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The connection of hesed and covenant commitment is a pivotal point in the covenant between Ruth and Naomi. The blessing of Naomi indicates that there are two agents of hesed, namely God's hesed for the two Moabite women in the future, and the hesed of the two Moabite women for Naomi's family in the past. Naomi uses the term hesed in Ruth 1:8b without giving a specific description of God's hesed. However, the oracle in Ruth 1: 9a Naomi specifies the idea of God's hesed. Through the exegetical and theological study of the text, the words of Naomi imply that the past continual covenant faithfulness of two Moabite women to Elimelech's family as well as to God is the basis of Naomi's supplication that God should reward them hesed in the future. The theological implication is that the faithfulness of human beings to the covenant commitment assures the permanence of hesed in the covenant relationship. Moreover, faithfulness to covenant commitment stood out as being a means of how God worked out His redemptive plan to turn about the human crisis. To sum, hesed is considered as the content of the covenant, and it is the basis on which the covenant relationship will be enabled to continue. Keywords: Hesed; Covenant; Commitment References Arnold, Bill T., and John H. Choi. A Guide to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Baer, David A., and Robert P. Gordon. "חֶסֶד." New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis. Ed. W. A. VanGemeren. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1997. Badillos, Angel Saenz. A History of the Hebrew Language. Trans. John Elwolde. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993. Bible Works, Biblical Database Software for Microsoft Windows, version 7.o.o12x. Bible Works, LLC. Hermeneutika Computer Bible Research Software. חֶסֶד, MT, 2007. Brown, Francis, with S. R. Driver and Charles A. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament With an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic. Based on the lexicon of William Gesenius. Oxford: Clarendon, 1952, s.v. "חֶסֶד." Bruce K., M. O'Connor. An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990. Bush, Frederic W. Ruth/Esther. Word Biblical Commentary 9. Dallas, TX: Word, 1996. Buttrick, George Arthur. "Ruth." The Interpreter's Bible. Nashville, TN: Abingdon, 1953. Campbell, Edward F. Jr. Ruth: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Anchor Bible. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1975. ________________. "The Hebrew Short Story: A Study of Ruth." A Light Unto My Path. Ed. H. Bream, R. Heim, and C. Moore. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974. Clark, Gordon R. The Word Heseḏ in the Hebrew Bible. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 157. Sheffield, UK: Academic, 1993. Clines, David J. A. The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Sheffield, UK: Academic, 1998. s.v. "חֶסֶד." Cogan, Mordechai, and Hayim Tadmor. II Kings: A New Translation With Introduction and Commentary. New York, NY: Doubleday, 1988. Cohen, Ada Taggar. "Political Loyalty in the Biblical Account of 1 Samuel xx-xxii in the Light of Hittite Texts." Vetus Testamentum 55 (2005): 251-268. Collins, C. John. Genesis 1-4: Linguistic, Literary, and Theological Commentary. New Jersey, NJ: P & R, 2006. Daniel I. Judges, Ruth. The New American Commentary 6. Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman, 1999. Exum, J. Cheryl. Plotted, Shot, and Painted: Cultural Representations of Biblical Women. JSOTSup 215. Sheffield, UK: Academic, 1996. Fensham, Charles. "The Treaty Between Israel and the Gibeonites." Biblical Archaeologist 27 (1964): 96-100. Hamilton, Victor P. Handbook on the Historical Books: Joshua, Judges, Ruth, Samuel, Kings, Chronicles, Ezra-Nehemiah, Esther. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2008. Holladay, William L. A Concise Hebrew, and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Leiden, Holland: Brill, 1971), s.v. "שׁוב." Hubbard, Robert L. The Book of Ruth. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1988. Joüon, Paul and Muraoka Takamitzu. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Winona Lake, In: Eisenbrauns, 1978. Kalluveettil, Paul. Declaration and Covenant: A Comprehensive Review of Covenant Formulae From the Old Testament and the Ancient Near East. Rome, Italy: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1982. Kathleen A. Robertson. "The Book of Ruth." The New Interpreter's Bible. Ed. Leander E. Keck. Nashville, TN: Abingdon, 1998. Kautzsch, Emil. Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar. Trans. Kautzsch Emil, A. E. Cowley, and M. Segal . Oxford, MS: Clarendon, 1990. Keck, Leander E. "Ruth." The New Interpreter's Bible 2. Nashville, TN: Abingdon, 1998. Kensky, Tikva Frymer. Reading the Women of the Bible: A New Interpretation of Their Stories. New York, NY: n.p., 2002. Knoppers, Gary N. "Ancient Near Eastern Royal Grants and the Davidic Covenant." Journal of the American Oriental Society 116 (1996): 670-697. Kutler, L. "A Structural Semantic Approach to Israelite Communal Terminology." