Suchergebnisse

Session Réseaux de capteurs ; International audience ; Nos activités de recherches visent à mettre en place un réseau hybride IEEE802.11e/AFDX (Avionics Full DupleX switched Ethernet) pour des applications de maintenance au sol des avions. Notre objectif est de véhiculer un trafic de type AFDX sur un support de communication sans fil IEEE 802.11e et de ce fait garantir les exigences des trafics AFDX en terme de QoS (Quality of Service). Ces exigences de l'AFDX sont liées : à une garantie de bande passante, à une latence de bout à bout et une gigue bornée. Dans ce papier, nous présentons un ordonnanceur HCCA appelé AWS (AFDX Wireless Scheduler) qui a pour objectif d'ordonnancer les diffé- rents flux AFDX, tout en garantissant leurs exigences. AWS améliore les performances de l'ordonnanceur de référence (RS, Reference Scheduler) en se basant sur : la classification des VLs, la définition de plusieurs états de chaque VL, un ordonnancement individuel des VLs, la définition d'une politique de gestion de la retrans- mission des trames perdues et le contrôle de la gigue. Nous proposons aussi deux méthodes (OAWS, Optimized AWS et AWS-RB, AWS with Release Bandwidth) pour une meilleure gestion de la bande passante libre dans chaque TXOP.

Session Réseaux de capteurs ; International audience ; Nos activités de recherches visent à mettre en place un réseau hybride IEEE802.11e/AFDX (Avionics Full DupleX switched Ethernet) pour des applications de maintenance au sol des avions. Notre objectif est de véhiculer un trafic de type AFDX sur un support de communication sans fil IEEE 802.11e et de ce fait garantir les exigences des trafics AFDX en terme de QoS (Quality of Service). Ces exigences de l'AFDX sont liées : à une garantie de bande passante, à une latence de bout à bout et une gigue bornée. Dans ce papier, nous présentons un ordonnanceur HCCA appelé AWS (AFDX Wireless Scheduler) qui a pour objectif d'ordonnancer les diffé- rents flux AFDX, tout en garantissant leurs exigences. AWS améliore les performances de l'ordonnanceur de référence (RS, Reference Scheduler) en se basant sur : la classification des VLs, la définition de plusieurs états de chaque VL, un ordonnancement individuel des VLs, la définition d'une politique de gestion de la retrans- mission des trames perdues et le contrôle de la gigue. Nous proposons aussi deux méthodes (OAWS, Optimized AWS et AWS-RB, AWS with Release Bandwidth) pour une meilleure gestion de la bande passante libre dans chaque TXOP.

Session Réseaux de capteurs ; International audience ; Nos activités de recherches visent à mettre en place un réseau hybride IEEE802.11e/AFDX (Avionics Full DupleX switched Ethernet) pour des applications de maintenance au sol des avions. Notre objectif est de véhiculer un trafic de type AFDX sur un support de communication sans fil IEEE 802.11e et de ce fait garantir les exigences des trafics AFDX en terme de QoS (Quality of Service). Ces exigences de l'AFDX sont liées : à une garantie de bande passante, à une latence de bout à bout et une gigue bornée. Dans ce papier, nous présentons un ordonnanceur HCCA appelé AWS (AFDX Wireless Scheduler) qui a pour objectif d'ordonnancer les diffé- rents flux AFDX, tout en garantissant leurs exigences. AWS améliore les performances de l'ordonnanceur de référence (RS, Reference Scheduler) en se basant sur : la classification des VLs, la définition de plusieurs états de chaque VL, un ordonnancement individuel des VLs, la définition d'une politique de gestion de la retrans- mission des trames perdues et le contrôle de la gigue. Nous proposons aussi deux méthodes (OAWS, Optimized AWS et AWS-RB, AWS with Release Bandwidth) pour une meilleure gestion de la bande passante libre dans chaque TXOP.

Session Réseaux de capteurs ; International audience ; Nos activités de recherches visent à mettre en place un réseau hybride IEEE802.11e/AFDX (Avionics Full DupleX switched Ethernet) pour des applications de maintenance au sol des avions. Notre objectif est de véhiculer un trafic de type AFDX sur un support de communication sans fil IEEE 802.11e et de ce fait garantir les exigences des trafics AFDX en terme de QoS (Quality of Service). Ces exigences de l'AFDX sont liées : à une garantie de bande passante, à une latence de bout à bout et une gigue bornée. Dans ce papier, nous présentons un ordonnanceur HCCA appelé AWS (AFDX Wireless Scheduler) qui a pour objectif d'ordonnancer les diffé- rents flux AFDX, tout en garantissant leurs exigences. AWS améliore les performances de l'ordonnanceur de référence (RS, Reference Scheduler) en se basant sur : la classification des VLs, la définition de plusieurs états de chaque VL, un ordonnancement individuel des VLs, la définition d'une politique de gestion de la retrans- mission des trames perdues et le contrôle de la gigue. Nous proposons aussi deux méthodes (OAWS, Optimized AWS et AWS-RB, AWS with Release Bandwidth) pour une meilleure gestion de la bande passante libre dans chaque TXOP.

