Suchergebnisse

The Anthropology of Technology: The Formation of a Field -- Section 1: Perspectives, Fields, and Approaches -- Making 'Technology' Visible: Technical Activities and the Chaîne Opératoire -- Technology as Skill in Handwork and Craft: Basketwork and Handweaving -- Material Culture Studies: Objectification, Agency, and Intangibility -- Feminist Technoscience and New Imaginaries of Human Reproduction -- Assemblage Ethnography: Configurations Across Scales, Sites, and Practices -- Humanism, Posthumanism, and New Humanism: How Robots Challenge the Anthropological Object -- Structuring Race into the Machine: The Spoiled Promise of Postgenomic Gene Sequencing -- An Interventional Design Anthropology of Emerging Technologies: Working Through an Interdisciplinary Field -- Computational Ethnography: A Case of Covid-19's Methodological Consequences -- Section 2: Knowing, Unknowing, and Re-knowing -- Knowing, Unknowing, and Re-knowing -- Technology, Environment, and the Ends of Knowledge -- Charting the Unknown: Tracking the Self, Experimenting with the Digital -- Data, Knowledge Practices, and Naturecultural Worlds: Vehicle Emissions in the Anthropocene -- Set, Setting, and Clinical Trials: Colonial Technologies and Psychedelics -- Assembling Population Data in the Field: The Labour, Technologies, and Materialities of Quantification -- Peopled by Data: Statistical Knowledge Practices, Population-Making, and the State -- Data Practices and Sustainable Development Goals: Organising Knowledge for Sustainable Futures -- Section 3: Communities, Collectives, and Categories -- Communities, Collectives, and Categories -- Un/Doing Race: On Technology, Individuals, and Collectives in Forensic Practice -- Learning, Technology, and the Instrumentalisation of Critique -- Technology, Gender, and Nation: Building Modern Citizens in Maoist China -- Imagineerism: Technology, Robots, Kinship. Perspectives from Japan -- Collectivities and Technological Activism: Feminist Hacking -- Inside Technology Organisations: Imaginaries of Digitalisation at Work -- Section 4: Ethics, Values, and Morality -- Ethics, Values, and Morality -- Moral Ambiguities: Fleshy and Digital Substitutes in the Life Sciences -- Enacting Authenticity: Changing Ontologies of Biological Entities -- Technologies of Beauty: The Materiality, Ethics, and Normativity of Cosmetic Citizenship -- The Optimised and Enhanced Self: Experiences of the Self and the Making of Societal Values -- Articulations of Ethics: Energy Worlds and Moral Selves -- Competing Responsibilities and the Ethics of Care in Young People's Engagements with Digital Mental Health -- Committee Work: Stem Cell Governance in the United States -- Section 5: Infrastructures, Linkages, and Livelihoods -- Infrastructures, Linkages, and Livelihoods -- Accumulation: Exploring the Materiality of Energy Infrastructure -- Food Infrastructures and Technologies of Trust in Contemporary China -- Water Infrastructures: The Making and Maintenance of Material and Organisational Connections -- Electricity as a Field for Anthropological Theorizing and Research -- Circuit Board Money: An Infrastructural Perspective on Digital Payments.

Machine generated contents note:There Is No Church in the Wild --Premise and Structure of This Book --pt. 1ELEMENTS OF AN IMPAIRED MISSIOLOGY --1.What Happened? Christianity and the Theological Turn of the Twentieth Century --White Supremacy of Missions --Emergence of a Post-Soul Context and Shifting Tide for the Church --Proofing and Chaplaincy Christianity --Western Confinement of Christianity --2.Missions, Race, and God: The Impairment of Short-Term Missions and White-Led Urban Ministries --Narrative and Voice of Young Adults --Multifaceted Inferences --Effects of Passive Racism --pt. 2CULTURAL EXEGESIS OF THE WILD --3.God in Hip Hop: A Conversation on Complexity --Field of Hip Hop Studies --Virtuous in the Paradox of Hip Hop's Theology --Hostility of the Gospel --4.Jesus of Hip Hop in the Wild: Race, Crisis, and the Pursuit of a Messiah --Race, Ethnicity, and Jesus --Jesuz in and of Hip Hop --Outlawz and Black Jesuz --Toward Contextualized Images of the Hip Hop Jesus --5.Vignettes of the Post-Soul Voice --Three Windows on Faith in the Wild/Post-Soul Context --Spiritual Taxonomies of Urban, Multiethnic, Post-Soul Young People --pt. 3CHURCH IN THE WILD: UNCONVENTIONAL MISSIOLOGY IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY --6.Communal Connections in the Wild: From Short-Term Missions to Lifelong Relationships --Death to Short-Term Missions --Problems Associated with the Discourse of Missions --Lifelong Relationships: Beyond Reconciliation --7.Baptized in Dirty Water: Learning from the Post-Soul Missiologists Tupac Amaru Shakur and Kendrick Lamar --Situating Tupac in the Post-Soul Context --Kendrick Lamar in Post-Soul Conversation --Locating Tupac and Lamar's Missiological Gospel Essence --Toward a Missiology of Post-Soul Prophets --8.Beyond Reconciliation in the Wild: The Importance of Engagement with the Intricacies of Race and Ethnicities in Missions and Missiology --Death of and Movement Away from Respectability and Bootstrap Narratives --Death of and Movement Away from White Dominance in Missions --Nurturing Doubt and Ambiguity in Missiology --9.Theology for the Wild: Protest and Civil Disruption as Missiology --Reimagining King Nebuchadnezzar in the Context of Empire --Theological Paradigm of Violence and Civil Disruption --Final Reflections on a Missiology in the Wild for White Sisters and Brothers --10.Conclusions: Toward a Missiology of the Wild and the Secular, Sacred, and Profane.