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 14 (1982): 71-72. Lacocque, André. Ruth, A Continental Commentary. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2004. Lapsley, Jacqueline E. "Feeling Our Way: Love for God in Deuteronomy." Catholic Biblical Quarterly 65 (2003): 350-369 Larkin, Katrina J. A. Ruth and Esther. Old Testament Guide. Sheffield, UK: Academic, 1996. Mathew, Victor H. Judges and Ruth. New Cambridge Bible Commentary. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004. McComiskey, Thomas Edward. The Covenants of Promise: A Theology of the Old Testament Covenants. Grand Rapids: MI: Baker, 1985. Meyers, Jacob M. "Returning Home: Ruth 1:8 and Gendering of the Book of Ruth." Naomi and Ruth: A Feminist Companion to Ruth. Ed. Athalya Brenner. Shefield, UK: Academic, 1993. Moran, William L. "The Ancient Near Eastern Background of the Love of God in Deuteronomy." Catholic Biblical Quarterly 25 (1963): 77-87; Nielsen, Kirsten. Ruth: A Commentary. Louisville, KY: John Knox, 1997. Prinsloo, Willem S. "The Theology of the Book of Ruth." Vetus Testamentum 30 (1980): 332. Rendtorff, Rolf. "The Canonical Hebrew Bible." Theology of the Old Testament. Ed. David E. Orton. Leiden, Holland: Deo, 2005. Sasson, Jack Murad. Ruth: A New Translation With a Philological Commentary and a Formalist-Folklorist Interpretation. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979. Smith, Mark S. "Your People Shall be My People: Family and Covenant in Ruth 1:16-17." CBQ 69 (2007): 246. Soggin, J. Alberto. "שׁוב." Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament. Ed. Ernest Jenni, Clause Wassermann. Trans. by Mark. E. Biddle. Peabody, MS: Hendrickson, 1997. Thompson, James A., and Elmer A. Martens. "שׁוב." New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis. Ed. W. A. VanGemeren. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1997. Trible, Phyllis. "A Human Comedy." God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality: Overtures to Biblical Theology. Ed. Walter Brueggemann, John R. Donahue. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress, 1978. Waard, Jan De, and E. A. Nida. A Translator's Handbook on the Book of Ruth. London, UK: United Bible Societies, 1973. Waltke, Bruce K., and Charles Yu. Old Testament Theology: An Exegetical, Canonical, and Thematic Approach (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2007. Zobel, Hans-Jürgen. "חֶסֶד." Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Ed. G. Johannes Botterweck and Helmer Ringgren. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1977.

Treball Final de Màster Universitari en Cooperació al Desenvolupament (Pla de 2015) (A distància). Codi: SRP531. Curs acadèmic: 2019-2020 ; Partiendo del abordaje conceptual sobre el desarrollo que aporta Bosier (2005) entendido como un proceso endógeno que comprende la capacidad de transformación del sistema socioeconómico, pero además la habilidad de los grupos humanos para reaccionar frente a los desafíos externos, de promover aprendizajes sociales y sobre todo innovar localmente, este trabajo presenta los detalles de un programa diseñado con el fin de dar cumplimiento a las macro estrategias de desarrollo nacionales, así como a los bien conocidos Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). El Banco de iniciativas de participación ciudadana para el fortalecimiento de la democracia participativa -BIP- se configura como una estrategia del Ministerio del Interior de Colombia para identificar las organizaciones sociales, comunales y comunitarias que propenden hacia el desarrollo social y político de Colombia, reconocer sus iniciativas y proyectos para orientar la asignación democrática y participativa de estímulos financieros. En este sentido, el ejercicio de patrocinar con recursos económicos la ejecución de iniciativas de participación ciudadana se convierte en instrumento útil tanto para dar cumplimiento Plan Nacional de Desarrollo del gobierno colombiano, como para aportar al logro de los objetivos 10, 11 y 16 de los ODS enfocados en reducir las desigualdades, lograr que las ciudades y los asentamientos humanos sean inclusivos y sostenibles, y que se fortalezca la participación de los países en desarrollo en las instituciones de gobernanza mundial. Reconociendo la heterogeneidad socio-económica y política que caracteriza a las organizaciones sociales de base en el territorio colombiano, y buscando sinergias efectivas entre el Estado y la sociedad civil, se identificó en este caso que la teoría de gobernanza local resulta ser un modelo de participación y concurrencia multinivel y multiactor con el potencial para generar impactos duraderos con posterioridad a la implementación de las iniciativas en mención. Sin embargo, esto requerirá organizaciones sólidas, resilientes e innovadoras para integrar escenarios colaborativos que impulsen no solo el crecimiento sino también el desarrollo endógeno de las comunidades. Para ello, la Corporación Red Constructores de Paz, en adelante CRCP, como organización sin ánimo de lucro que ha consolidado un nombre alrededor de procesos juveniles de incidencia local y participación comunitaria en el Departamento de Cundinamarca, firmó un Convenio de Asociación (F-127) con el Ministerio del Interior con el fin de aunar esfuerzos para fortalecer las organizaciones sociales de base colombianas en varios frentes: con capacitación en formulación y ejecución de iniciativas, financiación de iniciativas y la generación de espacios para intercambiar experiencias entre pares. En este contexto, mi labor como Coordinadora Técnica en el grupo Gerencia de Proyectos de la CRCP bajo la supervisión directa del Gerente, consistió principalmente en brindar las herramientas técnicas, metodológicas y pedagógicas pertinentes para alcanzar cada una de las metas trazadas con el Banco de Iniciativas BIP. Los productos a mi cargo variaban a medida que avanzábamos en la ejecución de la estrategia, abarcando desde la construcción de los términos de referencia de la primera convocatoria BIP, aporte al diseño de materiales pedagógicos para el componente de formación, consolidación de informes de gestión e incluso apoyo logístico en la realización del Encuentro Nacional de Iniciativas Participativas. En síntesis, esta experiencia ha representado para mí el escenario ideal para adquirir y multiplicar saberes valiosísimos de la mano colegas, altos representantes de la institucionalidad colombiana y actores de múltiples procedencias (líderes sociales, representantes de juventudes municipales, académicos, entre otros) otorgándome además el privilegio de dimensionar el DESARROLLO a partir de elementos más cercanos, reales, y cotidianos. ; Based on the conceptual approach to development provided by Bosier (2005), understood as an endogenous process that includes the capacity for transformation of the socio-economic system, but also the ability of human groups to react to external challenges, to promote social learning and, above all, to innovate locally, this paper presents the details of a programme designed to give effect to national macro development strategies as well as the well-known Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Bank of Citizen Participation Initiatives for the Strengthening of Participatory Democracy (BIP) is configured as a strategy of the Ministry of the Interior of Colombia to identify social and communal organizations that promote the social and political development of Colombia, recognize their initiatives and projects to guide the democratic and participatory allocation of financial incentives. In this regard, the exercise of financially sponsoring the implementation of citizen participation initiatives becomes a useful instrument both to implement the Colombian Government's National Development Plan and to contribute to the achievement of objectives 10, 11 and 16 SDGs focusing on reducing inequalities, making cities and human settlements inclusive and sustainable, and strengthening the participation of developing countries in global governance institutions. Recognizing the socio-economic and political heterogeneity that characterizes grassroots social organizations in Colombian territory, and seeking effective synergies between the State and civil society, it was identified in this case that the theory of local governance turns out to be a model of multilevel and multiactor participation and concurrence with the potential to generate lasting impacts after the implementation of the initiatives in question. However, this will require strong, resilient and innovative organizations to integrate collaborative scenarios that drive not only growth but also the endogenous development of communities. To this end, the Corporación Red Constructores de Paz, hereinafter CRCP, as a non-profit organization that has consolidated a name around youth processes of local advocacy and community participation in the Department of Cundinamarca, signed a Partnership Agreement (F127) with the Ministry of the Interior to join efforts to strengthen Colombian grass-roots social organizations on several fronts: with training in the formulation and implementation of initiatives, funding of initiatives and the creation of spaces for exchanging experiences between peers. In this context, my work as Technical Coordinator in the CRCP Project Management Group under the direct supervision of the Manager was mainly focused on providing the technical tools, relevant methodological and pedagogical approaches to achieving each of the goals set with the BIP. The products under my resposability varied as we advanced in the implementation of the strategy, from the construction of the terms and conditions for the first BIP call, to contribution to the design of teaching materials for the training component, and consolidation of management reports or even logistical support in the implementation of the National Meeting of Participatory Initiatives.Ultimately, this experience has represented the ideal scenario for me to acquire and multiply valuable knowledge at the hands of colleagues, high representatives of colombian institutions and actors from many backgrounds (social leaders, representatives of municipal youth, academics, among others) also granting me the privilege of dimensioning DEVELOPMENT from closer, real, and day to day elements.

Welcome to the third issue of volume 43 of the IASSIST Quarterly (IQ 43:3, 2019).
