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The frontiers of identity, and the identity of frontiersThe essay discusses the relationship between group identities (especially national) and the notion of territory and its symbolic significance in the creation of the idea of community. The author examines possible contexts that connect the frontiers of identity with the identities of national state borders, as well as ways in which these connections become symbolic, using the example of the recent plane crash tragedy in Smoleńsk. In the final part of the essay the author refers to Leszek Kołakowski's notion of myth in order to justify the thesis that each nation (also in the first decades of the 21th century) is always a mythical community that is being constantly reactivated through current political and ideological actions. Granice tożsamości i tożsamość granicArtykuł omawia kwestie związków tożsamości zbiorowych, zwłaszcza narodowych, z pojęciem własnego terytorium i jego symbolicznego znaczenia dla budowania dla wyobrażeń wspólnotowych. Na przykładzie tragedii katastrofy samolotu pod Smoleńskiem autor artykułu pokazuje możliwe konteksty, w jakich tytułowe granice tożsamości wiążą się z tożsamością granic narodowego terytorium oraz w jaki sposób zaznacza się symbolicznie ten nierozerwalny związek. W końcowej partii artykułu autor odwołuje się do koncepcji mitu Leszka Kołakowskiego, aby uzasadnić tezę, że każdy naród, także w pierwszych dekadach XXI wieku, jest zawsze wspólnotą mityczną, która nieustannie się reaktywuje również w kontekście działań politycznych i ideologicznych.

Este artículo aborda la obra narrativa del español Eduardo Mendicutti y sus vínculos con la repre sentación de la di sidencia sexual en España en las últimas décadas. En particular, este trabajo focaliza en una de las últimas producciones en la narr ativa del autor, Mae West y yo (2011). A partir del trabajo con una perspectiva queer en el texto mencionado, se abordan tópicos y dispositivos directamente relacionados con la disidencia sexual. En ese mar co, la novela funciona como ejemplo del conjunto de textos del autor, los que funcionarían como una "historia cultural" de la sexualidad disidente en España en las últimas décadas. ; This article discusses the narrative work of Spanish writer Eduardo Mendicutti in relation to the representation of sexual dissidence in Spain in the last decades. In particular, this paper focuses on one of the last narrative works of this author, Mae West y yo (Mae West and I) (2011). The article analyzes topics and literary devices directly related to sexual dissidence, from a queer perspective. In this context, the novel operates as an example of the complete works of this author, which would function as a "cultural history" of dissident sexuality in Spain in the last decades. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

This article examines the impact of the Austro-fascist unemployment and labour market policies on the gendered normalization of unemployment. Analysing the regime's legislation concerning unemployment benefits and the practice of labour offices regarding the possible placement of women seeking work, as well as different practices used by women and men to sustain themselves when out of work, the author asks when and under what conditions women could claim unemployment status. The article seeks to illuminate how the way labour market regulations operated to limit the extent of women's formal employment and consequently unemployment, and how these restrictions reinforced and stabilized inequalities between women and men. ; This article examines the impact of the Austro-fascist unemployment and labour market policies on the gendered normalization of unemployment. Analysing the regime's legislation concerning unemployment benefits and the practice of labour offices regarding the possible placement of women seeking work, as well as different practices used by women and men to sustain themselves when out of work, the author asks when and under what conditions women could claim unemployment status. The article seeks to illuminate how the way labour market regulations operated to limit the extent of women's formal employment and consequently unemployment, and how these restrictions reinforced and stabilized inequalities between women and men.

The paper focuses on the draft amendments to the Article 339 of the Civil Code, prepared by the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, which are aimed at implementation of the idea of creating consolidated complex of immovable property, whose components share a common aim of use. In general, the author evaluates the proposed changes positively. The author notes that they brings us back to the ideas expressed in the Concept of further development of the legislation on real estate of 15 December 2003. However, attention is drawn to the fact that the restriction of a consolidated complex of immovable property exclusively to immovable units will limit its use to solving the problems of linear objects. In addition, it will again raise the question of its delineation with the enterprise. ; Настоящая статья посвящена проекту изменений в ст. 133.1 ГК РФ, подготовленных Минэкономразвития России, направленных на реализацию идеи создания единого комплексного объекта недвижимости, составляющие которого объединены общей целью использования. В целом предлагаемые изменения оцениваются автором положительно. Отмечается, что они имеют большое сходство с идеями, высказанными еще в Концепции развития законодательства о недвижимом имуществе от 15.12.2003 г. Вместе с тем обращается внимание на то обстоятельство, что ограничение состава единого недвижимого комплекса исключительно недвижимыми вещами ограничит его использование для решения проблемы линейных объектов, а также вновь поставит вопрос о его разграничении с предприятием.