Acknowledgment -- Consumer analytics : fuzzy applications -- A new perspective on RFM analysis / Mohammad Hasan Aghdaie, Parham Fami -- A novel approach to segmentation using customer locations data and intelligent techniques / Baar Öztayi, Ugur Gokdere, Ms. Esra Nur Simsek, Ceren Salkin Oner -- Fuzzy clustering : an analysis of service quality in the mobile phone industry / Mashhour Baeshen, Malcolm J. Beynon, Kate L. Daunt -- An analysis of the interactions among the enablers of information communication technology in humanitarian supply chain management : a fuzzy based relationship modelling approach / Gaurav Kabra -- Computational intelligent: business analytics -- Auto associative extreme learning machine based hybrids for data imputation / Chandan Gautam, Vadlamani Ravi -- Multi-criteria decision making in marketing by using fuzzy rough set / Tapan Kumar Das -- Fuzzy multi-objective association rule mining using evolutionary computation / Ganghishetti Pradeep, Vadlamani Ravi -- Improved seating plans for movie theatre to improve revenue : an integrated best worst method with EMSR-B / Kedar Pandurang Joshi, Nikhil Lohiya -- Consumer analytics : multi-criteria (MCDM) applications and sentiment analysis -- Applications of the stochastic multi-criteria acceptability analysis method for consumer preference study / Tadeusz Trzaskalik, Piotr Namieciski, Andrzej Bajdak, Slawomir Jarek -- Modeling consumer opinion using ridit and grey relational analysis / Hohit Vishal Kumar -- Chapter11 sentiment analysis as a tool to understand the cultural relationship between consumer and brand / Nicola Capolupo, Gianpaolo Basile, Giancarlo Scozzese -- Improving customer experience using sentiment analysis in e-commerce / Kinay Kumar Jain / Shishir Kumar -- Marketing analytics : digital market place -- Adoption of online marketing for service SMES with multi-criteria decision-making approach / Lanndon Ocampo, Rosalin Merry Berdin Alarde, Dennis Anthony Kilongkilong, Antonio Esmero -- E-retailing from past to future definitions, analysis, problems and perspectives / Zehra Kamisli Ozturk, Mehmet Alegoz -- Fuzzy time series-an application in e-commerce / Ali KARASAN, Ismail Sevim, Melih ÇINAR -- Understand the frequency of application usage by smartphone users : door is open, but closes quickly / Geetika Jain -- Advance modeling applications : business analytics -- Car safety : a statistical analysis for marketing management / António Carrizo Moreira, Monica Gouveia, Pedro Macedo -- Banking credit scoring assessment using predictive k-nearest neighbour (PKNN) classifier / Saroj Kant Jena, Anil Kumar, Maheshwar Dwivedy -- Prediction of the quality of fresh water in a basin / Carlos N. Bouza-Herrera, Sira M. Allende Alonso, Agustin Santiago-Moreno, Jose M. Sautto-Vallejo -- Operating commodities market by automated traders / Fodil Laib, Mohammed Said Radjef

Machine generated contents note: 1 Ethnoarchaeology: its nature, origins, and history -- Why ethnoarchaeology? -- The plan of this book -- The birth and definition of ethnoarchaeology -- A brief history of ethnoarchaeology -- The attractions of ethnoarchaeology -- Further reading -- 2 Theorizing ethnoarchaeology and analogy -- Explanation in social science -- Processual and contextual schools and styles of -- analysis -- Analogy -- Ethnoarchaeology and postprocessualism -- Further reading -- 3 Fieldwork and ethics -- Types of ethnoarchaeological research -- Assessment of field methods -- Challenges -- Professional ethics and the ethnoarchaeologist -- Further reading -- 4 Human residues: entering the archaeological context -- Middle range theory from S to A -- Deposits and sites -- Cycling, curation, lifespan -- Natural garbage and discarded meanings -- Abandonment -- Concluding remarks -- Further reading -- 5 Fauna and subsistence / -- Fauna and their remains / -- Subsistence -- Conclusion: the importance of ethnography -- Further reading -- 6 Studying artifacts: functions, operating sequences, -- taxonomy -- Archaeological and ethnoarchaeological approaches -- Identification of artifact functions -- Techniques of manufacture -- Taxonomy, emics and etics -- A note on change -- Further reading -- 7 Style and the marking of boundaries: contrasting regional -- studies -- Style -- Style at work -- Conclusions -- Further reading -- 8 Settlement: systems and patterns -- Settlement patterns and subsistence-settlement -- systems -- Hunters and gatherers -- Pastoralists -- Cultivators plus -- Concluding contrasts, mobility and sedentism -- Further reading -- 9 Site structures and activities -- Hunter-gatherer studies -- Nomadic pastoralists -- Mobile populations with domesticated animals -- Cultivators -- Engendered activities, engendered spaces? -- Concluding remarks -- Further reading -- 10 Architecture -- "Vernacular" architecture -- Why the Willow Lake Dene build log cabins and tipis -- Architecture in the Islamic world -- Sukur: the chiefly production of space -- Conclusions -- Further reading -- 11 Specialist craft production and apprenticeship -- Specialist craft production -- Organization of craft production -- Learning and apprenticeship -- Examples of craft specialization -- The ethnoarchaeology of iron smelting in Africa -- Blacksmiths and brasscasters -- Concluding remarks -- Further reading -- 12 Trade and exchange -- Exchange, trade, and distribution -- Concluding remarks -- Further reading -- 13 Mortuary practices, status, ideology, and systems of -- thought -- Mortuary practices, status, and ideology -- Ideology, domination, and resistance in other areas -- Linking technologies, objects, and social representations -- Conclusions -- Further reading -- 14 Conclusions: ethnoarchaeology in context -- Ethnoarchaeology as contributor to archaeological -- theory and practice -- Career passages and the centrality of ethnoarchaeology -- Lack of institutionalization, increasing maturity -- The future -- Reflexivity -- Bibliography -- Index

The government's efforts in structuring traditional markets in Rengasdengklok District, Karawang Regency are deemed ineffective, because the traders leave the building in the market and prefer to sell on the side of the road which causes traffic jams every morning. The government is in the process of constructing a new market building to move traders to a new location. The problem that occurs in the arrangement of this traditional market is the absence of a proper building for traders and traders, which is difficult to arrange properly. As a result, the traders filled the main road of Rengasdengklok and left traces of rubbish on the side of the road. In addition, there is no parking space for buyers. Researchers used the theory of the main components of government strategy (X) from (Mulgan, 2008) which consisted of 5 sub variables, namely purposes, environment, direction, action, and learning. In addition, the researcher uses structuring theory (Y) from (George R Terry, in the book Principles of Management (Sukarna, 2019) which consists of 6 sub variables, namely man, material, machines, method, money, and market. The method used is explanatory. Research with a quantitative approach. Data collection techniques using literature study, questionnaire, observation, and documentation. The population in this study were traders, amounting to 1,314 people. While the sample in this study amounted to 93 people. The sampling method using purposive sampling. Data analysis technique used is the Pearson product moment correlation analysis, hypothesis testing and determinant coefficient. The results showed that the respondents 'responses about the local government strategy were 65.6%, based on the percentage score criteria respondents' answers were categorized as strong. This happens because the government's strategy in conducting market structuring it is good, as for the results in market structuring traditional at 79.0% this is based on the criteria for the respondent's score in the strong category. This is because the market arrangement is good. The influence of local government strategy on traditional market arrangement can be seen that the contribution of influence is 23.8% based on the interpretation guideline of the low coefficient of determination. This happened because there were no proper buildings for traders to sell. Then the remaining 76.2% is influenced by other factors not examined by the researcher.

A system is a set of heterogeneous elements that work in direct relation with each other for a specific purpose;through its automation, it is possible to carry out productive processes with machines, without thedirect participation of a human operator. The Automated Integrated Logistics System (SALI by it's acronymin Spanish) is a didactic environment that allows to emulate the activities and operation of a Logistic DistributionCenter (DC), developed at the New Granada Military University as a teaching and learning toolfor engineering. The current system programming in the software system allows a serial processing of apurchase order, from the moment in which the customer, passing through all the stations, until it is sent to adelivered point, requires the product. The present investigation presents a modeling of the system throughColored Petri Nets (CPN) it's made, with the purpose of achieve a better understanding of the dynamics ofthe system, the relationships between the stations, the flow of materials during the process and the cycles ofthese over the stations; as well as identifying the restrictive stations within the process that are susceptibleto an improvement to be raised in a future work ; Un sistema es un conjunto de elementos heterogéneos que trabajan en relación directa unos con otros paraun fin o propósito específico; mediante su automatización, es posible realizar procesos productivos conmáquinas, sin la participación directa de un operador humano. El Sistema Automatizado de Logística Integral(SALI) es un entorno didáctico que permite emular las actividades y el funcionamiento de un Centrode Distribución Logístico (CEDI), desarrollado en la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada como una herramientade enseñanza y aprendizaje para ingeniería. La programación actual del sistema en el software, permiteun procesamiento en serie de una orden de pedido, desde el momento en que el producto es requeridopor el cliente, su paso por todas las estaciones, hasta que es entregado en un punto de despacho. En la presenteinvestigación se realiza el modelamiento del sistema mediante Redes de Petri coloreadas (RdPC), conel fin de tener una mejor comprensión de la dinámica del sistema, las relaciones entre las estaciones, el flujode materiales durante el proceso y los ciclos de estos sobre las estaciones; así como identificar las estacionesrestrictivas dentro del proceso que sean susceptibles a una mejora para ser planteadas en un trabajo futuro.