Yes, we are open! Open data is good. Just a click away. Downloadable 24/7 for everybody. An open government would make the decisionmakers' data open to the public and the opposition. As an example, communal data on bicycle paths could be open, so more navigation apps would flourish and embed the information in maps, which could suggest more safe bicycle routes. However, as demonstrated by all three articles in this IQ issue, very often research data include information that requires restrictions concerning data access. The second paper states that data should be 'as open as possible and as closed as needed'. This phrase originates from a European Union Horizon 2020 project called the Open Research Data Pilot, in 'Guidelines on FAIR Data Management in Horizon 2020' (July 2016). Some data need to be closed and not freely available. So once more it shows that a simple solution of total openness and one-size-fits-all is not possible. We have to deal with more complicated schemes depending on the content of data. Luckily, experienced people at data institutions are capable of producing adapted solutions.
The first article 'Restricting data's use: A spectrum of concerns in need of flexible approaches' describes how data producers have legitimate needs for restricting data access for users. This understanding is quite important as some users might have an automatic objection towards all restrictions on use of data. The authors Dharma Akmon and Susan Jekielek are at ICPSR at the University of Michigan. ICPSR has been the U.S. research archive since 1962, so they have much practice in long-term storage of digital information. From a short-term perspective you might think that their primary task is to get the data in use and thus would be opposed to any kind of access restrictions. However, both producers and custodians of data are very well aware of their responsibility for determining restrictions and access. The caveat concerns the potential harm through disclosure, often exemplified by personal data of identifiable individuals. The article explains how dissemination options differ in where data are accessed and what is required for access. If you are new to IASSIST, the article also gives an excellent short introduction to ICPSR and how this institution guards itself and its users against the hazards of data sharing.
In the second article 'Managing data in cross-institutional projects', the reader gains insight into how FAIR data usage benefits a cross-institutional project. The starting point for the authors - Zaza Nadja Lee Hansen, Filip Kruse, and Jesper Boserup Thestrup – is the FAIR principles that data should be: findable, accessible, interoperable, and re-useable. The authors state that this implies that the data should be as open as possible. However, as expressed in the ICPSR article above, data should at the same time be as closed as needed. Within the EU, the mention of GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) will always catch the attention of the economical responsible at any institution because data breaches can now be very severely fined. The authors share their experience with implementation of the FAIR principles with data from several cross-institutional projects. The key is to ensure that from the beginning there is agreement on following the specific guidelines, standards and formats throughout the project. The issues to agree on are, among other things, storage and sharing of data and metadata, responsibilities for updating data, and deciding which data format to use. The benefits of FAIR data usage are summarized, and the article also describes the cross-institutional projects. The authors work as a senior consultant/project manager at the Danish National Archives, senior advisor at The Royal Danish Library, and communications officer at The Royal Danish Library. The cross-institutional projects mentioned here stretch from Kierkegaard's writings to wind energy.
While this issue started by mentioning that ICPSR was founded in 1962, we end with a more recent addition to the archive world, established at Qatar University's Social and Economic Survey Research Institute (SESRI) in 2017. The paper 'Data archiving for dissemination within a Gulf nation' addresses the experience of this new institution in an environment of cultural and political sensitivity. With a positive view you can regard the benefits as expanding. The start is that archive staff get experience concerning policies for data selection, restrictions, security and metadata. This generates benefits and expands to the broader group of research staff where awareness and improvements relate to issues like design, collection and documentation of studies. Furthermore, data sharing can be seen as expanding in the Middle East and North Africa region and generating a general improvement in the relevance and credibility of statistics generated in the region. Again, the FAIR principles of findable, accessible, interoperable, and re-useable are gaining momentum and being adopted by government offices and data collection agencies. In the article, the story of SESRI at Qatar University is described ahead of sections concerning data sharing culture and challenges as well as issues of staff recruitment, architecture and workflow. Many of the observations and considerations in the article will be of value to staff at both older and infant archives. The authors of the paper are the senior researcher and lead archivist at the archive of the Qatar University Brian W. Mandikiana, and Lois Timms-Ferrara and Marc Maynard – CEO and director of technology at Data Independence (Connecticut, USA).
Submissions of papers for the IASSIST Quarterly are always very welcome. We welcome input from IASSIST conferences or other conferences and workshops, from local presentations or papers especially written for the IQ. When you are preparing such a presentation, give a thought to turning your one-time presentation into a lasting contribution. Doing that after the event also gives you the opportunity of improving your work after feedback. We encourage you to login or create an author login to https://www.iassistquarterly.com (our Open Journal System application). We permit authors 'deep links' into the IQ as well as deposition of the paper in your local repository. Chairing a conference session with the purpose of aggregating and integrating papers for a special issue IQ is also much appreciated as the information reaches many more people than the limited number of session participants and will be readily available on the IASSIST Quarterly website at https://www.iassistquarterly.com. Authors are very welcome to take a look at the instructions and layout:
https://www.iassistquarterly.com/index.php/iassist/about/submissions
Authors can also contact me directly via e-mail: kbr@sam.sdu.dk. Should you be interested in compiling a special issue for the IQ as guest editor(s) I will also be delighted to hear from you.
