следовательно, если те или иные имущественные споры затрагивают существенные имущественные интересы физических и юридических лиц, не находящиеся под защитой права собственности в его традиционном понимании, возникает необходимость расширительного истолкования соответствующих норм Конституции РФ. Однако смешения вещных и обязательственных прав в данном случае не происходит. Во-вторых, Гражданский кодекс Российской Федерации, воспроизводя и конкретизируя конституционные положения в качестве принципов частного права, составляет непосредственную нормативную основу всего гражданского законодательства. Однако в конституционном праве понятиям собственность и право собственности придается более широкое значение, нежели в традиционной цивилистике. В-третьих, возможные ограничения федеральным законом прав владения, пользования и распоряжения имуществом, а также свободы предпринимательской деятельности и свободы договоров должны отвечать требованиям справедливости, быть адекватными, пропорциональными, соразмерными, носить общий и абстрактный характер, не иметь обратной силы и не затрагивать существо данных конституционных прав, т. е. не ограничивать пределы и применение основного содержания соответствующих конституционных норм. Сама же возможность ограничений, как и их характер, должна обусловливаться необходимостью защиты конституционно значимых ценностей - основ конституционного строя, нравственности, здоровья, прав и законных интересов других лиц, обеспечения обороны страны и безопасности государства. Научная новизна: в работе представлены результаты изучения судебной практики Конституционного суда РФ и Европейского суда по правам человека по вопросам права собственности граждан и организаций на недвижимое имущество. Автором рассматриваются правовые позиции данных судебных органов с целью выявления правовых коллизий и пробелов в российском законодательстве, а также определения направлений совершенствования гражданского законодательства. Практическая значимость: заключается в том, что результаты исследования могут быть использованы в целях правотворчества для совершенствования норм отечественного конституционного и гражданского законодательства. Отдельные положения могут быть восприняты судебной практикой при рассмотрении и разрешении дел. Научные предложения могут найти применение также при подготовке учебных программ, пособий и при преподавании курсов «Гражданское право», «Земельное право», «Вещные права на недвижимое имущество». ; Objective: to develop a comprehensive scientific conception of the constitutional foundations of the property rights of citizens and organizations for real estate. Methods: general and specific scientific methods, including formal logical methods (hypothesis, analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction). The special methods included historical, legal-technical, interdisciplinary, comparative-legal, systemic and other methods of scientific cognition. Results: first, the Constitution of the Russian Federation does not contain detailed regulation of property relations, as they are regulated by the branches of Civil law. Therefore, as certain property disputes affect substantial property interests of physical and juridical persons which are not under the protection of property rights in the traditional sense, there is a need for a broad interpretation of the relevant provisions of the Russian Constitution. However, the mixing of proprietary and contractual rights in this case does not occur. Second, the Russian Civil Code, reproducing and specifying the constitutional provisions as principles of private law, form a direct normative basis of the whole civil law. However, the constitutional law attributes a broader meaning to the notions of property and property right than the traditional civil law. Third, the possible limitations of the Federal law of the rights of ownership, use and disposition of property, as well as freedom of entrepreneurship and freedom of contract, must meet the requirements of justice, to be adequate, proportionate, be of general and abstract character, be not retroactive and not affect the essence of constitutional rights, i.e. not limit the scope and application of the substantive content of the relevant constitutional norms.The possibility of such limitations and their nature must be determinedby the need to protect the significant values the foundations of the constitutional system, morality, health, rights and lawful interests of other persons, provision of national defense and state security. Scientific novelty: the article presents the study of the Russian constitutional court and the European court on human rights practices, relatedto the issues of property rights of citizens and organizations on real estate. The author discusses the legal positions of the above judicial bodies in order to identify the legal challenges and gaps in the Russian legislation, as well as to identify the areas for improvement of the civil legislation. Practical significance: the research results can be used for the purposes of law-making to improve the standards of domestic constitutional and civil law. Certain provisions may be usedin judicial practice for the consideration and resolution of cases. Research proposals may also find application in the preparation of curricula, textbooks and teaching courses on "Civil law", "Land law", "Proprietary rights for real estate".

El Modelo de Gestión del Conocimiento para la Unidad de Marketing Corporativo de Cajasan en Santander, busca mediante la implementación de herramientas crear un ambiente de colaboración en donde se comparta el conocimiento y se desarrollen ventajas competitivas que mejoren la capacidad de aprender y resolver problemas. La metodología se desarrolló en cuatro fases: Diagnóstico, Diseño del Modelo, Implementación de Herramientas y Socialización. Para el diagnóstico se aplicó un instrumento de 35 preguntas estructurado en los tres capitales: Humano, Estructural y Relacional. Los resultados en el diagnóstico permitieron concluir que el Nivel de Madurez de los tres capitales de la Unidad de Marketing Corporativo está en un Nivel Sensible y se identificaron las principales fortalezas y debilidades que orientaron el desarrollo del modelo. El Modelo propuesto se denomina "La Casa del Conocimiento" el cual integra los tres capitales: El capital Humano representado por los 72 colaboradores de la Unidad en los niveles operativo, Táctico y Estratético; el Capital Estructural comprende los documentos del Sistema de Gestión de Calidad, el sistema de información y los valores corporativos; en el capital Relacional las mas de 12 mil empresas afiliadas. El modelo incluye los tres procesos claves de la Unidad: Aportes, Subsidio y Fidelización y el corazón se fundamenta en el modelo de Nonaka y Takeuchi mediante los cuatro procesos claves: Interiorización, Socialización, Exteriorización y Combinación, cada uno con las políticas que permiten su implementación al interior de la Unidad. Como herramientas se diseñaron e implementaron en la intranet de la Corporación: El Directorio de Expertos, los Equipos de Mejoramiento, Nuevos Servicios, Preguntas Frecuentes y Lecciones Aprendidas. Al momento de socializarlo con el equipo se divulgo el Banco de Estímulos, que busca incentivar su uso en el equipo y lograr de esta forma los objetivos planteados. ; Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey ITESM ; INTRODUCCION 9 CAPITULO 1. DEFINICION DEL PROBLEMA 11 1.1 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 11 1.2 JUSTIFICACION 12 1.3 OBJETIVOS 14 1.3.1 Objetivo General. 14 1.3.2 Objetivos Específicos. 15 CAPITULO 2. MARCO REFERENCIAL 16 2.1 MARCO TEORICO 16 2.1.1 Gestión del conocimiento. 17 2.1.2 Capital Intelectual. 25 2.2 ESTADO DEL ARTE 26 CAPITULO 3. DISEÑO METODOLOGICO 29 CAPITULO 4. RESULTADOS DE LA INVESTIGACION 31 4.1 DIAGNOSTICO DE CAPITAL INTELECTUAL DE LA UNIDAD DE MARKETING CORPORATIVO DE CAJASAN 31 4.1.1. Caja Santandereana de Subsidio Familiar Cajasan 31 4.1.2 Unidad de Marketing Corporativo. 33 4.1.3 Situación actual de la gestión del conocimiento. 37 4.1.4 Diagnóstico y presentación de resultados. 38 4.2 MODELO DE GESTION DE CONOCIMIENTO PARA LA UNIDAD DE MARKETING CORPORATIVO DE CAJASAN 50 4.2.1 Definición del modelo. 51 4.2.2 Creación del proceso de gestión del conocimiento. 53 4.3 HERRAMIENTAS PROPUESTAS PARA LA GESTION DE CONOCIMIENTO EN LA UNIDAD DE MARKETING CORPORATIVO 60 4.3.1 Directorio de expertos. DEX. 61 4.3.2 Equipos de mejoramiento. EME. 62 4.3.3 Generación de nuevos servicios. NUSER 64 4.3.4 Preguntas frecuentes. PFRE. 65 4.3.5 Lecciones aprendidas. 67 4.3.6 Banco de Estímulos. BAES. 69 CAPITULO 5. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES 74 BIBLIOGRAFIA 76 ANEXOS 79 ; Maestría ; The Knowledge Management Model for the Corporate Marketing Unit of Cajasan in Santander, seeks through the implementation of tools to create a collaborative environment where knowledge is shared and competitive advantages are developed that improve the ability to learn and solve problems. The methodology was developed in four phases: Diagnosis, Design of the Model, Implementation of Tools and Socialization. For the diagnosis, an instrument of 35 questions structured in the three capitals: Human, Structural and Relational was applied. The results of the diagnosis allowed to conclude that the Maturity Level of the three capitals of the Corporate Marketing Unit is at a Sensitive Level and the main strengths and weaknesses that guided the development of the model were identified. The proposed Model is called "The House of Knowledge" which integrates the three capitals: Human capital represented by the 72 collaborators of the Unit at the operational, Tactical and Strategic levels; the Structural Capital comprises the documents of the Quality Management System, the information system and the corporate values; in Relational capital the more than 12 thousand affiliated companies. The model includes the three key processes of the Unit: Contributions, Subsidy and Loyalty and the heart is based on the model of Nonaka and Takeuchi through the four key processes: Internalization, Socialization, Externalization and Combination, each one with the policies that allow their implementation within the Unit. The following tools were designed and implemented on the Corporation's intranet: The Directory of Experts, Improvement Teams, New Services, Frequently Asked Questions and Lessons Learned. At the time of socializing it with the team, the Stimulus Bank was disclosed, which seeks to encourage its use in the team and thus achieve the objectives set.