Political scientists frequently invoke the term "party brand" as relates to partisanship, party breakdown, and heuristic voting, but scant attention is dedicated to brand as a meaningful construct in and of itself. Of the more recent studies that do expressly incorporate party brand, most treat the concept as manifestly inherent or employ it as a means to an end.This project joins business-marketing with the extant body of research on political parties and conceptualizes party brand as a standalone unit of inquiry that provides novel insight into long- and short-term processes behind strategic party decisions, while still allowing for analysis of the ultimate action. Party brand is a powerful explanatory concept, which links elite and mass stories and begets theoretical insight as to how and why parties develop overtime and which actors lead changes to the party's brand. As well, party brand complements existing narratives by systematically joining the study of parties-as-organizations, parties-in-government, and parties-in-electorate. Chapter 2 reviews relevant business marketing literature before introducing the party brand framework. It is argued each party sub-group actor contributes to the creation, perpetuation, and evolution of the national party's brand through different means and to various effect. Specifically, the national party committee operates as the central governing body and is the repository of the party's core brand identity, while the party's elected officials operate as franchise extensions. Chapter 2 further elaborates this framework with an emphasis on the relationship between the national committee, its elected officials, and the voting age population. Chapters 3 and 4 use machine-based learning to analyze party texts for the period of 1976-2012. Using various methods of computational text analysis a descriptive picture of both major parties' brand identities is presented, the evolution of both parties' brand identities across time and between actors are traced, and patterns emerge as to which actors lead changes to each party's brand. Chapter 5 adds a layer of description through elite interviews, which allows for further analysis of the role of party leadership – the driver of brand identity – with respect to its franchise extensions (members) in Congress.

A new, collaborative model of governance has emerged in the CALFED program, which manages much of California 's vast water system. This model emerged out of many years of dialogue among the state's major stakeholders and public agency leaders frustrated by the inability of traditional governance by the three branches-executive, legislative and judicial-to establish significant policy to address the competing needs of the environment and urban and agricultural water users. This paper reports on our research into the history, logic, and workings of this evolving program from its inception as an informal memorandum among agencies in 1994 to its 2004 incarnation with a formal, legislatively established oversight authority. CALFED has unlocked many of the paralyzing stalemates that afflicted California water management in the past; it has built social and political capital among previously warring parties; it has built shared understandings and heuristics among disparate interests and agencies; and it has improved the quality and acceptability of scientific information on which decisions are based. It has allowed just-in-time decision making which is adaptive to rapidly changing natural conditions and needs. The contrast from the traditional governance model to the 'CALFED way' involves eight dimensions. Collaborative processes have replaced gridlock and litigation; a comprehensive framework with linkages and balance among activities replaced project-by-project decisions; multipurpose interagency projects increasingly became the norm rather than single agency projects; local and regional solutions were used instead of just centralized decision making; public involvement was greatly increased, with stakeholders playing leadership roles; independent science reviews modified agency- and client-based science; accountability and transparency of decision making greatly increased; and flexible, adaptive management and joint learning replaced mechanistic decision making based on assumptions and mandates. Whether and how this emergent model of governance can be sustained remains to be seen. Obstacles include the expectations and understandings of many who assess it in terms of a machine model of the world and want to remake it into the traditional model. The strength of collaborative governance is its ability to respond to changing conditions and new information and to create new and unanticipated strategies. The emergence of CALFED converges with the growing recognition in public administration and business that organizations faced by uncertainty, complexity, rapid change and fragmentation must create capacity for adaptation and innovation.

A new, collaborative model of governance has emerged in the CALFED program, which manages much of California 's vast water system. This model emerged out of many years of dialogue among the state's major stakeholders and public agency leaders frustrated by the inability of traditional governance by the three branches—executive, legislative and judicial—to establish significant policy to address the competing needs of the environment and urban and agricultural water users. This paper reports on our research into the history, logic, and workings of this evolving program from its inception as an informal memorandum among agencies in 1994 to its 2004 incarnation with a formal, legislatively established oversight authority. CALFED has unlocked many of the paralyzing stalemates that afflicted California water management in the past; it has built social and political capital among previously warring parties; it has built shared understandings and heuristics among disparate interests and agencies; and it has improved the quality and acceptability of scientific information on which decisions are based. It has allowed just-in-time decision making which is adaptive to rapidly changing natural conditions and needs. The contrast from the traditional governance model to the "CALFED way" involves eight dimensions. Collaborative processes have replaced gridlock and litigation; a comprehensive framework with linkages and balance among activities replaced project-by-project decisions; multipurpose interagency projects increasingly became the norm rather than single agency projects; local and regional solutions were used instead of just centralized decision making; public involvement was greatly increased, with stakeholders playing leadership roles; independent science reviews modified agency- and client-based science; accountability and transparency of decision making greatly increased; and flexible, adaptive management and joint learning replaced mechanistic decision making based on assumptions and mandates. Whether and how this emergent model of governance can be sustained remains to be seen. Obstacles include the expectations and understandings of many who assess it in terms of a machine model of the world and want to remake it into the traditional model. The strength of collaborative governance is its ability to respond to changing conditions and new information and to create new and unanticipated strategies. The emergence of CALFED converges with the growing recognition in public administration and business that organizations faced by uncertainty, complexity, rapid change and fragmentation must create capacity for adaptation and innovation.