Karsten Boye Rasmussen - September 2019

Досліджено контент і структуру поняття кадрового забезпечення спроможності об'єднаних територіальних громад шляхом визначення його основних змістових компонентів, таких як: кадри, персонал, кадрове забезпечення, забезпечення персоналом органів місцевого самоврядування. Визначено мету, структуру та функції системи кадрового забезпечення об'єднаних територіальних громад у площині формування їх спроможності. ; Problem setting. The implementation of the European standards of life in Ukraine and the entrance of Ukraine into leading positions in the world, as defined by the "Ukraine – 2020" Sustainable Development Strategy, implies in the sphere of decentralization the departure from the centralized model of governance in the state, ensuring the capacity of local self-government and building an effective system of territorial organization of power in Ukraine, realization to the full extent of the provisions of the European Charter of Local Self-Government, the principles of subsidiarity, universality and financial self-sufficiency of local self-government.Recent research and publications analysis. Various aspects of the staffing support problem of local self-government were studied by such Ukrainian scientists as V. Averyanov, H. Atamanchuk, V. Babayev, O. Voronko, N. Honcharuk, B. Hurne, V. Zahorskyi, T. Kahanovska, V. Kniazeva, H. Lelikova, A. Lipintsev, V. Luhovyi, V. Malynovskyi, N. Nyzhnyk, V. Oluiko, P. Pavlychenko, S. Serohina, L. Tovazhnianskyi and others. However, there is a shortage of scientific research concerning the issue of staffing support of the Unified territorial communities' (hereinafter – UTC) capability, since the problem is new, and the processes of forming and developing UTC are on the initial stage of formation.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The main mean of forming the capability of UTC is the proper staffing support, which is a function of the administrative activity of public authorities through the management of the personnel of these authorities, aimed at the implementing tasks related to solving local issues.In this problematic area of ensuring the capability of local self-government and building an effective system of territorial organization of power, the issue of the theoretical definition of the problem of staffing support of the capability of UTC is highly topical, study of which stipulates the purpose of the article. Thus, the following tasks should be addressed: to explore the content and structure of the concept of staffing support of the capability of UTC by identifying its main content components, such as: cadre, personnel, staffing support, providing local government authorities with the personnel; to find out the system of work with the staff in UTC; to define the aim and functions of the system of staffing support of local self-government.Paper main body. The term "cadre" (staff) comes from the French language, in which the "cadre" denotes either the certain small group of people or/and all personnel of the company/organization. The scope of the concept of "staffing" may be different and constitute a small group of people and all permanent (regular) employees. In the latter, this term is synonymous with the term "personnel" (from the Latin person – the person), which includes the entire set of employees of the enterprise, institution, organization. Hence, the provision of personnel – is the staffing of the enterprise, institution, organization of employees to perform certain goals and objectives. The content and specifics of human resources management activities are largely determined by the tasks that are solved by the organization, institution or body, in particular in the system of local self-government. However, in order to cover all processes that take place in the authorities, it is necessary to have appropriate staffing support. Personnel management provides a set of purposeful actions in the organization and operation of personnel work within a separate enterprise, institution, organization and, accordingly, the provision of personnel is an integral part of it. Instead, staffing support is systemic in nature and refers to general principles, objectives, approaches, rules, requirements, and procedures on completing a structured entity (enterprises, institutions, organizations of a certain sphere, industry or authorities) with the qualified personnel. While considering this in the area of personnel policy and staffing of UTC, the interpretation of staff in a broad sense would be appropriate. In addition, this is necessary in view of the peculiarities of staffing of local self-government authorities. We consider it inappropriate to narrow down staffing support just to supplying, filling in the staff of organizations, institutions or other entities with employees (personnel) and also, one should not identify it as a work with the personnel (human resources management).Personnel policy in the field of the activity of UTC, in general, is a concerted activity of the subjects of the system of local self-government, which is aimed at the forming, implementing and improving a set of standards, professional requirements for elected and appointed officials (executives), technical and service staff of the authorities of the council, managers of enterprises, institutions and organizations belonging to the communal property, criteria for their selection, training and retraining, raising the level of qualification, rational use of the personnel potential and its development according to the principles of local government reform to ensure the effective exercise of the powers of local authorities of UTC.The complex of staffing of UTC, which includes: the territorial community; village, settlement and city council; village and city head; executive authorities of the village, settlement and city council; the village elder; rayon and oblast councils; bodies representing the common interests of territorial communities of villages, settlements, cities; bodies of self-organization of the population – are implemented as staffing processes through the distribution of organizational potential and functions vertically and horizontally and is directed at the qualitative implementation of the powers.To create the staffing capability of UTC, the system of personnel management (work with personnel) includes the processes of selection, placement, and raising the level of professional competence, etc. In addition, it is important to coordinate the aim of the staffing support system and functions performed within this activity.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Thus, staffing support of the capability of UTC is very focused, planned and coordinated management of staffing processes concerning the optimal quantitative and qualitative changes of the personnel for the fulfilment of functions and tasks by local government authorities. The proper level of managerial and professional competence, provision of opportunities for implementing the personal potential of employees in the performance of their duties is a key to the effective reform and development of local government and, in particular, to ensure the capability of the unified territorial communities. In view of this, there is a necessity for further research of a complex of structural and functional personnel interactions in the system of local government.