The topicality of our research is caused by the strengthening of interest to the comparative phrasemes in Ukrainian studies and insufficient development of issues related to comparative phraseological unities on the basis of certain author's works in Ukrainian linguistics. The aim of the research is to investigate semantic peculiarities of comparative phraseological units represented in the novel «Highlander» of Transkarpathian Ukrainian writer Myroslav Dochynets. To realize the aim the following tasks were set: to work up the appropriate theoretic sources, devoted to the studying of comparative phraseology; to record the phraseological units of Myroslav Dochynets' novel «Highlander»; to analyze semantic peculiarities of the comparative phrasemes discovered in the novel. The peculiarities of the functioning of the comparative phraseological unities in the novel «Highlander» of Transkarpathian-Ukrainian author Myroslav Dochynets are reviewed in the article. Semantic groups of the author comparative phraseologisms represented in the novel are separated, the most representative of them denote the following: the natural phenomena, human's actions in the relations with others; actions and doings, human's behavior; virtues and qualities of a person; person's physical state; appearance; state of an object, phenomenon; characteristics of an action. Broad functioning of the comparative phrasemes, semantic unity of which is achieved mostly thanks to expressive emotive and evaluative meanings observed.

Рассматриваются способы вербализации субъекта как категории дискурса в законодательном дискурсе, обусловленные экстралингвистическими факторами типами политических системам, которые сменяли друг друга на протяжении истории. Политические системы и формы правления рассматриваются в статье как детерминанты способа репрезентации субъекта дискурса. В статье также анализируются языковые единицы, которые используются для позиционирования субъекта в законодательных текстах. В ходе анализа фактического материала автор пришел к выводу, что на протяжении последнего тысячелетия субъект законодательного дискурса прибегал к разным вариантам самопозиционирования: от открытой экспликации своего Я до полной редукции, деперсонализации высказывания и отсутствия любых знаков, отсылающих к говорящему. Материалом для исследования послужили англо-американские и русскоязычные законодательные тексты. ; The article is devoted to the problem of verbalization of the speaking subject in legislative discourse. The author states that the ways of positioning the speaking subject, determined by the types of political systems, were undergoing the changes through the ages. The mechanism of the government is considered to be crucial when choosing the ways of representing the speaking subject. The article also deals with the language units used to verbalize the speaking subject in legislative discourse. The author arrives at the conclusion that during the last millennium the subject in legislative discourse used different ways of self-positioning: both the explicitness of an author's identity and its full elimination from discourse, depersonalization of utterances.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is broadly viewed as the world's most legitimate scientific assessment body that periodically assesses the economics of climate change (among many other topics) for policy audiences. However, growing procedural inefficiencies and limitations to substantive coverage have made the IPCC an increasingly unattractive forum for the most qualified climate economists. Drawing on our observations and personal experience working on the most recent IPCC report, published last year, we propose four reforms to the IPCC's process that we believe will lower the cost for volunteering as an IPCC author: improving interactions between governments and academics, making IPCC operations more efficient, clarifying and strengthening conflict of interest rules, and expanding outreach. We also propose three reforms to the IPCC's substantive coverage to clarify the IPCC's role and to make participation as an author more intellectually rewarding: complementing the IPCC with other initiatives, improving the integration of economics with other disciplines, and providing complete data for policymakers to make decisions. Despite the distinct characteristics of the IPCC that create challenges for authors unlike those in any other review body, we continue to believe in the importance of the IPCC for providing the most visible line of public communication between the scholarly community and policymakers.