In Public Key Infrastructures (PKIs), trusted Certification Authorities (CAs) issue public key certificates which bind public keys to the identities of their owners. This enables the authentication of public keys which is a basic prerequisite for the use of digital signatures and public key encryption. These in turn are enablers for e-business, e-government and many other applications, because they allow for secure electronic communication. With the Internet being the primary communication medium in many areas of economic, social, and political life, the so-called Web PKI plays a central role. The Web PKI denotes the global PKI which enables the authentication of the public keys of web servers within the TLS protocol and thus serves as the basis for secure communications over the Internet. However, the use of PKIs in practice bears many unsolved problems. Numerous security incidents in recent years have revealed weaknesses of the Web PKI. Because of these weaknesses, the security of Internet communication is increasingly questioned. Central issues are (1) the globally predefined trust in hundreds of CAs by browsers and operating systems. These CAs are subject to a variety of jurisdictions and differing security policies, while it is sufficient to compromise a single CA in order to break the security provided by the Web PKI. And (2) the handling of revocation of certificates. Revocation is required to invalidate certificates, e.g., if they were erroneously issued or the associated private key has been compromised. Only this can prevent their misuse by attackers. Yet, revocation is only effective if it is published in a reliable way. This turned out to be a difficult problem in the context of the Web PKI. Furthermore, the fact that often a great variety of services depends on a single CA is a serious problem. As a result, it is often almost impossible to revoke a CA's certificate. However, this is exactly what is necessary to prevent the malicious issuance of certificates with the CA's key if it turns out that a CA is in fact not trustworthy or the CA's systems have been compromised. In this thesis, we therefore turn to the question of how to ensure that the CAs an Internet user trusts in are actually trustworthy. Based on an in depth analysis of the Web PKI, we present solutions for the different issues. In this thesis, the feasibility and practicality of the presented solutions is of central importance. From the problem analysis, which includes the evaluation of past security incidents and previous scientific work on the matter, we derive requirements for a practical solution. For the solution of problem (1), we introduce user-centric trust management for the Web PKI. This allows to individually reduce the number of CAs a user trusts in to a fraction of the original number. This significantly reduces the risk to rely on a CA, which is actually not trustworthy. The assessment of a CA's trustworthiness is user dependent and evidence-based. In addition, the method allows to monitor the revocation status for the certificates relevant to a user. This solves the first part of problem (2). Our solution can be realized within the existing infrastructure without introducing significant overhead or usability issues. Additionally, we present an extension by online service providers. This enables to share locally collected trust information with other users and thus, to improve the necessary bootstrapping of the system. Moreover, an efficient detection mechanism for untrustworthy CAs is realized. In regard to the second part of problem (2), we present a CA revocation tolerant PKI construction based on forward secure signature schemes (FSS). Forward security means that even in case of a key compromise, previously generated signatures can still be trusted. This makes it possible to implement revocation mechanisms such that CA certificates can be revoked, without compromising the availability of dependent web services. We describe how the Web PKI can be transitioned to a CA revocation tolerant PKI taking into account the relevant standards. The techniques developed in this thesis also enable us to address the related problem of ``non-repudiation'' of digital signatures. Non-repudiation is an important security goal for many e-business and e-government applications. Yet, non-repudiation is not guaranteed by standard PKIs. Current solutions, which are based on time-stamps generated by trusted third parties, are inefficient and costly. In this work, we show how non-repudiation can be made a standard property of PKIs. This makes time-stamps obsolete. The techniques presented in this thesis are evaluated in terms of practicality and performance. This is based on theoretical results as well as on experimental analyses. Our results show that the proposed methods are superior to previous approaches. In summary, this thesis presents mechanisms which make the practical use of PKIs more secure and more efficient and demonstrates the practicability of the presented techniques.

Water is the main constituent of the human body. It is involved in practically all its functions. It is particularly important for thermoregulation and in the physical and cognitive performance. Water balance reflects water intake and loss. Intake of water is done mainly through consumption of drinking water and beverages (70 to 80%) plus water containing foods (20 to 30%). Water loss is mainly due to excretion of water in urine, faeces and sweat. The interest in the type and quantity of beverage consumption is not new, and numerous approaches have been used to assess beverage intake, but the validity of these approaches has not been well established. There is no standardized questionnaire developed as a research tool for the evaluation of water intake in the general population. Sometimes, the information comes from different sources or from different methodological characteristics which raises problems of the comparability. In the European Union, current epidemiological studies that focus exclusively on beverage intake are scarce. Biomarkers of intake are able to objectively assess dietary intake/status without the bias of self-reported dietary intake errors and also overcome the problem of intra-individual diet variability. Furthermore, some methods of measuring dietary intake used biomarkers to validate the data it collects. Biological markers may offer advantages and be able to improve the estimates of dietary intake assessment, which impact into the statistical power of the study. There is a surprising paucity of studies that systematically examine the correlation of beverages intake and hydration biomarker in different populations. A pilot investigation was developed to evaluate the comparative validity and reliability of newly developed interactive multimedia (IMM) versions compared to validated paper-administered (PP) versions of the Hedrick et al. beverage questionnaire. The study showed that the IMM appears to be a valid and reliable measure to assess habitual beverage intake. Similar study was developed in China, but in this case, the use of Smartphone technology was employed for beverage assessment. Conclusion: The methodology for measuring beverage intake in population studies remains controversial. There are few validated and reproducible studies, so there is still lacking an ideal method (ie, short, easy to administer, inexpensive and accurate) in this regard. Clearly, this is an area of scientific interest that is still in development and seems to be very promising for improving health research. ; El agua es el principal constituyente del cuerpo humano. Está implicado en prácticamente la totalidad de sus funciones. Es especialmente importante en la termorregulación y en el rendimiento físico y cognitivo. El balance de agua refleja la ingesta y la pérdida de agua. La ingesta se realiza principalmente a través del consumo de agua potable y de bebidas (70 a 80%) más el agua que contienen los alimentos (20 a 30%). La pérdida de