Abstract Impossible Landings: Precarity, Populism and Walling in a 'European' Refugee CrisisbyAlessandro TiberioDoctor of Philosophy in Geography University of California, BerkeleyProfessor Michael Watts, Co-ChairProfessor Jon Kosek, Co-ChairThe rise of populist movements that gathered momentum in 2016 across Europe and the European settler-colonial world has seriously challenged the US-led neoliberal order as much as the discourse around 'globalization' that such order promoted and defended. Such crisis has been most striking in countries like the UK and the US, with the votes for Brexit and Trump, given that for the last 30 years successive government administrations of both center-right and center-left political alignments there have been championing neoliberal reforms domestically and internationally, but the rise of populist movements has been years in the making in the folds of ordinary life across the 'European' world, and can arguably be best understood through an ethnographic research of the everyday space-making and border-renegotiating social processes that made a rightward shift possible in individual and collective consciences and that also allowed it to gather momentum at a wider scale.I have focused my research on the borderlands of what I call 'Mediterranean Central Europe' in and around the now mostly white-Italian border-town of Trieste, formerly the main port of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire and today sitting at the Italian border to Slovenia. Dominant discourses on a local level have traditionally idealized the city and its inhabitants as quintessentially 'European' even more than 'Italian', and in its borderlands at the edge of the Balkans the renegotiation of borders with non-European 'Eastern' and Muslim othered subjects and spaces has historically been particularly explicit. At the same time, Trieste has also represented a model of border un-making or un-walling thanks to the local anti-psychiatric movement led by Doctor Basaglia, that in the 1970s successfully advocated for the closure of asylums and for the transformation of wider society by multiplying spaces of encounter between formerly interned patients and the general population at large. The current model of asylum seekers' reception in the city promoted by ICS (the Italian Consortium of Solidarity) inherited and followed the same decentralizing logic, and since the 1990s has been promoting the transformation of the 'European' space of the city though everyday practices of border renegotiation. Over the course of a multi-year ethnographic fieldwork since 2013, I have looked at the longer history of experiments with walling and un-walling in the city, and finally focused on the 2015/16 moment, when I have explored the remaking of 'European' borders in Trieste's borderlands during the boom of the 'Balkan migration route(s)'. At that time, I have investigated different forms of border renegotiation practices from a neo-liberal standpoint, by far-right groups and by radical-left activists, and attempted to understand their different politics on an individual, collective and regional level.In the midst of a strong reactionary wave on a wider scale, 2016 also saw the election of a far-right city administration in Trieste at the conjuncture of lingering economic stagnation and of a boom in the arrivals of asylum-seeking migrants traveling across the Balkans and hailing especially from Pakistan and Afghanistan. In an attempt to understand the reactionary closure of European borders in the conjuncture of 2015/16, in the context of both the post-2008 'economic crisis' and of what has been commonly referred to as the 'European refugee crisis' of 2015, in my work I show the ways in which the two processes have articulated with one another though the lived and perceived experience of what Italians call 'precarietà' or precarity, referring to the widespread sense of insecurity resulting from the introduction of sweeping neoliberal reforms in Italy and Europe at large, and in particular from the 'flexibilization' of the job market and life conditions in general. I further show how in Trieste and elsewhere the articulation of these two processes has engendered a third crisis, namely an 'identity crisis', a crisis of 'Europe' and of what may be called 'European', and has led to the new desires for border closure or walling and to the rise of far-right populist movements possibly heralding a post-neoliberal moment. In particular, I argue that current reactionary tendencies in Trieste and in many parts of the 'European' world in the current conjuncture are the result of the widespread perception of a deep crisis in the gendered and racialized commonsensical idea of 'Europe', and particularly of 'European' privilege and exceptionalism, and have emerged in the attempt to defend it. Further, I argue that the perception of such crisis and the related desires for border closure among many white-Europeans stem from the widespread idealization of 'precarity' or insecurity as a European problem, in their eyes justifying wall-building of a 'natural' reaction. Finally, in my study I also question the naturalized necessity of such a reactionary logic in the contemporary conjuncture and present the possibility for radical alternatives.In this sense, I argue that the different politics of far right and radical left 'anti-globalization' movements, both opposing the 'free movement' of capital, are produced through alternative forms of space-making and border-renegotiation in everyday life on a 'local' level, understanding their sense of belonging as tied to a bounded homeland or to a shared space of encounter respectively. In order to understand these different politics, I looked at the production of 'local' communities in collective gardening projects where highly precarized Italians renegotiated their relationship with both land and