The international debate on the ethics and legality of autonomous weapon systems (AWS) as well as the call for a ban are primarily focused on the nebulous concept of fully autonomous AWS. More specifically, on AWS that are capable of target selection and engagement without human supervision or control. This thesis argues that such a conception of autonomy is divorced both from military planning and decision-making operations as well as the design requirements that govern AWS engineering and subsequently the tracking and tracing of moral responsibility. To do this, this thesis marries two different levels of meaningful human control (MHC), termed levels of abstraction, to couple military operations with design ethics. In doing so, this thesis argues that the contentious notion of 'full' autonomy is not problematic under this two-tiered understanding of MHC. It proceeds to propose the value sensitive design (VSD) approach as a means for designing for MHC.

In recent years, the accelerating development of autonomous weapon systems (AWS) and so-called 'killer robots', has raised a number of legal and ethical concerns in the international community, including questions of compliance with international law and the principles of Just War. At the same time, governments and military services hope to introduce game-changing military technologies that are 'better, faster and cheaper', investing heavily in research and development of AWS. In this paper, I wish to map the different and competing practices of critique and justification that shape the technopolitical controversy of AWS, showing its complexity and internal contradictions. In addition to identifying the dominant regimes of justification, that organize the discourse of AWS, I argue that the military bureau and its officeholders become technopolitical mediators and translators of risk in an emergent practice of jurisprudence, referred to as 'hybrid law', allowing the simultaneous application of a plurality of conflicting legal, ethical, political and economic rationalities.

The rapid proliferation of a new generation of artificial intelligence (AI)-augmented and -enabled autonomous weapon systems (AWS), most notably drones used in swarming tactics, could have a significant impact on deterrence, nuclear security, escalation and strategic stability in future warfare. James Johnson argues that emerging iterations of AWS fused with AI systems will presage a powerful interplay of increased range, accuracy, mass, coordination, intelligence and speed in a future conflict. In turn, the risk of escalatory use-them-or-lose-them situations between nuclear-armed military powers and the attendant dangers posed by the use of unreliable, unverified and unsafe AWS will increase, with potentially catastrophic strategic outcomes.

"Aus den Parlamentswahlen 1997 ging mit überraschender Deutlichkeit das junge Rechtsbündnis Wahlaktion 'Solidarnosc' (AWS) hervor. Der Beitrag versucht, diese Wahlentscheidung in den Prozeß der Herausbildung der demokratischen politischen Kultur in Polen einzuordnen und gibt einen zusammenfassenden Überblick über deren Probleme und Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten. Zwar besteht zwischen allen politischen Lagern ein Konsens über die Notwendigkeit der Transformation auf evolutionärem Wege, dennoch sind die politischen Eliten allein dieser Aufgabe nicht gewachsen. Schwierigkeiten im Umgang mit den Regeln des politischen und demokratischen Rechtsstaates sind das Ergebnis von historischen Hypotheken und mangelnder Kontrolle durch eine apolitische Gesellschaft. Die Aktion AWS ist mit dem Anspruch angetreten, der Politik des Landes eine neue moralische Qualität zu geben. Dies wird jedoch erschwert durch die strukturelle und programmatische Heterogenität von Gruppierungen mit teils gegensätzlichen Interessen und politischen Traditionen. Die Position der AWS während der Verfassungsdebatte offenbarte Defizite im Demokratieverständnis. Diese lassen Zweifel aufkommen, ob ihr die Umgestaltung von einem lockeren Bündnis in eine stabile christdemokratische Partei der politischen Mitte gelingen wird. Hilfreich könnten sich ein Wandel in der Haltung der Kirche sowie die Übernahme von Regierungsverantwortung auswirken." (Autorenreferat)

Abstract"Autonomous weapon systems" (AWS) have been subject to intense discussions for years. Numerous political, academic and legal actors are debating their consequences, with many calling for strict regulation or even a global ban. Surprisingly, it often remains unclear which technologies the term AWS refers to and also in what sense these systems can be characterised as autonomous at all. Despite being feared by many, weapons that are completely self-governing and beyond human control are more of a conceptual possibility than an actual military reality.As will be argued, the conflicting interpretations of AWS are largely the result of the diverse meanings that are constructed in political discourses. These interpretations convert specific understandings of AI into strategic assets and consequently hinder the establishment of common ethical standards and legal regulations. In particular, this article looks at the publicly available military AI strategies and position papers by China and the USA. It analyses how AWS technologies, understood as evoking sociotechnical imaginaries, are politicised to serve particular national interests.The article presents the current theoretical debate, which has sought to find a functional definition of AWS that is sufficiently unambiguous for regulatory or military contexts. Approaching AWS as a phenomenon that is embedded in a particular sociotechnical imaginary, however, flags up the ways in which nation states portray themselves as part of a global AI race, competing over economic, military and geopolitical advantages. Nation states do not just enforce their geopolitical ambitions through a fierce realpolitik rhetoric but also play around with ambiguities in definitions. This especially holds true for China and the USA, since they are regarded and regard themselves as hegemonic antagonists, presenting competing self-conceptions that are apparent in their histories, political doctrines and identities. The way they showcase their AI-driven military prowess indicates an ambivalent rhetoric of legal sobriety, tech-regulation and aggressive national dominance. AWS take on the role of signifiers that are employed to foster political legitimacy or to spark deliberate confusion and deterrence.