agua se realiza gracias a su excreción a través de la orina, las heces y el sudor. El interés por el tipo y la cantidad de bebidas consumidas no es nuevo, y numerosos enfoques se han utilizado para evaluarla, pero la validez de estos enfoques no se han establecido correctamente. Aún no existe, en población general, un cuestionario estandarizado desarrollado como herramienta de investigación para la evaluación de la ingesta de agua. El uso de información de diferentes fuentes y diferentes características metodológicas plantea problemas de comparabilidad entre estudios. En Europa los estudios epidemiológicos actuales que se centran exclusivamente en el consumo de bebidas son escasos. Los biomarcadores de ingesta permiten evaluar objetivamente la ingesta dietética sin el sesgo producido por los errores del auto-reporte. Además permiten superar el problema de la variabilidad intra-individual. Algunos métodos para medir ingesta alimentaria utilizan biomarcadores para validar los datos que recoge. Los marcadores biológicos ofrecen ventajas y son capaces de mejorar las estimaciones de la evaluación de ingesta dietética. Sin embargo, existen muy pocos estudios que examinen sistemáticamente la correlación entre la ingesta de bebidas y los biomarcadores de hidratación en diferentes poblaciones. Utilizando el cuestionario de bebidas de Hedrick y col. se realizó un estudio piloto para evaluar la validez y fiabilidad de un modelo multimedia interactivo (IMM) y para compararlo con una versión en papel-auto administrado (PP). El estudio mostró que el IMM parece ser un modelo válido y fiable para evaluar la ingesta de bebidas habitual. Un estudio similar se realizó en China, pero en este caso, se empleó para evaluar ingesta de bebidas la tecnología Smartphone. Conclusión: La metodología para valorar el consumo de bebidas en estudios poblacionales sigue siendo un tema controvertido. Existen pocos estudios validados y reproducibles, por lo que todavía no se dispone de un método ideal (corto, fácil de administrar, económico y preciso). Esta es un área de interés científico que aún está en desarrollo y que parece ser muy prometedora para mejorar las investigaciones en el área de la salud. ; Sin financiación ; 1.497 JCR (2015) Q3, 60/80 Nutrition & Dietetics ; UEM

Σήμερα, οι αειφορικές προμήθειες θεωρούνται ως ιδιαίτερα δημοφιλής πρακτική για τις επιχειρήσεις, δεδομένου ότι εφαρμόζονται ως τμήμα μιας ευρύτερης αειφορικής στρατηγικής ή αποκλειστικά ως τμήμα της λειτουργίας των προμηθειών. Την τελευταία πενταετία οι αειφορικές προμήθειες εφαρμόστηκαν κυρίως σε τακτική βάση, στοχεύοντας κυρίως στη μείωση του περιβαλλοντικού κόστους σε δραστηριότητες προμήθειας με προμηθευτές. Πάντως, κατά τη διάρκεια της τελευταίας πενταετίας, πέραν της περιστολής του κόστους, η εφαρμογή των αειφορικών προμηθειών από τη Διοίκηση έχει συχνά καταστεί το πρόσχημα για την αποτελεσματική λειτουργική βελτίωση και τη δημιουργία νέων αειφορικών προϊόντων, την ανάπτυξη εξειδικευμένων αγορών (niche markets) και την αύξηση του μεριδίου αγοράς. Έτσι, οι αειφορικές προμήθειες έχουν καταστεί νέο μέσο της Διοίκησης για την υλοποίηση στρατηγικών που στοχεύουν στην απόκτηση των βέλτιστων δυνατών προμηθειών, κοινωνικά ή ηθικά αποδεκτών στους καταναλωτές, ενώ προστατεύουν το περιβάλλον από την ρύπανση και την εξάντληση, συνεπώς δε στη διατήρηση του συγκριτικού τους πλεονεκτήματος. Σκοπός αυτής της διατριβής είναι η διερεύνηση των διαστάσεων του φαινομένου αυτού, ιδιαίτερα στο πλαίσιο της Δυτικής Ευρώπης, και η κατανόηση της ύπαρξης κάθε στρατηγικού προσανατολισμού στη λήψη συναφών αποφάσεων. Προκειμένου να προσεγγίσουμε το αντικείμενο με τον καλύτερο δυνατό τρόπο, καταγράψαμε την έκταση αυτής της εφαρμογής στις δραστηριότητες των επιχειρήσεων και μελετήσαμε τα χαρακτηριστικά των αποφάσεων και την συμπεριφορά αυτών των επιχειρήσεων ως προς τις πράσινες προμήθειες. Αυτό επετεύχθη, από τη μία πλευρά με τη διεξαγωγή έρευνας με τη χρήση ερωτηματολογίων που απεστάλησαν ηλεκτρονικά σε επιχειρήσεις ποτών και τροφίμων που λειτουργούν στη Δυτική Ευρώπη, και από την άλλη με τη διεξαγωγή follow-up συνεντεύξεων προς επιβεβαίωση και περαιτέρω σε βάθος αναζήτηση πληροφορίας που δεν λαμβάνεται ευχερώς μέσω ερωτηματολογίων. Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας μας επιτρέπουν να διερευνήσουμε θεμελιώδεις παραδοχές θεωριών που εφαρμόζονται στις αειφορικές προμήθειες επιχειρήσεων. Αυτό μας οδήγησε σε αριθμό συμπερασμάτων που αφορούν τη συμπεριφορά των επιχειρήσεων σε επιτυχώς εφαρμοσμένες αειφορικές προμήθειες, τα προβλήματα και τη στρατηγική διάσταση αυτών των αποφάσεων και την εφαρμογή αντίστοιχων θεωριών σε δυτικοευρωπαϊκές επιχειρήσεις τροφίμων και ποτών. Τα κύρια συμπεράσματα της μελέτης αναφέρονται στη συνεχώς αυξανόμενη χρήση των αειφορικών προμηθειών των επιχειρήσεων που λειτουργούν στη Δυτική Ευρώπη, στην αξιοσημείωτη υιοθέτηση των αειφορικών προμηθειών και την αναγκαιότητα εφαρμογής μιας σύμμειξης θεωριών για την εξήγηση της συμπεριφοράς των επιχειρήσεων ως προς το ζήτημα των αειφορικών προμηθειών. Τελικά, με βάση τα συμπεράσματά μας και τις βέλτιστες πρακτικές της διεθνούς συναφούς βιβλιογραφίας, δημιουργήσαμε επιρροές που συμβάλλουν στη μείωση πιθανών απωλειών και αύξηση κερδών των επιχειρήσεων από τη χρήση των αειφορικών προμηθειών. ; In our days, sustainable procurement is considered as a particularly popular practice for companies, being implemented as a part of a larger sustainability strategy or solely as part of the procurement function. For the last ten years, sustainable procurement was applied primarily at a tactical level, aiming mainly in reducing environmental costs on procurement activities with suppliers. However, during the last five year period, besides cost cutting, the sustainable procurement implementation by management has often become the pretext to improve operations efficiency and generate new sustainable products, develop niche markets and grow market share. Thus, sustainable procurement has become a new means for management to implement strategies aiming at the acquisition of best possible supplies which are socially and ethically acceptable to consumers while preserving the environment from pollution and depletion, hence in the maintenance of their competitive advantage. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the dimensions of this phenomenon, specifically in the Western European context, and realize the existence of any strategic orientation to the relative decisions taken. In order to approach this subject in the best possible way, we recorded the extent of its application to the activities of companies and studied the characteristics of the decisions and the behavior of these companies with regards to sustainable procurement. This was achieved on the one hand through a research conducted using questionnaires that were emailed to food and beverage companies operating in Western Europe and on the other hand by conducting follow-up interviews to validate and seek further in-depth information not readily obtained through the questionnaires. The results of the study allowed us to investigate basic assumptions of theories applied to sustainable procurement of companies. This led us to a number of conclusions regarding the attitude of companies to successfully implement sustainable procurement, the problems and the strategic dimension of these decisions and the implementation of the respective theories in Western European food and beverage companies. The main conclusions of our study referred to the ever-increasing usage of sustainable procurement of companies operating in Western Europe, the considerable adoption of sustainable procurement, and the necessity for the application of a mix of theories to explain the behavior of companies regarding the issue of sustainable procurement. Finally, based on our conclusions and best practices found in the literature, we made implications that will help companies minimize their possible losses and optimize their profits from the use of sustainable procurement.