This book describes the methodologies and tools used to conduct social cyber forensic analysis. By applying these methodologies and tools on various events observed in the case studies contained within, their effectiveness is highlighted. They blend computational social network analysis and cyber forensic concepts and tools in order to identify and study information competitors. Through cyber forensic analysis, metadata associated with propaganda-riddled websites are extracted. This metadata assists in extracting social network information such as friends and followers along with communication network information such as networks depicting flows of information among the actors such as tweets, replies, retweets, mentions, and hyperlinks. Through computational social network analysis, the authors identify influential actors and powerful groups coordinating the disinformation campaign. A blended social cyber forensic approach allows them to study cross-media affiliations of the information competitors. For instance, narratives are framed on blogs and YouTube videos, and then Twitter and Reddit, for instance, will be used to disseminate the message. Social cyber forensic methodologies enable researchers to study the role of modern information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the evolution of information campaign and coordination. In addition to the concepts and methodologies pertaining to social cyber forensics, this book also offers a collection of resources for readers including several datasets that were collected during case studies, up-to-date reference and literature surveys in the domain, and a suite of tools that students, researchers, and practitioners alike can utilize. Most importantly, the book demands a dialogue between information science researchers, public affairs officers, and policy makers to prepare our society to deal with the lawless 'wild west' of modern social information systems triggering debates and studies on cyber diplomacy. Samer Al-khateeb is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Journalism, Media and Computing, College of Arts and Sciences, at Creighton University and a former Postdoctorate Research Fellow at the Collaboratorium for Social Media and Online Behavioral Studies (COSMOS) at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock (UA-Little Rock). He obtained his Ph.D. in Computer and Information Sciences, a master's degree in Applied Science, and a bachelor's degree in Computer Science form UA-Little Rock. He studies deviant acts (e.g., deviant cyber flash mobs and cyber propaganda campaigns) on social media that are conducted by deviant groups (e.g., Daesh, Black-hat hackers, and Propagandist) which aim to influence individual's behaviors and provoke hysteria among citizens. He also studies the type of actors these deviant groups use to perform their acts, i.e., are they human (e.g., Internet trolls) or automated actors (e.g., social bots) by leveraging social science theories (e.g., the theory of collective action), social network analysis (e.g., centralities and community detection algorithms), and social cyber forensics (e.g., metadata collection to uncover the hidden relations among these actors across platforms). He has many publications including book chapters, journal papers (e.g., Journal of Defence Strategic Communications; Journal of Digital Forensics, Security, and Law; Journal of Baltic Security; and the IARIA International Journal on Advances in Internet Technology), conferences proceedings, and conferences presentations. He won various awards such as the Staff Achievement Award for Educational Achievements, Excellence in Research Award, Outstanding Graduating Student Award (Master's Level), Who's Who Among Students in American Universities and Colleges, the Best Paper Award, 2nd Place Most Innovative Award, and 2nd Place Societal Impact Award, among others. Dr. Nitin Agarwal is the Jerry L. Maulden-Entergy Endowed Chair and Distinguished Professor of Information Science at University of Arkansas at Little Rock. He is the founding director of the Collaboratorium for Social Media and Online Behavioral Studies (COSMOS) at UA Little Rock. His research aims to push the boundaries of our understanding of cyber social behaviors that emerge and evolve constantly in the modern information and communication platforms with applications in defense and security, health, business and marketing, finance, and education. At COSMOS, he is leading projects funded by over $10 million from an array of federal agencies including U.S. National Science Foundation, Office of Naval Research, Army Research Office, Air Force Research Lab, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of State, and plays a significant role in the long-term partnership between UA Little Rock and the Department of Homeland Security. He developed publicly available social media mining tools, viz., Blogtrackers, YouTubeTracker, and Focal Structure Analysis used by NATO Strategic Communications and public affairs, among others. Dr. Agarwal participates in the national Tech Innovation Hub launched by the U.S. Department of State to defeat foreign based propaganda. Dr. Agarwal's research contributions lie at the intersection of social computing, behavior-cultural modeling, collective action, social-cyber forensics, AI, data mining, and machine learning. From Saudi Arabian women's right to drive cyber campaigns to Autism awareness campaigns to ISIS' and anti-West/anti-NATO disinformation campaigns, at COSMOS, he is directing several projects that have made foundational and applicational contributions to social and computational sciences. He has published 8 books and over 150 articles in top-tier peer-reviewed forums with several best paper awards and nominations. Dr. Agarwal obtained Ph.D. from Arizona State University with outstanding dissertation recognition in 2009. He was recognized as one of 'The New Influentials: 20 In Their 20s' by Arkansas Business in 2012. He was recognized with the University-wide Faculty Excellence Award in Research and Creative Endeavors by UALR in 2015. Dr. Agarwal received the Social Media Educator of the Year Award at the 21st International Education and Technology Conference in 2015. In 2017 the Arkansas Times featured Dr. Agarwal in their special issue on 'Visionary Arkansans: A Celebration of Arkansans with ideas and achievements of transformative power.' Dr. Agarwal was nominated as International Academy, Research and Industry Association (IARIA) Fellow in 2017, Arkansas Academy of Computing (AAoC) Fellow in 2018, and Arkansas Research Alliance (ARA) Fellow in 2018.

Carson Christiano, CEGA Executive Director, outlines CEGA's top priorities in 2024, designed to expand the way we define and achieve "impact" in the evidence-informed policy ecosystem.Credit: Ronald Cuyan via UnsplashFor fifteen years, CEGA has supplied decision-makers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with rich evidence, insights, and tools they can use to identify cost-effective solutions for reducing poverty and improving lives. As we've matured, we have become wiser to the ways in which our efforts may — and may not — be driving meaningful and lasting policy change. In recent years, we have turned the microscope on ourselves, looking closely at our successes and failures and contemplating ways to boost the return on investment in CEGA's work. We are especially proud of the investments we've made to make evidence more cost-effective, more transparent and reproducible, and more inclusive.This year, we're re-committing to driving systematic change in the global development community and expanding our imagination of what our impact can be. Our priorities include:1. Launching new research initiatives in priority areas.As the world continues to contend with overlapping crises, there are several thematic areas where more evidence is urgently needed. CEGA faculty and staff are working to build research agendas and partnerships to support for new work in the areas of Gender & Agency, Conflict & Security, and Forced Displacement. Meanwhile, we are working to ensure that all of our thematic areas address the persistent threat of climate change, which in turn has exacerbated both conflict and forced displacement, especially for marginalized groups — and low-income women and children in particular.2. Building open science infrastructure.A key pillar of CEGA's work is to make evidence better. As such, we're constantly striving to improve the quality and credibility of the data, tools, and analytical methods used to make consequential policy decisions and drive large-scale social impact. This