Slavic nobility, language and names between the rivers Saale and Elbe (10th-13th centuries) – In 2018 the archbishopric Magdeburg will celebrate its 1050th anniversary of existence. Therefore several questions in connection with interethnic relations between Slavic population and German governers are treated. From 930 up till 1150 a. Chr. a Slavonic majority was dominated by a German minority in all districts between the rivers Saale and Elbe. The author gives different answers and arguments by linguistic material to demonstrate mutual acknowledgement and tolerance by two different ethnics. The historical view allows results about interethnic communication since the 10th century. Furthermore an important fact can be made evident: German government accepted and preserved the old Slavic castles, regional names and lots of toponyms as signs of the former structure of the Slavic territory. The article offers special attention to the members of Slavic nobility. The author verifies about hundred persons with their names as examples of Slavic noble born representatives. Historical documents explain these persons' duties as well as their secular and clerical charges in the time of Middle Ages. Some can be shown in top functions near to the German king or his margrave. German representatives apparently used the so called lingua Slavica misssionarica not only as language of Christian conversion, but also when it was necessary to discuss and to treat themes of administration.

International audience ; In the 21st century it is becoming increasingly difficult for governments to keep secret information, regardless of their motive for wanting to do so. Using the famous cases of Julian Assange (founder of Wikileaks) and Edward Snowden, the author reflects on the nature of the State and its justification for keeping State secrets. Considering the governments' reaction to the revelation of information of prime importance for citizens, but also the close surveillance of the citizen's private communications by their own government, the author asks what the right balance should be between perfect government transparency and complete opacity, and how to reach that balance. ; Au XXIème siècle il devient de plus en plus difficile pour les gouvernements de garder des informations secrètes, quel que soit le motif du caractère secret qu'il attache à cette information. A travers les exemples des lanceurs d'alertes Julian Assange (fondateur de Wikileaks) et Edward Snowden, l'auteur réfléchit sur la nature de l'Etat et le bien-fondé de la pratique du secret d'Etat. Considérant la réaction des gouvernements aux révélations d'informations de première importance pour ses citoyens, mais aussi la surveillance étroite des communications privées de citoyens par leur propre gouvernement, l'auteur s'interroge sur l'équilibre à trouver entre transparence totale des gouvernements et opacité complète, ainsi que sur les moyens de parvenir à un tel équilibre.

One of the legal intellectual property disciplines are copyrights which concerns artistic and literary works. Copyright is: bundle of exclusive legal rights that has to do with protection of literary and artistic works. It is granted to authors and artists to protect expressive works against unauthorized reproduction or distribution by third parties. Copyright protect "works", expression of thoughts and ideas. Literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works must be original, it means not to be a copy. Copyright covers two other types of right: economic rights, the right of the owner to benefit financial reward from use of his work by others and moral rights which always have to do with original holder no matter if economic rights are transferred or not. Economic rights can be transferred. Bern Convention for the Protection of the Literary and Artistic Works is international key agreement and the oldest multilateral agreement in the field of copyright. Copyright subsists automatically on the creation of a work, no application needed, nor do any formalities apply. Nature of copyright is territorial and the minimum term of protection is life of the author plus 50 years after his/her death. In European Union and in certain number of countries, terms of protections of are extended to life of the author plus 70 years after his/her death.

Стаття присвячена проблемам адаптації, соціалізації та інтеграції дитини з аутизмом. Автор розкриває основні аспекти та визначає особливості дітей з аутизмом, аналізує зміст законодавчих актів України, які спрямовані на підтримку дітей з особливими освітніми потребами. Автор визначає рівень обізнаності студентської молоді щодо аутизму за допомогою розробленої ним анкети. На основі отриманих даних анкетування запропоновано педагогічний проект, метою якого є підвищення рівня обізнаності студентської молоді про аутизм. ; The paper presents the problems of adaptation, socialization and integration of the children with autism. The author investigating main aspects and defines specifics children with autism, analyzes legislative acts of Ukraine aimed at supporting of children with special education needs. The investigation considers the state of the knowledge about autism in Ukraine and elucidative methods in the work of a social pedagogue. The author is investigating problem of autism and awareness of student youth about this disease. Awareness about autism of student youth is defined by means of questionnaires. Questionnaires' are based on the analysis of the knowledge on autism and Down's syndrome. The pedagogical elucidative project for students is developed on the obtained data. After implementation pedagogical elucidative project was conducted another one investigation. Authors are investigating changes in awareness of student youth about autism. Awareness is defined by means of questionnaires. Questionnaires' are based on the analysis of knowledge of elucidative project.