The article is devoted to the release of problems and proposed actions to improve the efficiency of the municipal electric companies. While indicating that the rhythmic and smooth operation of passenger electric occupies in the spectrum of life issues of contemporary big city an important place. The article pointed out the legal framework of urban electric transport in Ukraine. For example, transportation services are provided in compliance with requirements such as: consistency (reliability) of traffic on the routes (lines) account in determining the number of passenger rolling stock; establishing speed routes (lines) in compliance with the technical condition of the rolling stock; transportation safety. The article also noted that the management of municipal electric companies has its own peculiarities and differences from the private sector: low profitability; government regulation of pricing; the need for state support; small opportunities and onerous conditions on borrowing. Slow adaptation to market conditions of work and the resulting difficult financial and economic situation of the main problems is called municipal electric companies. The basic factors of low efficiency of the municipal electric companies: unequal conditions of competition in the urban passenger transportation, lobbying stakeholders interests of private carriers; partial compensation for the cost of providing services at subsidized passenger transportation from the state, the uneven subventions for the year; mismatch fares on its cost, the City Council unrecovered difference between economic and tariff setting; critical physical deterioration of the park trams and trolleybuses; the decline in the provision of transport services in the context of stable growth of fixed costs, such as administration costs. The efficiency of the provision of transport, efficiency of passenger security, the efficiency of toll collection, the effectiveness of operational work, the effectiveness of the use of labor resources and the effectiveness of financial and economic activity. Given rating performance indicators of financial and operational activities of municipal electric companies. ; Статья посвящена выделению проблем и предлагаемым мероприятиям по повышению эффективности деятельности предприятий городского электротранспорта. Указано, что обеспечение ритмичной и бесперебойной работы пассажирского электротранспорта занимает в спектре проблем жизнедеятельности современного большого города важное место. В статье отмечено законодательную базу городского электрического транспорта Украины. Так, транспортные услуги предоставляются с соблюдением таких требований, как: постоянство (надежность) перевозок на маршрутах (линиях) учета пассажиропотоков при определении количества подвижного состава; установление скорости движения на маршрутах (линиях) в соответствие технического состояния подвижного состава; безопасность перевозок. В статье также отмечено, что управление предприятиями городского электротранспорта имеет свои особенности и отличия от частного сектора: низкая прибыльность; государственное регулирование ценообразования; потребность в государственной поддержке; небольшие возможности и обременительные условия получения заемных средств. Медленную адаптацию к рыночным условиям работы, а также обусловленное этим сложное финансово-экономическое состояние названо основными проблемами предприятий городского электротранспорта. Выделены основные факторы низкой эффективности деятельности предприятий городского электротранспорта: неравные условия конкуренции на рынке городских пассажироперевозок, лоббирование заинтересованными лицами интересов частных перевозчиков; неполная компенсация затрат на оказание услуг по льготным пассажироперевозкам со стороны государства, неравномерность поступления субвенции в течение года; несоответствие тарифа на проезд его себестоимости, невозмещение горсоветами разницы между экономически обоснованным и установленным тарифом; критический физический износ парка трамвайных вагонов и троллейбусов; сокращение объемов предоставления транспортных услуг в условиях стабильного роста постоянных затрат, в частности расходов на администрирование. Проанализирована эффективность обеспечения транспортной работы, эффективность обеспечения пассажироперевозок, эффективность сбора платы за проезд, эффективность эксплуатационной работы, эффективность использования трудовых ресурсов и эффективность финансово-экономической деятельности. Приведены рейтинговые показатели эффективности финансово-эксплуатационной деятельности предприятий городского электротранспорта. ; Стаття присвячена виділенню проблем та запропонуванню заходів щодо підвищення ефективності діяльності підприємств міського електротранспорту. Зазначено, що забезпечення ритмічної і безперебійної роботи пасажирського електротранспорту займає в спектрі проблем життєдіяльності сучасного великого міста важливе місце. В статті наголошено на законодавчій базі міського електричного транспорту України. Так, транспортні послуги надаються з додержанням таких вимог, як: постійність (надійність) перевезень на маршрутах (лініях); врахування пасажиропотоків під час визначення кількості рухомого складу; встановлення швидкості руху на маршрутах (лініях); відповідність технічного стану рухомого складу; безпечність перевезень. В статті також відзначено, що управління підприємствами міського електротранспорту має свої особливості і відмінності від приватного сектора: низька прибутковість; державне регулювання ціноутворення; потреба в державній підтримці; невеликі можливості та обтяжливі умови отримання позикових коштів. Повільну адаптацію до ринкових умов роботи, а також зумовлений цим складний фінансово-економічний стан названо основними проблемами підприємств міського електротранспорту. Виділено основні чинники низької ефективності діяльності підприємств міського електротранспорту: нерівні умови конкуренції на ринку міських пасажироперевезень, лобіювання зацікавленими особами інтересів приватних перевізників; неповна компенсація витрат на надання послуг з пільгових пасажироперевезень з боку держави, нерівномірність надходження субвенції протягом року; невідповідність тарифу на проїзд його собівартості, невідшкодування міськрадами різниці між економічно обґрунтованим та встановленим тарифом; критичний фізичний знос парку трамвайних вагонів і тролейбусів; скорочення обсягів надання транспортних послуг в умовах стабільного зростання постійних витрат, зокрема витрат на адміністрування. Проаналізовано ефективність забезпечення транспортної роботи, ефективність забезпечення пасажироперевезень, ефективність збору плати за проїзд, ефективність експлуатаційної роботи, ефективність використання трудових ресурсів та ефективність фінансово-економічної діяльності. Наведено рейтингові показники ефективності фінансово-експлуатаційної діяльності підприємств міського електротранспорту.

Following the massive uncontrolled use of pesticides in Lebanon and to satisfy therequirements of legislative frameworks and directives concerning water quality, nationalmonitoring programs have been developed in order to evaluate the water quality in theaquatic Lebanese media and to evaluate the environmental and health impacts associated withthe presence of these nominated pesticides in the Lebanese aquatic environment.In this context, monitoring programs rely on collecting discrete grab, spot or bottle samplesof water at a given time providing only a snapshot of the levels of pollutants at the time ofsampling. However, the continuous monitoring using active sampling of this widespreadcontamination is very difficult requiring the increase of sampling frequency which iseconomically, logistically and spatially difficult. Wherefore, the integrative samplers arerecently developed as alternative approach to the existing sampling techniques to berelatively more effective and more representative economically and environmentally. Theycan perform an averaged follow-up over long observation period from a few days to severalweeks associated with ease of use and low costs.The POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) is the type of sampler adoptedduring our thesis in order to study the applicability of this device to the evaluation ofpesticide residues levels in the Lebanese aquatic environments. One hundred nine moleculesbelonging to different families of commonly used pesticides by Lebanese farmers wereselected for the study. The kinetic adsorption constants of targeted pesticides and the kineticdesorption constants of Performance Reference Compounds "PRC" were estimated by POCISin-situ or laboratory (static or continuous flow) calibrations under different conditionsaffecting pesticides retention over POCIS receiving phase.To calculate the average concentration in the exposure media, the sampling rate (L/day),specific to each target pesticide was determined in different water studies: mineral, tap andriver water. The kinetic adsorption constants of molecules have also been determined toassess the optimal deployment duration in different aquatic environments.After validation of the sampling system in the laboratory, its effectiveness is tested in field.POCIS were tested in-situ at various sites belonging to different Lebanese agriculturalregions (Ibrahim Estuary River, Qaraoun Lake and Hasbani River). The mean concentrationsof total targeted pesticides were estimated and their values were compared with thoseobtained with active samples. However, further challenges are to cover the majority of activemolecules of pesticides used in Lebanon and to improve the reproducibility of these POCISfor quantitative analysis by incorporating new Performance Reference Compounds (PRC) orextending the implementation of in-situ calibration. ; Suite à l'utilisation massive et peu contrôlée des pesticides au LIBAN et conformément auxexigences des législations fixées par les réglementations nationales, européennes etinternationales sur la qualité de l'eau, des programmes de surveillances nationaux ont étéélaborés afin d'évaluer la qualité de l'eau dans les milieux aquatiques libanais et de jauger lesimpacts écologiques et sanitaires liés à la présence éventuelle de pesticides dansl'environnement au Liban.Dans le cadre de ces programmes de surveillance, des prélèvements périodiques ponctuelssont réalisés mais, le suivi permanant dans le temps d'une contamination étendue est trèsdifficile ce qui impose alors la multiplication des prélèvements dans le temps et dansl'espace. L'apparition récente des échantillonneurs intégratifs comme alternativesintéressantes aux techniques d'échantillonnage déjà existantes semblent relativement plusefficaces et mieux représentatifs du point de vue économique et environnemental. Ilspermettent d'effectuer un suivi moyenné sur de longues périodes d'observation allant dequelques jours à plusieurs semaines associé à une simplicité d'usage et une réduction descoûts.Le POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) est le type d'échantillonneur adoptédurant nos travaux de thèse afin d'étudier l'applicabilité de ces POCIS au dosage des résidusde pesticides dans les milieux aquatiques libanais. Cent-neuf molécules appartenant àdifférentes familles de pesticides fréquemment utilisés par les agriculteurs libanais ont étéretenues pour l'étude. Les cinétiques d'adsorption des molécules sur les POCIS et celle de ladésorption des composés références de performance « PRC » ont été suivies par calibrationin-situ ou au laboratoire soit en flux statique ou en flux continu sous différentes conditionsayant une influence sur la rétention des pesticides.Le coefficient d'échantillonnage Rs (L.j-1) spécifique à chaque molécule, nécessaire au calculde la concentration moyenne dans le milieu d'exposition du POCIS, a été déterminé dans lesdivers milieux d'étude : Eau minérale, eau de robinet et eau de rivière. Les cinétiquesd'adsorption des molécules ont également été élaborées afin d'évaluer la durée optimaled'implantation dans les différents milieux aquatiques.Après validation du système d'échantillonnage au laboratoire, son efficacité a été vérifiée surle terrain, les POCIS ont été testés in-situ sur divers sites appartenant aux différentes régionsagricoles libanaises (Estuaire de la rivière Ibrahim, Lac Qaraoun, et Rivière Hasbani). Lesconcentrations moyennes de la totalité des pesticides ciblés ont été estimées et leurs valeursont été comparées avec celles obtenues par prélèvements actifs. Cependant, pour le futur, desétudes élaborées devraient être entreprises afin de couvrir la majorité des molécules activesde pesticides employés au Liban; il faudrait également essayer d'améliorer la reproductibilitédes POCIS pour les analyses quantitatives par l'incorporation de nouveaux composésréférences de Performance (PRC) ou par calibration in-situ systématique pour les différentssites étudiés.

