"The most important people in government are not the prime minister, premiers, and senior bureaucrats but the people who work in government field offices across the country, providing service to Canadians. Service in the Field, the first book to focus exclusively on the role of field-level public servants in Canada, examines the work they do and the relationship between field and head offices."--Jacket
"In Professionalism and Public Service, leading scholars in the field assess the state of public administration in Canada and move the discipline forward on both the professional and the academic level." "The contributors to this volume trace the evolution of public administration institutions, explore issues such as the protection and improvement of the public service, describe recent innovations in the area of service delivery, and assess how these developments have increased the legitimacy of public administration among citizens. The various chapters also study recent advances in teaching methods and examine the importance of ongoing learning and training within the public service, both for students as well as for public administration practitioners." "Written in honour of Kenneth Kernaghan, the groundbreaking scholar who played an important role in public administration in Canada, Professionalism and Public Service highlights some of his lasting contributions to the discipline. It is a history of the recent evolution of an essential part of Canadian governance and a fitting tribute to a distinguished scholar."--Jacket
BACKGROUND: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy. This report describes the survival of children with ALL in the United States using the most comprehensive and up-to-date cancer registry data. METHODS: Data from 37 state cancer registries that cover approximately 80% of the US population were used. Age-standardized survival up to 5 years was estimated for children aged 0-14 years who were diagnosed with ALL during 2 periods (2001-2003 and 2004-2009). RESULTS: In total, 17,500 children with ALL were included. The pooled age-standardized net survival estimates for all US registries combined were 95% at 1 year, 90% at 3 years, and 86% at 5 years for children diagnosed during 2001-2003, and 96%, 91%, and 88%, respectively, for those diagnosed during 2004-2009. Black children who were diagnosed during 2001-2003 had lower 5-year survival (84%) than white children (87%) and had less improvement in survival by 2004-2009. For those diagnosed during 2004-2009, the 1-year and 5-year survival estimates were 96% and 89%, respectively, for white children and 96% and 84%, respectively, for black children. During 2004-2009, survival was highest among children aged 1 to 4 years (95%) and lowest among children aged <1 year (60%). CONCLUSIONS: The current results indicate that overall net survival from childhood ALL in the United States is high, but disparities by race still exist, especially beyond the first year after diagnosis. Clinical and public health strategies are needed to improve health care access, clinical trial enrollment, treatment, and survivorship care for children with ALL. Cancer 2017;123:5178-89. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
AbstractIntroductionSex‐specific differences affect multiple aspects of HIV infection, yet few studies have quantified HIV levels in tissues from women. Since an HIV functional cure will likely require a major reduction of infected cells from most tissues, we measured total and intact HIV DNA and the HIV transcription profile in blood, gut, genital tract and liver from HIV‐positive antiretroviral therapy (ART) ‐treated women.MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and biopsies from the gastrointestinal (ileum, colon, rectosigmoid +/‐ liver) and genital (ectocervix, endocervix and endometrium) tracts were collected from 6 ART‐treated (HIV RNA < 200 copies/mL) women. HIV DNA (total and intact) and levels of read‐through, initiated (total), 5'elongated, polyadenylated and multiply spliced HIV transcripts were measured by droplet digital PCR. Immunophenotyping of cells was performed using Cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF).ResultsWe detected total HIV DNA in all tissues and intact HIV DNA in blood, ileum, colon, rectosigmoid and ectocervix. Initiated HIV transcripts per provirus were higher in PBMC and endometrium than in ileum, colon, rectosigmoid, ectocervix or endocervix, and higher in the rectum than either ileum or colon. 5'Elongated HIV transcripts per provirus were comparable in PBMC and endometrium, but higher than in gut or cervical samples. Polyadenylated and multiply spliced HIV transcripts were detected in PBMC (6/6 and 3/6 individuals respectively), but rarely in the tissues.ConclusionsThese results suggest tissue‐specific differences in the mechanisms that govern HIV expression, with lower HIV transcription in most tissues than blood. Therapies aimed at disrupting latency, such as latency‐reversing or latency‐silencing agents, will be required to penetrate into multiple tissues and target different blocks to HIV transcription.