year, we're expanding investments in our Cost Transparency Initiative (CTI), which is developing tools and standards for rigorous intervention costing. We're promoting adoption of the Social Science Prediction Platform (SSPP), which enables timely predictions of social science research, and the Social Science Reproduction Platform (SSRP), which crowdsources and catalogs attempts to assess and improve the computational reproducibility of social science research. We're also excited to contribute a highly collaborative, novel effort to build a comprehensive, open-access, and searchable library of results from social science RCTs in low- and middle-income countries. By consistently documenting study design, intervention features and context, effect sizes, and measures of certainty and credibility, the envisioned Impact Data and Evidence Aggregation Library (IDEAL) will dramatically accelerate the translation of evidence into action by allowing users to quickly and painlessly access relevant information for a given set of studies. Once established, IDEAL will facilitate everything from qualitative systematic review to quantitative meta-analyses, making evidence-based decision-making easier for all across the development research ecosystem.3. Promoting the use of novel data science tools and approaches.CEGA's embrace of multidisciplinary and mixed methods has allowed us to generate new types of insights for decision makers, thus diversifying and expanding the number of tools in their toolkits. For example, the use of novel data sources (like satellite imagery and cell phone metadata) and data science approaches (including applications of AI and machine learning) by CEGA researchers allows them to paint a more complete or accurate picture of what's happening in a given geography or sector than they would relying on traditional data alone. This is particularly important in conflict or climate change-affected countries where household survey or government census data may be woefully out of date or insufficient for high-stakes decision-making. This year, CEGA is scoping new activities and partnerships that elevate the use of AI-based tools by researchers and policymakers for targeting, deploying, and rigorously testing a wide variety of global development solutions.4. Putting ethics and inclusion front and center.We're mindful of our position as a Global North institution working on challenges facing people in the Global South, and are deeply committed to driving both ethics and inclusion in this ecosystem. Our Global Networks program, which has brought over 70 scholars from East and West Africa to the US for semester-long fellowships in impact evaluation since 2012, continues to thrive and expand. This year, we announced a new collaboration with the Partnership for Economic Policy (PEP) to create more training and mentorship opportunities for promising African scholars. At the same time, we're helping to set new standards for ethics in development research, for example by studying the practices and preferences surrounding the returning of research results to communities. And our Collaboration for Inclusive Development Research (CIDR) is examining — using both qualitative and quantitative methods — how the inclusion of African scholars can influence evidence-informed policymaking, and the obstacles that remain in doing so.As CEGA matures and the world around us continues to shift, we're striving to update how we define and articulate "impact" — not only in terms of our investments in research and evidence, but also our investments in methods, training, and research dissemination. In other words, we're beginning to measure success not just by the specific programs or policies that have been informed by CEGA evidence — although that is important of course — but also by the ways in which the entire global development ecosystem has shifted towards the effective use of evidence. This year, we're prioritizing efforts to better track and learn from our past experience and proactively integrating these lessons into our work.At CEGA, we're motivated by the opportunities that lie ahead and stretching our imaginations about the kind of impact we can have. We can't do it alone — we're proud of our collaborations with public, private, and non-profit partners, especially with those in the Global South, and look forward to seeing what we can do together this year (and beyond!) to make global development decision-making more cost-effective, innovative, and inclusive.Innovating for Impact was originally published in CEGA on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

Many functions that at one time could only be performed by humans can nowadays be carried out by machines. Automation impacts many areas of life including work, home, communication and mobility. In the driving context, in-vehicle automation is considered to provide solutions for environmental, economic, safety and societal challenges. However, automation changes the driving task and the human-machine interaction. Thus, the expected benefit of in-vehicle automation can be undermined by changes in drivers' behaviour, i.e. behavioural adaptation. This PhD project focuses on motivational as well as higher cognitive processes underlying behavioural adaptation when interacting with in-vehicle automation. Motivational processes include the development of trust and acceptance, whereas higher cognitive processes comprise the learning process as well as the development of mental models and Situation Awareness (SA). As an example for in-vehicle automation, the advanced driver assistance system Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) was investigated. ACC automates speed and distance control by maintaining a constant set cruising speed and automatically adjusting vehicle's velocity in order to provide a specified distance to the preceding vehicle. However, due to sensor limitations, not every situation can be handled by the system and therefore driver intervention is required. Trust, acceptance and an appropriate mental model of the system functionality are considered key variables for adequate use and appropriate SA. To systematically investigate changes in motivational and higher cognitive processes, a driving simulator as well as an on-road study were carried out. Both of the studies were conducted using a repeated-measures design, taking into account the process character, i.e. changes over time. The main focus was on the development of trust, acceptance and the mental model of novice users when interacting with ACC. By now, only few studies have attempted to assess changes in higher level cognitive processes, due to methodological difficulties posed by the dynamic task of driving. Therefore, this PhD project aimed at the elaboration and validation of innovative methods for assessing higher cognitive processes, with an emphasis on SA and mental models. In addition, a new approach for analyzing big and heterogeneous data in social science was developed, based on the use of relational databases. The driving simulator study investigated the effect of divergent initial mental models of ACC (i.e., varying according to correctness) on trust, acceptance and mental model evolvement. A longitudinal study design was applied, using a two-way (3×3) repeated measures mixed design with a matched sample of 51 subjects. Three experimental groups received (1) a correct ACC description, (2) an incomplete and idealised account omitting potential problems, and (3) an incorrect description including non-occurring problems. All subjects drove a 56-km track of highway with an identical ACC system, three times, and within a period of 6 weeks. Results showed that after using the system, participants' mental model of ACC converged towards the profile of the correct group. Non-experienced problems tended to disappear from the mental model network when they were not activated by experience. Trust and acceptance grew steadily for the correct condition. The same trend was observed for the group with non-occurring problems, starting from a lower initial level. Omitted problems in the incomplete group led to a constant decrease in trust and acceptance without recovery. This indicates that automation failures do not negatively affect trust and acceptance if they are known beforehand. During each drive, participants continuously completed a visual secondary task, the Surrogate Reference Task (SURT). The frequency of task completion was used as objective online-measure for SA, based on the principle that situationally aware driver would reduce the engagement in the secondary task if they expect potentially critical