Abstrak Surabaya memiliki potensi perdagangan ikan hias yang besar di Jl irian barat. Pedagang ikan hias di Jl irian barat merupakan PKL yang sudah berdagang secara turun temurun. Relokasi ke Pasar ikan hias Gunungsari dilakukan untuk memperbaiki kualitas lokasi dan juga meminimalisasi kemacetan akibat dari lokasi sebelumnya. Pemerintah Surabaya membuat kebijakan berupa stan dalam gedung diperuntukkan pedagang asli Surabaya sedangkan pedagang dari luar Surabaya hanya boleh menempati stan luar gedung terbatas beraktifitas pada hari Rabu dan Sabtu. Pedagang di luar gedung disebut pedagang grosiran. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mendeskripsikan karakteristik pedagang ikan hias grosiran di pasar ikan hias Gunungsari Surabaya menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara wawancara mendalam, observasi dan studi dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan tiga tahapan yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data dan kesimpulan. Kemudian untuk teknik keabsahan data menggunakan empat tahapan yaitu kredibilitas, transferabilitas, dependabilitas dan konfirmabilitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik sosial tingkat pendidikan pedagang grosiran mayoritas SMA/SMK, keterampilan mereka termasuk minim sehingga hanya berdagang yang bisa dilakukan. Usaha berdagang ikan hias sudah ada sejak tahun 1985 menjadikan berdagang ikan hias tradisi keluarga secara turun temurun. Ikan hias mudah didapat dari daerah asal dan posisi pasar ikan hias Gunungsari sebagai pasar ikan hias terbesar di Jawa Timur. Keterkaitan anggota menjadi solusi tenaga kerja/rekan usaha terpercaya karena ikut berkecimpung dalam usaha berdagang ikan hias. karakteristik ekonomi pendapatan adalah alasan utama memilih berdagang ikan hias. Beban tanggungan keluarga adalah pengeluaran utama dalam berdagang ikan hias. Modal usaha didapat dari dana sendiri fasilitas pinjaman bank atau pinjaman dari petani/pengepul ikan untuk membawa ikan hias terlebih dahulu dan dibayar setelah terjual. Faktor pendorong motif berdagang menunjukkan Banyaknya penduduk sekitar juga berdagang ikan hias dan pekerjaan turun temurun. adanya petani/pengepul ikan hias di lokasi tempat tinggal. Relokasi yang dibuat pemerintah menjadikan tidak ada pilihan lain selain berdagang di pasar ikan hias Gunungsari Surabaya. Harga yang ditawarkan lebih murah dari pedagang stan gedung menjadikan pedagang ikan hias grosiran membuat konsumen tertarik membeli dalam jumlah besar atau reseller. Koperasi dibentuk dengan tujuan menyelaraskan harga dan membentuk kerjasama dalam menjual diantara pedagang grosiran menjadi faktor pendorong mereka tetap berdagang di pasar ikan hias Gunungsari Kata Kunci : Karakteristik pedagang ikan hias, pedagang ikan hias grosiran Abstract Surabaya have a Great potential aquarium fish market on West irian street. Merchant in West irian street also a street vendor and trade as family tradition for generations. Relocation to Gunungsari aquarium fish market is done to improve the quality of the location and also minimize traffic jams. Surabaya's goverment made a policy which native merchant may use intended both inside the main building while traders from outside Surabaya may only occupy a booth outside the limited activity on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Outside traders also called merchant wholesale. The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics of aquarium fish wholesale traders in aquarium fish market Gunungsari Surabaya using qualitative method with phenomenological approach. Data collection using indepth interview, observation and study documentation. Data analysis techniques uses three stages namely, reduction, data display and conclusion. Data validity techniques uses four stages namely, credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. The results showed that the social characteristics of educational level wholesalers majority of SMA / SMK, they possesed minimal skills so that only tradeis the only thing the possibly done. Aquarium fish trade effort has been around since 1985 making aquarium fish trade family tradition for generations. Aquarium fish easily obtained from the area of origin and Gunungsari aquarium fish market position as the largest aquarium fish market in East Java. The close ties beetwen member to be the solution of labor / business partners reliable for participating in the business of aquarium fish trade. economic characteristics of income is the main reason for choosing the aquarium fish trade. The burden of family responsibilities is a major expense in the aquarium fish trade. Venture capital derived from its own funds or loan bank loan facilities of farmers / fish collectors to bring the fish in advance and paid after selling. Factors driving motive trade shows number of people around also trade of aquarium fish and jobs hereditary. There farmer / collector of aquarium fish in the location of residence. Relocation which made the government makes no other choice but to trade in aquarium fish market Gunungsari Surabaya. The price is cheaper than building a booth traders make aquarium fish wholesale traders make consumers interested in buying in bulk or resellers. Cooperative was formed with the aim of aligning prices and establish cooperation between the wholesaler in selling the driving factor they still trade in aquarium fish market Gunungsari Keywords: Characteristics of aquarium fish merchant, merchant wholesale aquarium fish

Las instituciones castrenses en la actualidad necesitan mejorar la capacidad de adaptación al entorno, que les permita enfrentar nuevos problemas dentro y fuera de sus fronteras. En las Fuerzas Armadas, en este caso en el Ejército, los encargados de conducir los destinos de la institución son los oficiales, quienes se convierten en los responsables de su gestión. La capacidad de liderazgo de los integrantes de una institución militar son fundamentales para el desarrollo y proyección de la misma, especialmente en el cumplimiento de su visión institucional y misión, que como indica la propia Constitución Política es, la de garantizar la independencia y soberanía nacional e integridad territorial de la República, asumen el control del orden interno protegen al Perú de agresiones internas y externas, en la que está comprometida la vida de muchas personas. La sofisticación del liderazgo tiene que ver con los propósitos de la institución militar, para dirigirlo y moverlo como un cuerpo coherente, para el logro de objetivos institucionales, que le asegure sostenibilidad en el tiempo. La formación de líderes es un proceso, en una organización como el Ejército, prolongado, continuo y progresivo, y ésta ocurre a lo largo de toda la vida del oficial. Su finalidad es obtener cambios positivos y duraderos. En la actualidad los Oficiales de la Jefatura del Estado Mayor en el Ejército del Perú requieren de un liderazgo estratégico, que sea capaz de controlar, dirigir la acción racional y deliberada que se aplica a una institución militar en su sentido más fundamental: propósito, cultura, estrategia, competencias medulares y procesos críticos.El liderazgo estratégico considera llevar adelante un cambio profundo y duradero, la transformación de nuestra institución militar. El liderazgo empieza con los valores, sabemos de la importancia de los valores, que son el impulso del cambio, el compromiso de los soldados con algo superior a ellos mismos. De otro lado, para lograr nuestro propósito requerimos tener una visión o una proyección a futuro, el poder de la visión es que da, a los líderes una base para la acción positiva, el crecimiento y la transformación. Para transformar una entidad militar requerimos identificar los procesos críticos, mejorar y cambiarlos de acuerdo a los nuevos desafíos. En un mundo cambiante y en permanente transformación los ejércitos del mundo enfrentan nuevos desafíos, como la lucha contra redes internacionales de narcotráfico, contrabando de armas, el terrorismo internacional y los desastres naturales originados por el cambio climático, hechos que modifican los escenarios en los que el Ejército tendrá que actuar y deberá hacerlo con efectividad. Edward Deming, uno de los padres del milagro japonés afirmaba que del 100% de las fallas en una empresa se