homeland in everyday life. I have then also carried out participant observation in mixed collective gardens shared by Italians and Afghan or Pakistani asylum seekers, and in other mixed spaces that offered interesting opportunities to understand ordinary border renegotiation practices in relationship to one's sense of precarity or insecurity. Finally, in order to understand border renegotiation both on a communal and on an individual level, during long interview sessions with both Italians and Central Asian migrants I have used individual 'mad map' drawing exercises to encourage the representation of one's condition of precarity and ways to renegotiate any perceived need for security, as a form of mental mapping method adopted and adapted from the American anti-psychiatric movement Icarus, of which I have been part of for years in California. In this context, my work finally also argues that in places like Trieste it is alternative readings of 'precarity', questioning exclusivists senses of belonging and based on appreciating relational forms of insecurity between differently-precarious 'European' and 'non-European' subjects, that may make a different politics of border renegotiation possible. In particular, the production of common spaces enabling the acceptance of mutual vulnerability between such differently-precarious subjects may allow not only for the renegotiation but also for the actual questioning and un-walling of the borders of 'Europe' themselves.

Досліджено контент і структуру поняття кадрового забезпечення спроможності об'єднаних територіальних громад шляхом визначення його основних змістових компонентів, таких як: кадри, персонал, кадрове забезпечення, забезпечення персоналом органів місцевого самоврядування. Визначено мету, структуру та функції системи кадрового забезпечення об'єднаних територіальних громад у площині формування їх спроможності. ; Problem setting. The implementation of the European standards of life in Ukraine and the entrance of Ukraine into leading positions in the world, as defined by the "Ukraine – 2020" Sustainable Development Strategy, implies in the sphere of decentralization the departure from the centralized model of governance in the state, ensuring the capacity of local self-government and building an effective system of territorial organization of power in Ukraine, realization to the full extent of the provisions of the European Charter of Local Self-Government, the principles of subsidiarity, universality and financial self-sufficiency of local self-government.Recent research and publications analysis. Various aspects of the staffing support problem of local self-government were studied by such Ukrainian scientists as V. Averyanov, H. Atamanchuk, V. Babayev, O. Voronko, N. Honcharuk, B. Hurne, V. Zahorskyi, T. Kahanovska, V. Kniazeva, H. Lelikova, A. Lipintsev, V. Luhovyi, V. Malynovskyi, N. Nyzhnyk, V. Oluiko, P. Pavlychenko, S. Serohina, L. Tovazhnianskyi and others. However, there is a shortage of scientific research concerning the issue of staffing support of the Unified territorial communities' (hereinafter – UTC) capability, since the problem is new, and the processes of forming and developing UTC are on the initial stage of formation.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The main mean of forming the capability of UTC is the proper staffing support, which is a function of the administrative activity of public authorities through the management of the personnel of these authorities, aimed at the implementing tasks related to solving local issues.In this problematic area of ensuring the capability of local self-government and building an effective system of territorial organization of power, the issue of the theoretical definition of the problem of staffing support of the capability of UTC is highly topical, study of which stipulates the purpose of the article. Thus, the following tasks should be addressed: to explore the content and structure of the concept of staffing support of the capability of UTC by identifying its main content components, such as: cadre, personnel, staffing support, providing local government authorities with the personnel; to find out the system of work with the staff in UTC; to define the aim and functions of the system of staffing support of local self-government.Paper main body. The term "cadre" (staff) comes from the French language, in which the "cadre" denotes either the certain small group of people or/and all personnel of the company/organization. The scope of the concept of "staffing" may be different and constitute a small group of people and all permanent (regular) employees. In the latter, this term is synonymous with the term "personnel" (from the Latin person – the person), which includes the entire set of employees of the enterprise, institution, organization. Hence, the provision of personnel – is the staffing of the enterprise, institution, organization of employees to perform certain goals and objectives. The content and specifics of human resources management activities are largely determined by the tasks that are solved by the organization, institution or body, in particular in the system of local self-government. However, in order to cover all processes that take place in the authorities, it is necessary to have appropriate staffing support. Personnel management provides a set of purposeful actions in the organization and operation of personnel work within a separate enterprise, institution, organization and, accordingly, the provision of personnel is an integral part of it. Instead, staffing support is systemic in nature and refers to general principles, objectives, approaches, rules, requirements, and procedures on completing a structured entity (enterprises, institutions, organizations of a certain sphere, industry or authorities) with the qualified personnel. While considering this in the area of