situations. Results showed that correctly informed drivers were aware of potential system limitations and reduced their engagement in the secondary task when such situations arose. Participants with no information about limitations became only aware after first encounter and reduced secondary task engagement in corresponding situations during subsequent trials. However, trust and acceptance in the system declined over time due to the unexpected failures. Non occurring limitations tended to drop from the mental model and resulted in reduced SA already in the second trial. The on-road study investigated the learning process, as well as the development of trust, acceptance and the mental model for interacting with ACC in real conditions. Research questions aimed to model the learning process in mathematical/statistical terms, examine moments and conditions when these processes stabilize, and assess how experience changes the mental model of the system. A sample of fifteen drivers without ACC experience drove a test vehicle with ACC ten consecutive times on the same route within a 2-month period. In contrast to the driving simulator study, all participants were fully trained in ACC functionality by reading the owner's manual in the beginning. Results showed that learning, as well as the development of acceptance and trust in ACC follows the power law of learning, in case of comprehensive prior information on system limitations. Thus, the major part of the learning process occurred during the first interaction with the system and support in explaining the systems abilities (e.g. by tutoring systems) should therefore primarily be given during this first stage. All processes stabilized at a relatively high level after the fifth session, which corresponds to 185 km or 3.5 hours of driving. No decline was observable with ongoing system experience. However, in line with the findings from the simulator study, limitations that are not experienced tended to disappear from the mental model if they were not activated by experience. With regard to the validation of the developed methods for assessing mental models and SA, results are encouraging. The studies show that the mental model questionnaire is able to provide insights into the construction of mental models and the development over time. Likewise, the implicit measurement approach to assess SA online in the driving simulator is sensitive to user's awareness of potentially critical situations. In terms of content, the results of the studies prove the enduring relevance of the initial mental model for the learning process, SA, as well as the development of trust, acceptance and a realistic mental model about automation capabilities and limitations. Given the importance of the initial mental model it is recommended that studies on system trust and acceptance should include, and attempt to control, users' initial mental model of system functionality. Although the results showed that also incorrect and incomplete initial mental models converged by experience towards a realistic appreciation of system functionality, the more cognitive effort needed to update the mental model, the lower trust and acceptance. Providing an idealised description, which omits potential problems, only leads to temporarily higher trust and acceptance in the beginning. The experience of unexpected limitations results in a steady decrease in trust and acceptance over time. A trial-and-error strategy for in-vehicle automation use, without accompanying information, is therefore considered insufficient for developing stable trust and acceptance. If the mental model matches experience, trust and acceptance grow steadily following the power law of learning – regardless of the experience of system limitations. Provided that such events are known in advance, they will not cause a decrease in trust and acceptance over time. Even over-information about potential problems lowers trust and acceptance only in the beginning, and not in the long run. Potential problems should therefore not be concealed in over-idealised system descriptions; the more information given, the better, in the long run. However, limitations that are not experienced tend to disappear from the mental model. Therefore, it is recommended that users be periodically reminded of system limitations to make sure that corresponding knowledge becomes re-activated. Intelligent tutoring systems incorporated in automated systems could provide a solution. In the driving context, periodic reminders about system limitations could be shown via the multifunction displays integrated in most modern cars. Tutoring systems could also be used to remind the driver of the presence of specific in-vehicle automation systems and reveal their benefits.:Table of contents LIST OF FIGURES I LIST OF TABLES II LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV SUMMARY V ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VIII 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 14 2.1 BEHAVIOURAL ADAPTATION AND HIGHER COGNITIVE PROCESSES 14 2.2 VEHICLE AUTOMATION AND ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL 17 2.3 MENTAL MODELS 20 2.3.1 Definition 20 2.3.2 Mental model construction and update 20 2.3.3 Discussion of existing measures 21 2.3.4 Development of the mental model questionnaire 23 2.4 SITUATION AWARENESS 24 2.4.1 Definition 24 2.4.2 Relationship between mental models and Situation Awareness 26 2.4.3 Situation Awareness as comprehension process 27 2.4.4 Discussion of existing measures 27 2.4.5 Development of the Situation Awareness measurement technique 29 2.5 LEARNING, ACCEPTANCE AND TRUST IN AUTOMATION 30 2.5.1 Power law of learning 30 2.5.2 Acceptance 31 2.5.3 Trust in automation 31 2.5.4 Related research on learning, acceptance and trust in ACC 32 3 OVERALL RESEARCH QUESTIONS 34 4 OVERALL METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 35 4.1 DRIVING SIMULATOR STUDIES AND ON-ROAD TESTS 35 4.2 DATABASE-FRAMEWORK FOR DATA STORAGE AND ANALYSIS 37 5 DRIVING SIMULATOR STUDY 42 5.1 AIMS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 42 5.2 METHOD AND MATERIAL 43 5.2.1 Sampling and participants 43 5.2.2 Research design and procedure 44 5.2.3 Facilities and driving simulator track 45 5.2.4 Secondary task SURT 46 5.2.5 System description 46 5.2.6 Dependent variables trust, acceptance and mental model 47 5.2.7 Contrast analysis 48 5.3 RESULTS 49 5.3.1 Mental model 49 5.3.2 Trust and acceptance 51 5.3.3 Situation Awareness 52 5.4 DISCUSSION 56 6 ON-ROAD STUDY 59 6.1 AIMS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 59 6.2 METHOD AND MATERIAL 59 6.2.1 Research design and procedure 59 6.2.2 Sampling and participants 60 6.2.3 Facilities and apparatus 60 6.2.4 Dependent variables mental model, trust, acceptance, learning and ACC usage 62 6.3 RESULTS 63 6.3.1 ACC usage 63 6.3.2 Trust and acceptance 64 6.3.3 Learning 65 6.3.4 Mental model 67 6.4 DISCUSSION 68 7 GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 70 7.1 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 70 7.2 METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 71 7.3 LIMITATIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 74 8 REFERENCES 76 9 APPENDIX 88 9.1 QUESTIONNAIRES USED IN THE DRIVING SIMULATOR STUDY 88 9.1.1 Original German version 88 9.1.2 English translation 91 9.2 ACC DESCRIPTIONS USED IN THE DRIVING SIMULATOR STUDY 94 9.2.1 Correct description 94 9.2.2 Incomplete description 95 9.2.3 Incorrect description 96 9.3 SCHEMATIC OVERVIEW OF THE DRIVING SIMULATOR TRACK 97 9.4 QUESTIONNAIRES USED IN THE ON-ROAD STUDY 99 9.4.1 Original German version 99 9.4.2 English translation 103 9.5 SEMINAR PROGRAMME: DATABASES AS ANALYSIS TOOL IN SOCIAL SCIENCE 107 9.6 CURRICULUM VITAE AND PUBLICATIONS 109 ; Viele Aufgaben, die ehemals von Menschen ausgeführt wurden, werden heute von Maschinen übernommen. Dieser Prozess der Automatisierung betrifft viele Lebensbereiche von Arbeit, Wohnen, Kommunikation bis hin zur Mobilität. Im Bereich des Individualverkehrs wird die Automatisierung von Fahrzeugen als Möglichkeit gesehen, zukünftigen Herausforderungen wirtschaftlicher, gesellschaftlicher und umweltpolitischer Art zu begegnen. Allerdings verändert Automatisierung die Fahraufgabe und die Mensch-Technik Interaktion im Fahrzeug. Daher können beispielsweise erwartete Sicherheitsgewinne automatisch agierender Assistenzsysteme durch Veränderungen im Verhalten des Fahrers geschmälert werden, was als Verhaltensanpassung (behavioural adaptation) bezeichnet wird. Dieses Dissertationsprojekt untersucht motivationale und höhere kognitive Prozesse, die Verhaltensanpassungen im Umgang mit automatisierten