debían a dos causas, el 85% las originaban los líderes y el otro 15% eran de los ejecutantes, de ello se desprende que un error a nivel del líder tendrá graves consecuencias, por afectar a un gran número de subordinados. Por lo expuesto, nace nuestro interés por una nueva forma de evaluar el liderazgo dentro de la institución militar, sustentado en criterios objetivos dirigido a promover en la institución un estilo de liderazgo enfocado en resultados, este sería nuestro principal aporte. ; Military institutions today need to improve the capacity of adaptation to the environment, enabling them to deal with new problems inside and outside its borders. In the armed forces, in this case in the army, responsible for driving the destinies of the institution are officers, who become responsible for its management. Members of a military institution leadership are fundamental to development and projection of the same, especially in the fulfillment of its institutional vision and mission, as shown in the own political Constitution is, the ensure the independence and national sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic, they assume control of internal order protect Peru from internal and external attacks in which it is committed to the lives of many people. The sophistication of the leadership has to do with the purposes of the institution military, in order to handle it and move it as a coherent body, for the achievement of institutional objectives, which will ensure sustainability in time. Leadership formation is a process in an organization like the military, prolonged, continuous and progressive, and this occurs throughout the life of the officer. Its purpose is to obtain lasting positive changes. Now the officers of the Chief of Staff the army of Peru requires strategic leadership, be able to control; direct the rational and deliberate action that applies to an institution military in its most fundamental sense: purpose, culture, strategy, core competencies and critical processes. The strategic leadership considered to carry out a deep and lasting, change the transformation of our military institution. Leadership starts with values, we know the importance of values, which are the impetus for change, the commitment of the soldiers with something greater than themselves. ; Tesis

ABSTRACThis thesis discuss strategy Pontianak City Police in maintaining order on the organization of elections (Presidential Election Study 2014). In order to secure the implementation of the Presidential Election 2014 Police Pontianak organizing internally that is organizing the parts and units Operational Police Pontianak become a united force and coordinated properly it is also necessary organizing externally that the City Government of Pontianak, KPU Pontianak, Pontianak city Supervisory Committee, Organizing Committee for the 2014 presidential election and Community Potential in an integrated and coordinated systematically according to the task, role, functions and responsibilities of each in relation to the implementation pemelihan pressiden 2014. The dominant factor affecting the implementation of the 2014 Presidential Elections Police Pontianak and public order are primed in Pontianak Police region are: geographical conditions very broad Pontianak City 107.82 km2, with a population of 550 304 inhabitants. While the number of Police personnel Pontianak just as much as 1331 personnel, is certainly not sufficient to Pontianak Police efforts in protecting, nurturing and serving the people of the city of Pontianak in the face of the organization of the election year 2014.Kondisi jobs in Pontianak are still limited or not comparable with the needs of the population to get decent work in various sectors of life, has the potential to create interference in the administration of the 2014 presidential election in the City of Pontianak.Kondisi socio-economic, socio-political and socio-cultural in Pontianak are still vulnerable to the dynamics of democratic life that deviate from the values of moral, religious, social, and applicable laws and regulations, can trigger horizontal conflict and / or crime-impact kontijensi.Strategi strategy lakukakan by Pontianak City Police in maintaining maintaining order on the implementation of the 2014 presidential election through prevention, deterrence and prevention of crime to support the implementation of the general election president in 2014 conducive manner: Improving the implementation of the policing function optimally, a partnership Police with the City of Pontianak, KPU Pontianak, Panwaslu Pontianak City and related institutions, establish partnerships Police with the Community, as well as improve the ability, character, identity and professionalism Police personnel on an ongoing basis. Doing deterrence, the condition of the "threshold interference" with the objective to reduce the social order "chance factor" and lower "faith factor" through regulation, guard, escort and patrol. Enforcing the law against "real threat" kamtibmas explicitly, consequently and consistently under the provisions of applicable law.Keywords: Policing Strategy, the implementation of the presidential election.2ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas masalah strategi Kepolisian Resort Kota Pontianak dalam menjaga ketertiban pada penyelenggaraan pemilihan umum (Studi Pemilihan Umum Presiden 2014) . Dalam rangka pengamanan penyelenggaraan Pemilihan Presiden Tahun 2014 Polresta Pontianak melakukan pengorganisasian secara intern yaitu pengorganisasian bagian-bagian dan satuan-satuan operasional Polresta Pontianak menjadi suatu kekuatan yang utuh dan terkoordinir dengan baik perlu juga dilakukan pengorganisasian secara ekstern yaitu dengan Pemerintahan Kota Kota Pontianak, KPU Kota Pontianak, Panwaslu Kota Pontianak, Panitia Penyelenggara Pilpres 2014 dan Potensi Masyarakat secara terpadu dan terkoordinir secara sistimatis sesuai tugas, peran dan fungsi serta tanggung jawabnya masing-masing dalam rangka penyelenggaraan pemelihan pressiden tahun 2014. Faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan penyelenggaraan Pemilihan Presiden Tahun 2014 Polresta Pontianak dan ketertiban masyarakat yang prima di wilayah Polresta Pontianak adalah: Kondisi geografis Kota Pontianak yang sangat luas 107,82 km2, dengan jumlah penduduk 550.304 jiwa. Sedangkan jumlah personil Polresta Pontianak hanya sebanyak 1331 personil, tentunya tidak memadai dengan upaya Polresta Pontianak dalam melindungi, mengayomi dan melayani masyarakat kota Pontianak dalam menghadapi penyelenggaraan pilpres tahun 2014.Kondisi lapangan kerja di Kota Pontianak yang masih terbatas atau belum sebanding dengan kebutuhan penduduk untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan yang layak diberbagai sektor kehidupan, berpotensi untuk menciptakan gangguan dalam penyelenggaraan Pilpres 2014 di Kota Pontianak.Kondisi sosial ekonomi, sosial politik dan sosial budaya di Kota Pontianak yang masih rawan terhadap dinamika kehidupan demokrasi yang menyimpang dari nilai-nilai moral, agama, sosial, dan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku, dapat memicu terjadinya konflik horizontal dan/atau kejahatan berdampak kontijensi.Strategi-Strategi yang lakukakan oleh Kepolisian Resort Kota Pontianak dalam menjaga menjaga ketertiban pada penyelenggaraan pemilihan umum presiden 2014 melalui pencegahan, penangkalan dan penanggulangan kejahatan untuk menopang terlaksananya pemilihan umum presiden tahun 2014 yang kondusif dengan cara :Meningkatkan pelaksanaan fungsi kepolisian secara optimal, menjalin kemitraan Polri dengan Pemerintah Kota Pontianak, KPU Kota Pontianak,Panwaslu Kota Pontianak dan Instansi terkait, memantapkan kemitraan Polri dengan Masyarakat, serta meningkatkan kemampuan, watak, jati diri dan profesionalitas personil Polri secara berkelanjutan. Melakukan penangkalan, terhadap kondisi "ambang gangguan" kamtibmas dengan sasaran untuk mengurangi "faktor kesempatan" dan menurunkan "faktor niat" melalui pengaturan, penjagaan, pengawalan, dan patroli. Melakukan penegakan hukum terhadap "ancaman nyata" kamtibmas secara tegas, konsekuen dan konsisten berdasarkan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku.Kata Kunci: Strategi Kepolisian, penyelenggaraan pemilihan president.

