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International audience ; This chapter offers a thorough analysis of the internal conditions in the MENA countries on the eve of the Arab Spring, as well as causes and consequences of the Arab Revolutions. The chapter also offers an analysis of similar historical World System reconfigurations starting with the 16th century Reformation. The analysis is based on the theory (developed by the authors) of the periodical catch-ups experienced by the political component of the World System that tends to lag behind the World System economic component. Thus, we show that the asynchrony of development of various functional subsystems of the World System is a cause of the synchrony of major political changes. In other words, within the globalization process, political transformations tend to lag far behind economic transformations. And such lags cannot constantly increase, the gaps are eventually bridged, but in not quite a smooth way. The chapter also suggests an explanation why the current catch-up of the World System political component started in the MENA region.

This article presents key findings of basic research in the MENA region via a comparative perspective of active citizenship and gender equality. The article discusses the pre-existing inequality in the family and presents a significant issue in Bahrain, for there is a Sunni-Shi'ite division, which Jordan does not have. This is relevant to citizenship and gender equality for how family codes have an effect on women's political participation in both countries. The political participation will be analysed via women constitutional rights. Whether this right is really exercised in Jordan and Bahrain remains arguable. Other important issues are the state machinery point of view with regards to gender equality and the state implication of the international agreement, CEDAW, which is concerned with women's human rights and their legal equality.

This paper investigates the causal relationship between gross domestic investment (INV) and GDP for Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region countries by using panel unit root tests and panel cointegration analysis for the period 1970-2010. The results show a strong causality from economic growth to investment in these countries. Yet, investment does not have any significant effects on GDP in short- and long-run. It means that it is the GDP that drives investment in mentioned countries, not vice versa. So the findings of this paper support the point of view that it is higher economic growth that leads to higher investment. According to the results, decision makings should be employed to achieve sustainable growth through higher productivity and substantially enlarging the economic base diversification in the future

"Coup-Proofing in the Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) Region" published on by Oxford University Press.

Intro -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Introduction -- Part I: Entrepreneurship: Trends and Concepts -- 1: The Intersection of Social Entrepreneurship, Sustainability, and the UN SDGs in the Arab World: A Humane Entrepreneurship Perspective -- The Arab Ecosystem -- Entrepreneurship and Sustainability: What Can Be Done? -- The Ancestors of Social Entrepreneurship -- Understanding that Culture Matters -- Social Entrepreneurship as the Next Rung on the Giving Ladder -- Beyond Social Entrepreneurship: Possible Solutions for Sustainable Change in the Arab World -- The Theory of Humane Entrepreneurship -- Qualification of HumEnt -- Looking Further: Who Is Considered When Sustainable Patterns Are Created? -- An Arab Ecosystem -- Conclusion -- Bringing It All Together -- Final Thoughts -- Appendix -- References -- 2: Entrepreneurship: Social Entrepreneurship in the Arab World-Innovation and Entrepreneurship -- What Is Entrepreneurship? -- Innovation and Invention -- Innovation -- Innovations in Business -- Categories of Business Innovation -- Approaches of Innovation -- Examples of Innovation -- Product Innovation -- Process Innovation -- Business Model Innovation -- Opportunities and Sources of Innovation -- Social Innovations -- Systematic Innovation -- Why Does Entrepreneurship Matter? -- Why Entrepreneurship in the Arab World? -- Part II: Entrepreneurship in the Arab World -- 3: Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurship: A Trend or a Real Factor for a Prosperous Future? -- The Current Economic Situation in the Arab World -- Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurship as Trends -- Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurship as a Real Factor of Growth -- Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurship as Actors for Better Future -- Conclusion -- References.

External interventions by both regional and global powers in Libya have not been a scarcity after the 2011 revolution. With the turn of 2014, however, the nature of external interventions became more of a military one especially with the imposition of Haftar's rule in the east by several counter-revolutionary regional and global actors. At the point that the same counter-revolutionary alliance attempted to geopolitically strangulate Turkey both via propping up hostile and authoritarian regimes in the Middle East and North Africa, and also excluding it from the prospect of exploiting the riches of the Eastern Mediterranean, Turkish intervention materialized in early 2020. This study attempts to explain the various motivations of the major intervening actors in Libya, namely France, Russia, Egypt, and the UAE with a special focus on Turkey. Structural realist perspective is used to elucidate the international interventions to the Libyan civil war. The nature of the uncertainty emanating from the regional transformation motivated the key actors to get militarily involved in the Libyan crisis. The actors with defensive motives are more likely to stick to the conflict despite the risks of escalation. ; WOS:000610608400009