Fahrerassistenzsystemen zugrunde liegen. Motivationale Prozesse beinhalten die Entwicklung von Akzeptanz und Vertrauen in das System, unter höheren kognitiven Prozessen werden Lernprozesse sowie die Entwicklung von mentalen Modellen des Systems und Situationsbewusstsein (Situation Awareness) verstanden. Im Fokus der Untersuchungen steht das Fahrerassistenzsystem Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) als ein Beispiel für Automatisierung im Fahrzeug. ACC regelt automatisch die Geschwindigkeit des Fahrzeugs, indem bei freier Fahrbahn eine eingestellte Wunschgeschwindigkeit und bei einem Vorausfahrer automatisch ein eingestellter Abstand eingehalten wird. Allerdings kann ACC aufgrund von Einschränkungen der Sensorik nicht jede Situation bewältigen, weshalb der Fahrer übernehmen muss. Für diesen Interaktionsprozess spielen Vertrauen, Akzeptanz und das mentale Modell der Systemfunktionalität eine Schlüsselrolle, um einen sicheren Umgang mit dem System und ein adäquates Situationsbewusstsein zu entwickeln. Zur systematischen Erforschung dieser motivationalen und kognitiven Prozesse wurden eine Fahrsimulatorstudie und ein Versuch im Realverkehr durchgeführt. Beide Studien wurden im Messwiederholungsdesign angelegt, um dem Prozesscharakter gerecht werden und Veränderungen über die Zeit erfassen zu können. Die Entwicklung von Vertrauen, Akzeptanz und mentalem Modell in der Interaktion mit ACC war zentraler Forschungsgegenstand beider Studien. Bislang gibt es wenige Studien, die kognitive Prozesse im Kontext der Fahrzeugführung untersucht haben, unter anderem auch wegen methodischer Schwierigkeiten in diesem dynamischen Umfeld. Daher war es ebenfalls Teil dieses Dissertationsprojekts, neue Methoden zur Erfassung höherer kognitiver Prozesse in dieser Domäne zu entwickeln, mit Fokus auf mentalen Modellen und Situationsbewusstsein. Darüber hinaus wurde auch ein neuer Ansatz für die Analyse großer und heterogener Datenmengen im sozialwissenschaftlichen Bereich entwickelt, basierend auf dem Einsatz relationaler Datenbanken. Ziel der der Fahrsimulatorstudie war die systematische Erforschung des Effekts von unterschiedlich korrekten initialen mentalen Modellen von ACC auf die weitere Entwicklung des mentalen Modells, Vertrauen und Akzeptanz des Systems. Eine Stichprobe von insgesamt 51 Probanden nahm an der Studie teil; der Versuch wurde als zweifaktorielles (3x3) gemischtes Messwiederholungsdesign konzipiert. Die 3 parallelisierten Versuchsgruppen zu je 17 Personen erhielten (1) eine korrekte Beschreibung des ACC, (2) eine idealisierte Beschreibung unter Auslassung auftretender Systemprobleme und (3) eine überkritische Beschreibung mit zusätzlichen Hinweisen auf Systemprobleme, die nie auftraten. Alle Teilnehmer befuhren insgesamt dreimal im Zeitraum von sechs Wochen dieselbe 56 km lange Autobahnstrecke im Fahrsimulator mit identischem ACC-System. Mit zunehmendem Einsatz des ACC zeigte sich im anfänglich divergierenden mentalen Modell zwischen den Gruppen eine Entwicklung hin zum mentalen Modell der korrekt informierten Gruppe. Nicht erfahrene Systemprobleme tendierten dazu, im mentalen Modell zu verblassen, wenn sie nicht durch Erfahrung reaktiviert wurden. Vertrauen und Akzeptanz stiegen stetig in der korrekt informierten Gruppe. Dieselbe Entwicklung zeigte sich auch in der überkritisch informierten Gruppe, wobei Vertrauen und Akzeptanz anfänglich niedriger waren als in der Bedingung mit korrekter Information. Verschwiegene Systemprobleme führten zu einer konstanten Abnahme von Akzeptanz und Vertrauen ohne Erholung in der Gruppe mit idealisierter Beschreibung. Diese Resultate lassen darauf schließen, dass Probleme automatisierter Systeme sich nicht zwingend negativ auf Vertrauen und Akzeptanz auswirken, sofern sie vorab bekannt sind. Bei jeder Fahrt führten die Versuchsteilnehmer zudem kontinuierlich eine visuell beanspruchende Zweitaufgabe aus, die Surrogate Reference Task (SURT). Die Frequenz der Zweitaufgabenbearbeitung diente als objektives Echtzeitmaß für das Situationsbewusstsein, basierend auf dem Ansatz, dass situationsbewusste Fahrer die Zuwendung zur Zweitaufgabe reduzieren wenn sie potentiell kritische Situationen erwarten. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die korrekt informierten Fahrer sich potentiell kritischer Situationen mit möglichen Systemproblemen bewusst waren und schon im Vorfeld der Entstehung die Zweitaufgabenbearbeitung reduzierten. Teilnehmer ohne Informationen zu auftretenden Systemproblemen wurden sich solcher Situationen erst nach dem ersten Auftreten bewusst und reduzierten in entsprechenden Szenarien der Folgefahrten die Zweitaufgabenbearbeitung. Allerdings sanken Vertrauen und Akzeptanz des Systems aufgrund der unerwarteten Probleme. Erwartete, aber nicht auftretende Systemprobleme tendierten dazu, im mentalen Modell des Systems zu verblassen und resultierten in vermindertem Situationsbewusstsein bereits in der zweiten Fahrt. Im Versuch unter Realbedingungen wurden der Lernprozesses sowie die Entwicklung des mentalen Modells, Vertrauen und Akzeptanz von ACC im Realverkehr erforscht. Ziele waren die statistisch/mathematische Modellierung des Lernprozesses, die Bestimmung von Zeitpunkten der Stabilisierung dieser Prozesse und wie sich reale Systemerfahrung auf das mentale Modell von ACC auswirkt. 15 Versuchsteilnehmer ohne ACC-Erfahrung fuhren ein Serienfahrzeug mit ACC insgesamt 10-mal auf der gleichen Strecke in einem Zeitraum von 2 Monaten. Im Unterschied zur Fahrsimulatorstudie waren alle Teilnehmer korrekt über die ACC-Funktionen und Funktionsgrenzen informiert durch Lesen der entsprechenden Abschnitte im Fahrzeughandbuch am Beginn der Studie. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass der Lernprozess sowie die Entwicklung von Akzeptanz und Vertrauen einer klassischen Lernkurve folgen – unter der Bedingung umfassender vorheriger Information zu Systemgrenzen. Der größte Lernfortschritt ist am Beginn der Interaktion mit dem System sichtbar und daher sollten Hilfen (z.B. durch intelligente Tutorsysteme) in erster Linie zu diesem Zeitpunkt gegeben werden. Eine Stabilisierung aller Prozesse zeigte sich nach der fünften Fahrt, was einer Fahrstrecke von rund 185 km oder 3,5 Stunden Fahrzeit entspricht. Es zeigten sich keine Einbrüche in Akzeptanz, Vertrauen bzw. dem Lernprozess durch die gemachten Erfahrungen im Straßenverkehr. Allerdings zeigte sich – analog zur Fahrsimulatorstudie – auch in der Realfahrstudie ein Verblassen von nicht erfahrenen Systemgrenzen im mentalen Modell, wenn diese nicht durch Erfahrungen aktiviert wurden. Im Hinblick auf die Validierung der neu entwickelten Methoden zur Erfassung von mentalen Modellen und Situationsbewusstsein sind die Resultate vielversprechend. Die Studien zeigen, dass mit dem entwickelten Fragebogenansatz zur Quantifizierung des mentalen Modells Einblicke in Aufbau und Entwicklung mentaler Modelle gegeben werden können. Der implizite Echtzeit-Messansatz für Situationsbewusstsein im Fahrsimulator zeigt sich ebenfalls sensitiv in der Erfassung des Bewusstseins von Fahrern für potentiell kritische Situationen. Inhaltlich zeigen die Studien die nachhaltige Relevanz des initialen mentalen Modells für den Lernprozess sowie die Entwicklung von Situationsbewusstsein, Akzeptanz, Vertrauen und die weitere Ausformung eines realistischen mentalen Modells der Möglichkeiten und Grenzen automatisierter Systeme. Aufgrund dieser Relevanz wird die Einbindung und Kontrolle des initialen mentalen Modells in Studien zu automatisierten Systemen unbedingt empfohlen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zwar, dass sich auch unvollständige bzw. falsche mentale Modelle durch Erfahrungslernen hin zu einer realistischen Einschätzung der Systemmöglichkeiten und -grenzen verändern, allerdings um den Preis sinkenden Vertrauens und abnehmender Akzeptanz. Idealisierte Systembeschreibungen ohne Hinweise auf mögliche Systemprobleme bringen nur anfänglich etwas höheres Vertrauen und Akzeptanz. Das Erleben unerwarteter Probleme führt zu einem stetigen Abfall dieser motivationalen Faktoren über die Zeit. Ein alleiniges Versuchs-Irrtums-Lernen für den Umgang mit automatisierter Assistenz im Fahrzeug ohne zusätzliche Information wird daher als nicht ausreichend für die Entwicklung stabilen Vertrauens und stabiler Akzeptanz betrachtet. Wenn das initiale mentale Modell den Erfahrungen entspricht, entwickeln sich Akzeptanz und Vertrauen gemäß einer klassischen Lernkurve – trotz erlebter Systemgrenzen. Sind diese potentiellen Probleme vorher bekannt, führen sie nicht zwingend zu einer Reduktion von Vertrauen und Akzeptanz. Auch zusätzliche überkritische