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Veterinárias, especialidade de Clínica ; The development of species-specific protocols for on-farm welfare assessment represents a major concern for the European Union agricultural policy. Proper welfare assessment demands for the use of valid, reliable and feasible animal-based welfare indicators. The literature and policy-makers recognise the need for advancing knowledge in this area. This thesis aims at developing and integrating animal-based indicators in on-farm welfare assessment protocols, focusing on dairy goat farms. Specifically, this thesis contributes to literature in three areas. First, it contributes to the identification of animal-based welfare indicators that should be included in welfare assessment protocols. We conducted a literature review that allowed for the recognition of the need for future research in the indicators' psychometric properties, such as reliability and feasibility. Secondly, this thesis develops tools to assist the measurement of body condition and lameness. For body condition, we developed a visual body condition scoring system (BSC). Our approach requires minimum animal handling without compromising a valid and reliable individual assessment of the goats. With respect to lameness we developed a websurvey that allowed us to collect observer's ratings of goats lameness condition. Our survey showed that observers were only able to consistently assess severely lame goats, a finding which is important towards the integration of the indicator in assessment protocols. The observers' ratings also showed that the numerical rating scales should only be used considering their ordinal level of measurement. This directs research towards the development of scoring systems with higher levels of measurement, like the modified visual analogue scales. Third, this thesis contributed to the development of a welfare assessment protocol that integrated and tested the two studied indicators (BCS and lameness). Such protocol was implemented in 30 Portuguese farms and provided insights into the main welfare problems affecting intensively kept dairy goats in our country (claw overgrowth, queuing at feeding, very fat animals), which is paramount to improve dairy goats' welfare. Research conducted for this thesis has practical implications for both welfare assessment research and to the goat industry in general. Ultimately, through the development of adequate assessment tools, it integrates the welfare issue into the food chain, meeting the consumers' expectations in the development of a sustainable food production system. ; RESUMO - Desenvolvimento e integração de indicadores de bem-estar animal, incluindo dor, em explorações de cabras em Portugal - A elaboração de protocolos de avaliação de bem-estar específicos para cada espécie pecuária é uma preocupação da política agrícola europeia. A literatura da área de bem-estar animal identifica a criação de instrumentos de medição como o primeiro passo para a elaboração destes protocolos. Esta tese tem como objetivo desenvolver e integrar indicadores para incluir em protocolos de avaliação para utilizar em explorações de cabras de aptidão leiteira. Esta tese apresenta três contributos para a literatura de bem-estar animal. Em primeiro lugar, contribui para a identificação de indicadores, baseados nos animais, com potencial para integração em protocolos de avaliação. A revisão bibliográfica realizada permitiu reconhecer a necessidade premente de investigação nesta área, dado que a maior parte dos indicadores necessitam de ser testados e validados. Em segundo lugar, esta tese desenvolve ferramentas para apoiar a avaliação da condição corporal e da claudicação. Para a condição corporal foi criado um sistema visual de avaliação considerado válido e repetível, e que apenas necessita de uma breve contenção dos animais para ser utilizado. Relativamente à claudicação foram recolhidas participações de observadores relativamente à observação de vídeos de cabras com diferentes níveis de claudicação. A análise destas observações permitiu concluir que os participantes apenas são consistentes a avaliar os casos mais graves de claudicação, facto importante para a integração do indicador em protocolos de avaliação. As classificações dos observadores mostraram ainda que as escalas numéricas em uso apenas podem ser utilizadas considerando um nível ordinal de medição. Este facto abre o caminho para o desenvolvimento de escalas com níveis mais elevados de medição, como as escalas visuais analógicas modificadas. Em terceiro lugar, esta tese desenvolve um protocolo de avaliação que inclui e testa os indicadores condição corporal e claudicação. Este protocolo permitiu investigar sobre os maiores problemas de bem-estar que afetam as explorações intensivas de leite de cabra em Portugal (sobre crescimento das unhas, filas na manjedoura, animais gordos), sendo esta informação fundamental para analisar como melhorar o bem-estar das cabras de leite. A investigação conduzida no âmbito desta tese apresenta implicações práticas tanto para o estudo do bem-estar animal, como para a exploração de leite de cabra. O desenvolvimento de ferramentas adequadas de avaliação permite a integração da valoração do bem-estar na cadeia de produção, indo ao encontro das expectativas dos consumidores para a concepção de sistemas mais sustentáveis de produção de alimentos.

Актуальность и цели. В современной России происходит рост социальной активности религиозных объединений и верующих. Очевидна необходимость совершенствования концепции отношений государства с различными конфессиями для обеспечения стабильности современной религиозной ситуации. Цель работы проанализировать факторы влияния на государственно-конфессиональную политику в 1985-1988 гг., выявить внутренние и внешние причины ее поворота, изучить роль партийных и государственных органов в определении курса данной политики. Материалы и методы. Реализация исследовательских задач была достигнута на основе использования документов из фондов Российского государственного архива новейшей истории, Государственного архива Российской Федерации, в частности фондов специального хранения, к которым доступ исследователей ограничен. Особое место занимают документы ЦК КПСС и Совета по делам религий при Совете Министров СССР. Методологическую основу исследования составляет принцип историзма, позволяющий проанализировать динамику взаимоотношений советского государства и религиозных обществ в указанный период. В работе были также использованы как общенаучные, так и специально-исторические методы. Структурно-системный метод применялся при изучении системы партийно-государственных органов, осуществлявших государственно-конфессиональную политику советского государства. Статистический метод был необходим для выявления и фиксирования количественных изменений, например, численности религиозных объединений. Диахронный метод позволил анализировать процессы и явления религиозной жизни в исторической последовательности на общеисторическом фоне. Синхронный метод помог установить причинно-следственные связи между событиями и явлениями, одновременно происходившими не только в религиозной сфере, но и в экономике, внутренней и внешней политике, социальных отношениях. Результаты. Исследован комплекс причин поворота государственно-конфессиональной политики в 1985-1988 гг.: усиление напряженности религиозной ситуации на фоне демократизации политической системы и гласности, распространение деструктивных националистических тенденций в регионах традиционного униатства и ислама, структурные сдвиги в соотношении различных вероисповеданий в пользу католического и протестантского направления, активная позиция духовенства и верующих, идеологическое противостояние с Западом. Выводы. В годы перестройки М. С. Горбачева, в преддверии празднования Тысячелетия крещения Руси изменилась концепция государственно-конфессиональных отношений, осуществился поворот государства к диалогу с верующими и сотрудничеству с религиозными объединениями. Особую роль в подготовке поворота общества и государства к конструктивному диалогу с верующими сыграл Совет по делам религий, аналитическая деятельность которого показала политическому руководству объективную картину религиозной ситуации в стране. ; Background. There is a growth of social activity of religious organizations and believers in modern Russia. It is obvious that there is a need to improve the relations of the state with the concept of different faiths to ensure the stability of the current religious situation. The purpose of the article is to analyze the factors of influence on the church-state policy in the period from 1985 to 1988, to identify the internal and external reasons for its turn, to examine the role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and state organs in determining the course of the policy. Materials and methods. The research tasks were implemented through the use of documents from the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History, the State Archive of the Russian Federation and, in particular, a special fund of storage, access to which is limited to researchers. A special place is occupied by the documents of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council on Religious Affairs under the the USSR Council of Ministers. The methodology of the study is based on the principle of historicism, which allows to analyze the dynamics of the relationship of the Soviet state and the religious communities in this period. The research also used many of general scientific and special historical methods. The structural and system method was used in the study of the party and government bodies responsible for the state-religious policy of the Soviet state. The statistical method was needed to identify and fix the quantitative changes, such as the number of religious associations. The diachronic method allowed analysis of processes and phenomena of religious life in the historical sequence in the general historical background. The synchronous method helped to establish causal relationships between events and phenomena occuring simultaneously not only in the religious sphere, but also in the economy, domestic and foreign policy, social relations. Results. The authors studied a complex of reasons for turning the state-religious policy in the period from 1985 to 1988: increased tension on the background of the religious situation of democratization of the political system and society, the spread of destructive nationalist tendencies in the regions of traditional Islam and the Uniate Church, structural shifts in the ratio of different faiths in favor of the Catholic and Protestant, the active position of the clergy and the faithful, the ideological confrontation with the West. Conclusions. In the years of Gorbachev's perestroika, specifically in the eve of the millennium of Christianity in Russia, the concept of church-state relations changed with turning the state to engagement in a dialogue with believers and cooperation with religious associations. The Council for Religious Affairs played a special role in preparation of the state's and society's turn to a constructive dialogue with the faithful people. Its analytical work showed an objective picture of the religious situation in the country to the political leadership.