AbstractDairy factories annually generate an increasing amount of wastewater, which can cause eutrophication due to high concentrations of amino acids and lipids. To address this issue, membrane technology has emerged as a promising solution, but membrane fouling remains a significant challenge, since it can cause decreased flux, decrease membrane rejection performance, and increased energy demand. This study aimed to reduce membrane fouling by integrated a three-dimensional printed (3DP) turbulence promoter into an ultrafiltration dead-end cell and varying stirring speeds. Two mathematical models, Hermia and resistance-in-series, were used to analyze the fouling process. According to both models, the cake layer formation model indicated the most prevalent fouling mechanism. Specific energy demand, permeate flux, membrane rejection, and membrane reversible and irreversible resistances were measured, calculated, and compared. The results suggest that the combination of an integrated 3DP turbulence promoter and high stirring speeds can effectively reduce membrane fouling in a dairy wastewater treatment module.

<i>Aims:</i> Alcohol withdrawal seizures (AWS) are among the most important possible complications during the detoxification treatment of alcohol-dependent patients. Pharmacological therapy is often used during detoxification, but can cause dangerous side effects [Eur Addict Res 2010;16:179–184]. In separate studies several biological markers have been described as being associated with AWS risk. We investigated the role of homocysteine (HCT), carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) and prolactin (PRL) as biological markers for the risk of developing AWS. <i>Methods:</i> The present study included 189 alcohol-dependent patients of whom 51 had a history of AWS. We investigated the HCT, CDT and PRL levels of all patients and calculated sensitivity and specificity. Bayes' theorem was used to calculate positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values. <i>Results:</i> The highest combined sensitivity and specificity for %CDT was reached at a plasma cutoff value of 3.75%. The combination of HCT at a cutoff value of 23.9 µmol/l and %CDT at a cutoff value of 3.75% showed the best predictive values (sensitivity 47.1%, specificity 88.4%, PPV 0.504, NPV 0.870). <i>Conclusion:</i> A combined assessment of HCT and CDT levels can be a useful method to identify patients at a higher risk of AWS, which may lead to a more individualized therapy.

National strategies for the development of services for specific client groups are rare in Britain, particularly strategies to which governments pledge significant long term financial investment. This paper attempts to guage the impact of one such strategy, the All Wales Strategy for the Development of Services for Mentally Handicapped People (AWS) (Welsh Office, 1983) by comparing the goals of the AWS with changes in the nature and coverage of services which have followed its inception. Data on the provision of residential, day, education and family support services in Wales were collected in 1995 from county annual plans, Welsh Office statistical returns and questionnaires to county officers. These sources were cross referenced and the data compared with those reported in a companion paper (Beyer et al., 1991) for 1983 (the first year of the AWS) and 1988. Between 1983 and 1995, deinstitutionalisation accelerated, residential services were reprovided by combined statutory and independent sector action, size of residential settings reduced considerably, the range of day activities diversified, mainstream education was available to more children with learning disabilities, respite care became largely community based and the availability of domiciliary support increased significantly. Although the pace of change quickened between 1988 and 1995 compared to that in the first five years of the AWS, a wholesale reorientation of traditional services is far from complete. Changes in service provision in Wales during the course of the AWS are compared where possible to development elsewhere in Britain.

AbstractAimsto investigate the relationship between phosphatidylethanol (PEth) and withdrawal severity in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD).Methodsin 34 patients with AUD admitted for treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal, data were available for initial blood PEth concentrations and scores throughout detoxification of symptoms of withdrawal assessed by trained medical staff using the alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS)-scale, a validated scale consisting of 11 items in the alcohol withdrawal syndrome (two subscales with seven physiological and five psychological symptoms).Resultsa significant positive correlation between PEth and the severity of alcohol withdrawal was found. When the sample was divided into two groups, according to whether or not AWS score at some point in the treatment reached 6 or more, the median PEth score was higher in those whose peak score had been 6 or more (score of 6 being the suggested cutoff to start medicating the withdrawal syndrome). Although there was a trend for some aspects of the clinical history to be more 'severe' in those with higher AWS, no differences reached significance.Conclusionblood PEth on admission could have a role in identifying patients at risk of more severe AWS.