Information vermindert Vertrauen und Akzeptanz nur am Beginn, aber nicht langfristig. Daher sollen potentielle Probleme in automatisierten Systemen nicht in idealisierten Beschreibungen verschwiegen werden – je präzisere Information gegeben wird, desto besser im langfristigen Verlauf. Allerdings tendieren nicht erfahrene Systemgrenzen zum Verblassen im mentalen Modell. Daher wird empfohlen, Nutzer regelmäßig an diese Systemgrenzen zu erinnern um die entsprechenden Facetten des mentalen Modells zu reaktivieren. In automatisierten Systemen integrierte intelligente Tutorsysteme könnten dafür eine Lösung bieten. Im Fahrzeugbereich könnten solche periodischen Erinnerungen an Systemgrenzen in Multifunktionsdisplays angezeigt werden, die mittlerweile in vielen modernen Fahrzeugen integriert sind. Diese Tutorsysteme können darüber hinaus auch auf die Präsenz eingebauter automatisierter Systeme hinweisen und deren Vorteile aufzeigen.:Table of contents LIST OF FIGURES I LIST OF TABLES II LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV SUMMARY V ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VIII 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 14 2.1 BEHAVIOURAL ADAPTATION AND HIGHER COGNITIVE PROCESSES 14 2.2 VEHICLE AUTOMATION AND ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL 17 2.3 MENTAL MODELS 20 2.3.1 Definition 20 2.3.2 Mental model construction and update 20 2.3.3 Discussion of existing measures 21 2.3.4 Development of the mental model questionnaire 23 2.4 SITUATION AWARENESS 24 2.4.1 Definition 24 2.4.2 Relationship between mental models and Situation Awareness 26 2.4.3 Situation Awareness as comprehension process 27 2.4.4 Discussion of existing measures 27 2.4.5 Development of the Situation Awareness measurement technique 29 2.5 LEARNING, ACCEPTANCE AND TRUST IN AUTOMATION 30 2.5.1 Power law of learning 30 2.5.2 Acceptance 31 2.5.3 Trust in automation 31 2.5.4 Related research on learning, acceptance and trust in ACC 32 3 OVERALL RESEARCH QUESTIONS 34 4 OVERALL METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 35 4.1 DRIVING SIMULATOR STUDIES AND ON-ROAD TESTS 35 4.2 DATABASE-FRAMEWORK FOR DATA STORAGE AND ANALYSIS 37 5 DRIVING SIMULATOR STUDY 42 5.1 AIMS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 42 5.2 METHOD AND MATERIAL 43 5.2.1 Sampling and participants 43 5.2.2 Research design and procedure 44 5.2.3 Facilities and driving simulator track 45 5.2.4 Secondary task SURT 46 5.2.5 System description 46 5.2.6 Dependent variables trust, acceptance and mental model 47 5.2.7 Contrast analysis 48 5.3 RESULTS 49 5.3.1 Mental model 49 5.3.2 Trust and acceptance 51 5.3.3 Situation Awareness 52 5.4 DISCUSSION 56 6 ON-ROAD STUDY 59 6.1 AIMS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 59 6.2 METHOD AND MATERIAL 59 6.2.1 Research design and procedure 59 6.2.2 Sampling and participants 60 6.2.3 Facilities and apparatus 60 6.2.4 Dependent variables mental model, trust, acceptance, learning and ACC usage 62 6.3 RESULTS 63 6.3.1 ACC usage 63 6.3.2 Trust and acceptance 64 6.3.3 Learning 65 6.3.4 Mental model 67 6.4 DISCUSSION 68 7 GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 70 7.1 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 70 7.2 METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 71 7.3 LIMITATIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 74 8 REFERENCES 76 9 APPENDIX 88 9.1 QUESTIONNAIRES USED IN THE DRIVING SIMULATOR STUDY 88 9.1.1 Original German version 88 9.1.2 English translation 91 9.2 ACC DESCRIPTIONS USED IN THE DRIVING SIMULATOR STUDY 94 9.2.1 Correct description 94 9.2.2 Incomplete description 95 9.2.3 Incorrect description 96 9.3 SCHEMATIC OVERVIEW OF THE DRIVING SIMULATOR TRACK 97 9.4 QUESTIONNAIRES USED IN THE ON-ROAD STUDY 99 9.4.1 Original German version 99 9.4.2 English translation 103 9.5 SEMINAR PROGRAMME: DATABASES AS ANALYSIS TOOL IN SOCIAL SCIENCE 107 9.6 CURRICULUM VITAE AND PUBLICATIONS 109

International audience ; The effects of propaganda are analyzed in an opinion dynamics model in which, under certain conditions, individuals adjust their opinion as a result of random binary encounters. The aim of this paper is to study under what conditions propaganda changes the opinion dynamics of a social system. Four different scenarios are found, characterized by different sensitivities to the propaganda. For each scenario the maximum efficiency of propaganda is attained following a given strategy that is here outlined. Introduction.-The link between physics and sociology is historically profound. At the end of the XVII century, when G. Galilei and I. Newton gave birth to classical physics, philosophers proposed to apply similar deterministic laws to the broad fields of political and social sciences [1-3]. This idea was further strengthened by the discovery of universal demographic constants involving parameters strongly affected by individual free will or happenstance, such as the number of weddings, crimes and deaths [4]. The philosopher A. Comte, then introduced "social physics", a foundation of modern sociology which studies social dynamics using deter-ministic laws [5, 6]. As a typical social system is composed of a high number of individuals, statistics is the key tool for a quantitative study. Opinion dynamics is one of the fields of sociology that has interested physicists the most in the latest years. Opinion dynamics models can be divided into two large classes. The first class is represented by models based on binary opinions [7-11], in which social actors update their opinions as a result of social influence, often according to a kind of majority rule. The other class of opinion dynamics models considers the opinion as a continuous variable [12-17]. In this paper we focus on the latter and investigate the effect of propaganda. Indeed, we consider a model where agents adjust continuous opinions as a result of random binary encounters whenever their difference in opinion is below a given threshold [17]. This model is here termed Continuous Opinions with Threshold (COT) model and it is closely related to the "compromise model" studied in [18]. We are in particular interested in analyzing under what conditions propaganda affects the dynamics of the group's opinion. Here, propaganda is a "message" that touches every individual at the same time. The paper is organized as follows: first, we introduce the model and define the parameters involved. Then we show the results of the numerical simulations and compare them with dedicated analytical estimates. In conclusion, we will try to relate the mathematical results to actual social systems.

International audience ; The effects of propaganda are analyzed in an opinion dynamics model in which, under certain conditions, individuals adjust their opinion as a result of random binary encounters. The aim of this paper is to study under what conditions propaganda changes the opinion dynamics of a social system. Four different scenarios are found, characterized by different sensitivities to the propaganda. For each scenario the maximum efficiency of propaganda is attained following a given strategy that is here outlined. Introduction.-The link between physics and sociology is historically profound. At the end of the XVII century, when G. Galilei and I. Newton gave birth to classical physics, philosophers proposed to apply similar deterministic laws to the broad fields of political and social sciences [1-3]. This idea was further strengthened by the discovery of universal demographic constants involving parameters strongly affected by individual free will or happenstance, such as the number of weddings, crimes and deaths [4]. The philosopher A. Comte, then introduced "social physics", a foundation of modern sociology which studies social dynamics using deter-ministic laws [5, 6]. As a typical social system is composed of a high number of individuals, statistics is the key tool for a quantitative study. Opinion dynamics is one of the fields of sociology that has interested physicists the most in the latest years. Opinion dynamics models can be divided into two large classes. The first class is represented by models based on binary opinions [7-11], in which social actors update their opinions as a result of social influence, often according to a kind of majority rule. The other class of opinion dynamics models considers the opinion as a continuous variable [12-17]. In this paper we focus on the latter and investigate the effect of propaganda. Indeed, we consider a model where agents adjust continuous opinions as a result of random binary encounters whenever their difference in opinion is below a given ...