[spa] A diferencia de otros casos, la emigración española y catalana a Paraguay durante el periodo de migraciones masivas no ha sido tratada en profundidad hasta el momento. Con esta investigación se pretende contribuir a llenar el vacío historiográfico existente. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es abordar la realidad del colectivo de inmigrantes catalanes que se asentaron en Paraguay entre finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, para conocer, a través de este colectivo, el fenómeno migratorio que se dio en la capital del Paraguay y cuál fue la labor realizada por el Estado paraguayo en relación a la inmigación. La investigación presenta tres niveles de análisis distintos, uno de carácter macro, centrado en las relaciones entre el Estado paraguayo y la inmigración; uno de carácter meso, focalizado en el papel de la inmigración en las relaciones culturales hispano-paraguayas; y un nivel de análisis micro, basado en las relaciones interpersonales y redes sociales que establecieron los inmigrantres. El uso de estos tres niveles de análisis permite observar el fenómeno migratorio desde tres prismas y tres escalas distintas, aportando una visión de conjunto de la problemática estudiada, pero sin descuidar las peculiaridades de un estudio de caso. El trabajo está estructurado en cinco capítulos. El primer capítulo se ocupa de las cuestiones teóricas y metodológicas y del estado de la cuestión en el que se encuentran los estudios migratorios sobre el Paraguay de entreguerras (1870-1932). El segundo capítulo está dedicado al contexto social, político y económico del Paraguay de entreguerras (1870-1932) partiendo de los antecedentes inmediatos, es decir, de la Guerra de la Triple Alianza y de sus consecuencias poblacionales, terrioriales, gubernamentales y económicas, hasta el inicio de la Guerra del Chaco en 1932. En el tercer capítulo se aborda el primero de los tres ejes en los que se centra esta investigación: las relaciones entre la inmigración y el Estado paraguayo, mediante el análisis de la legislación paraguaya, los mensajes presidenciales y las publicaciones y datos oficiales en materia migratoria. El capítulo cuatro se ocupa del segundo gran eje de análisis, las relaciones culturales hispano-paraguayas y del papel de la inmigración española y catalana que ejerció en muchas ocasiones de puente entre ambos países. En este capítulo se analiza el papel de algunas asociaciones americanistas, y de sus delegados enviados a Paraguay, que actuaron como embajadores culturales. El quinto y último capítulo está dedicado al tercer eje vertebrador de la investigación, las relaciones sociales establecidas por los inmigrantes españoles y catalanes. Estas relaciones microestructurales están estrechamente ligadas a las redes migratorias y de sociabilidad que tuvieron en las asociaciones de inmigrantes uno de sus exponentes más claros. Además de ocuparse de las asociaciones de inmigrantes, el capítulo cinco también aborda las relaciones familiares y laborales que muchas veces unieron a estos inmigrantes a través del matrimonio entre algunos de sus miembros o mediante negocios en común. Este trabajo muestra cómo el Estado paraguayo se esforzó por atraer una fuerte corriente migratoria hacia el país con unos resultados distintos a los esperados, cómo los inmigrantes estudiados contribuyeron a mejorar las relaciones culturales entre su país de origen y su país de acogida, y de qué manera estos inmigrantes se relacionaron e insertaron en la sociedad asuncena. ; [eng] Unlike other cases, the Spanish and Catalan emigration to Paraguay during the mass migration has not been treated in depth, this research aims to contribute to fill the historiographical void. The main objective of this research is to approach the reality of Catalan immigrants group who settled in Paraguay during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, to meet through this group, the migratory phenomenon that occurred in the Capital of Paraguay and what it was the work undertaken by the Paraguayan State in relation to the immigration. This research present three levels of analysis, a macro, focusing on the relationship between the Paraguayan government and immigration; one meso, focusing on the role of immigration in the Spanish-Paraguayan cultural relations; and a micro level analysis, based on interpersonal relationships and social networks that established the immigrants. The use of these three levels of analysis allows to observe the migration in three prisms and in three different scales, providing an overview of the problematic studied, but without neglect the peculiarities of a case study. This work shows how the Paraguayan State strove to attract a strong flow of immigrants to the country whose results were different from those expected, studied how immigrants helped to improve cultural relations between their country of origin and their host country and how these immigrants were linked and inserted in the new society.

In North America, space heating, hot water, and air conditioning use more secondary energy thanany other activity within buildings, thus emitting the majority of scope 1 and scope 2 GreenhouseGases (GHG). The Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) uses one-third the energy of traditionaltechnologies to provide space conditioning and hot water services.While GSHP is a well-established technology, the energy savings and lower GHG emissionshave not translated into their widespread adoption. Public policy measures and financialincentives adopted to promote GSHP have failed to lead to broad adoption or lower costs. Thisthesis examines the adoption of GSHP in response to supportive policies among residential,institutional, and city-scale adopters.Detailed site-level and panel data permit natural experiments on the response of residentialadopters in Canada and the US to changing incentives. At higher scales, regulatory proceedingsconcerning the offering of Thermal Energy Services (TES) has provided a case study for analysisof utility models to finance GSHP for commercial and institutional clients.In Canada and the US, financial incentives failed to sustain the adoption of GSHP throughout orafter the period of subsidy among residential households. Neither did incentives lead to adecrease in price over time. Free-ridership problems in Canada and an inability to make inroadsto areas served by natural gas have stranded GSHP technology. Further, the capital cost ofGSHP results in a higher lifecycle cost than most alternatives. The economy-wide benefits offinancial incentives for GSHP are limited in Canada, where most heat pumps are imported.iiiTES provide compelling innovations to bridge barriers at higher scales. TES overcome balancesheet constraints on debt common to public sector organizations by financing capital equipmentand renovations as utility payments. TES can overcome capital constraints faced by developersby financing equipment inside the building lowering construction costs. However, our casestudy of public procurement reveals TES to be a costly approach in the long run. The insightsfrom this research are translated into best practices and policy advice to improve contracting,increase awareness, and align incentives for greater efficiency. ; En Amérique du Nord, le chauffage de l'espace, l'eau chaude, et l'utilisation de la climatisation énergie secondaire plus que toute autre activité au sein de bâtiments, émettant ainsi la majorité des gaz périmètres 1 et 2 serre (GES). La pompe à chaleur géothermique (PCG) utilise un tiers de l'énergie des technologies traditionnelles de fournir un espace de services d'eau chaude et de climatisation. Bien géothermique est une technologie bien établie, les économies d'énergie et les émissions de GES ne sont pas traduits dans leur adoption généralisée. Les mesures de politique publique et les incitations financières adoptées pour promouvoir PCG ont échoué à conduire à une large adoption ou de réduire les coûts. Cette thèse examine l'adoption de pompes à chaleur géothermiques en réponse aux politiques de soutien parmi les adopteurs résidentiels, institutionnels, et la ville-échelle. Données au niveau détaillé du site et des panneaux permettent expériences naturelles sur la réponse des adoptants résidentiels au Canada et aux États-Unis à l'évolution des incitations. À des échelles supérieures, les procédures réglementaires relatives à l'offre de services de l'énergie thermique (TES) a fourni une étude de cas pour l'analyse des modèles d'utilité pour financer géothermique pour les clients commerciaux et institutionnels. Au Canada et aux États-Unis, les incitations financières ont échoué à soutenir l'adoption de la pompe à chaleur géothermique à travers ou après la période de la subvention pour les ménages résidentiels. Pas plus que les incitations conduisent à une diminution des prix dans le temps. Problèmes de resquillage au Canada et une incapacité à faire des incursions dans les zones desservies par le gaz naturel ont brin technologie géothermique. En outre, le coût en capital de pompes à chaleur géothermiques en résulte un coût de cycle de vie plus élevé que la plupart des solutions de rechange. Les avantages de l'économie à l'échelle d'incitations financières pour les pompes à chaleur géothermiques sont limitées au Canada, où la plupart des pompes à chaleur sont importés. TES fournissent innovations convaincantes pour combler les obstacles à des échelles supérieures. TES surmonter équilibrer les contraintes de bilan sur la dette commune aux organisations du secteur public par le financement de biens d'équipement et de rénovation que les paiements de services publics. TES peut surmonter les contraintes de capitaux rencontrés par les développeurs en finançant des équipements à l'intérieur du bâtiment en réduisant les coûts de construction. Cependant, notre étude des marchés publics de cas révèle TES être une approche coûteuse dans le long terme. Les perspectives de cette recherche sont traduits dans les meilleures pratiques et des conseils stratégiques pour améliorer la passation des marchés, accroître la sensibilisation, et aligner les incitations pour une plus grande efficacité.