En el presente artículo, el autor ofrece una revisión de las características más relevantes de la nueva causal de estado de necesidad introducida en Chile por la Ley n° 20.480 y su incorporación dogmática a la teoría del delito. Se entregan algunos antecedentes respecto de su origen y se exponen fundamentos que permiten explicar el carácter doble de su naturaleza jurídica: causal de justificación o causal de exculpación, dependiendo del análisis comparativo entre el mal causado y mal evitado. En el trabajo se revisan los requisitos impuestos por el legislador para su aplicación, la interpretación que puede otorgárseles y los problemas que se advierten en su formulación. ; In this paper, the author offers a review of the most relevant features of the new legal excuse of necessity, introduced in Chile by Law n° 20.480, and its dogmatic incorporation into criminal law theory. The author presents some antecedents about its origin, and exposes some reasons that explain the double role of its legal nature: justification or exculpation, depending on comparative analysis between the harm caused and the harm avoided. In this essay are reviewed the conditions imposed by the legislator for its application, possible interpretations of these conditions, and the problems that can be noticed in the formulation of the same conditions.

The article represents an expert view about current situation in concern of vocational training in Russia. The author reviews theoretical and practical aspects that allows to evaluate their condition and to define the ways of blue-collar workers training in the system of vocational training. The paper shows detailed guidance on fulfillment of the priorities of the development of vocational training in Russia. The author reveals the basic contradictions in the legislation and regulations concerning the systems of vocational training. The paper highlights the negative impact for vocational training system caused by abolition of initial vocational training according to the Federal Law "On education in Russian Federation". ; В статье дано экспертное представление о состоянии начального и среднего профессионального образования в современной России, как в теории, так и на практике, что позволяет не только объективно оценить их состояние, но и определить направления развития подготовки рабочих кадров в начальном и среднем профессиональном образовании. Приведены предложения по обеспечению реализации приоритетов развития начального и среднего профессионального образования в России. Авто-ром выявлены и сформулированы основные противоречия в законодательных и нормативно-правовых документах, регулирующих систему начального и среднего профессионального образования. В статье представлено обоснование негативных последствий для качества подготовки квалифицированных рабочих кадров в результате упразднения начального профессионального образования в соответствии с федеральным законом «Об образовании в РФ» от декабря 2012 г.

Abstract: The author considers the contemporary state of affairs in international relations in the context of accelerating global trends of world development of the latest decade. In particular, the article deals with the issue of correlation between power and infl uence in foreign policies of great powers, taking into consideration the nuclear factor and current international crises. The author resort to and explains the notions of "supremacy" and "parity" to analyze the on-going transformation of world system and the role of key regional and great powers, including Russia, in this process. The article also proposes the typology of subjects in international interaction, as well as the potential of their infl uence on world political system, whose development scenarios is in the focus of author's attention. ; Аннотация: Данная статья представляет собой размышление автора о современном состоянии международных отношений в контексте развернувшихся в последнее десятилетие глобальных трендов мирового развития. В частности, статья посвящена проблематике соотношения силы и влияния во внешней политике великих держав с учетом ядерного фактора и протекающих международных кризисов. Автор использует и объясняет понятия «превосходство» и «паритет» для оценки современной трансформации мировой системы и места в нем ключевых региональных и великих держав, включая Россию. В статье также приводится классификация субъектов международного взаимодействия, и анализируется потенциал их влияния на мировую политическую систему, о сценариях развития которой и рассуждает автор.

As the first female Algerian author to have her works translated from Arabic to English, Ahlem Mosteghanemi writes novels amidst a current of linguistic and cultural transgression. The Syrian poet Hala Mohammad's work in the Poets of Protest series (2012) and her writings on social media shall be examined comparatively, considering Mosteghanemi's novel Memory in the Flesh (1993). This paper shall examine both female writers' roles as literary transgressors in and outside of Arabia and the academe. With artistic boundaries being tested so prolifically in the post-Arab-Spring era, a recent 'freeing up' of artistic space by both writers has provoked a literary evolution in female Arab writing. Beginning with an account of how the Algerian and Syrian Springs (both recent and past) have influenced each writer, a historical and structural account will be given to show how each writer complicates strictly structuralist or historiographical literary paradigms. Amidst political upheaval and cultural violence and displacement, each writer is seen to shape and develop their roles as writers. A relationship will then be made between how these writers address taboo subjects in otherwise orthodox states and varyingly find themselves subject to a polarised response: suppression or sustained popularity. Finally, it will be argued that a reevaluation of the role of the author or poet is incited by this transgression.