personnel policy and staffing of UTC, the interpretation of staff in a broad sense would be appropriate. In addition, this is necessary in view of the peculiarities of staffing of local self-government authorities. We consider it inappropriate to narrow down staffing support just to supplying, filling in the staff of organizations, institutions or other entities with employees (personnel) and also, one should not identify it as a work with the personnel (human resources management).Personnel policy in the field of the activity of UTC, in general, is a concerted activity of the subjects of the system of local self-government, which is aimed at the forming, implementing and improving a set of standards, professional requirements for elected and appointed officials (executives), technical and service staff of the authorities of the council, managers of enterprises, institutions and organizations belonging to the communal property, criteria for their selection, training and retraining, raising the level of qualification, rational use of the personnel potential and its development according to the principles of local government reform to ensure the effective exercise of the powers of local authorities of UTC.The complex of staffing of UTC, which includes: the territorial community; village, settlement and city council; village and city head; executive authorities of the village, settlement and city council; the village elder; rayon and oblast councils; bodies representing the common interests of territorial communities of villages, settlements, cities; bodies of self-organization of the population – are implemented as staffing processes through the distribution of organizational potential and functions vertically and horizontally and is directed at the qualitative implementation of the powers.To create the staffing capability of UTC, the system of personnel management (work with personnel) includes the processes of selection, placement, and raising the level of professional competence, etc. In addition, it is important to coordinate the aim of the staffing support system and functions performed within this activity.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Thus, staffing support of the capability of UTC is very focused, planned and coordinated management of staffing processes concerning the optimal quantitative and qualitative changes of the personnel for the fulfilment of functions and tasks by local government authorities. The proper level of managerial and professional competence, provision of opportunities for implementing the personal potential of employees in the performance of their duties is a key to the effective reform and development of local government and, in particular, to ensure the capability of the unified territorial communities. In view of this, there is a necessity for further research of a complex of structural and functional personnel interactions in the system of local government.

Creation of a system of energy resources accounting in the aspects of energy security of the state and regions; Some legal and legal aspects N. Sokolovsky Theoretical and methodological principles of guaranteeing energy security, including aspects of creating energy resources accounting systems and values, were reflected in the works of L.Hamanyuk, S. Denisyuk, M.Kovalka, A. Kyrylenko, B.Stognia, A.O. Sukhodoli. But despite the abundance of thorough scientific and scientific research in this area, the conditions for the creation of an automated system of accounting and control of energy consumption at the regional and national level, according to the uniform rules of database maintenance, are not legally supported.The purpose of the article is to analyze the adequacy of regulatory legal regulation in the field of commercial accounting of energy resources in Ukraine and to find ways to improve legal provision in this area, including the creation of an automated system of accounting and control of energy consumption at the regional and national levels.According to the results of the tasks of the Energy Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2035 "Security, Energy Efficiency, Competitiveness" (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy), it is planned to achieve a reduction in the energy intensity of GDP by more than twice before 2035. The strategy envisages, in particular, to complete the reform of Ukraine's energy sector by 2025, achieve the priority targets for security and energy efficiency, provide its innovative renewal and integration with the energy sector of the EU, modernize and improve the accounting systems and attract consumers to manage their own energy demand resource.It should be noted that the issue of accounting for the consumption of fuel and energy resources is regulated by the legislation of Ukraine not fully.Currently, an automated system of commercial accounting of electric energy is being introduced in Ukraine.Commercial accounting on the market of electric energy is organized by the administrator of commercial accounting and is carried out by the suppliers of commercial accounting services on a competitive basis subject to registration of the supplier of commercial accounting services and registration of their automated systems. Provision of commercial accounting services is provided by the suppliers of commercial accounting of electric energy, the administrator of commercial accounting in accordance with the procedure established by the code of commercial accounting, the rules of the electricity market. Market participants whose electrical installations are connected to electrical networks (except domestic consumers) have the right to freely choose the supplier of commercial accounting services.The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Law of Ukraine "On the Electricity Market of Ukraine", which came into force on April 13, 2017.Thus, with regard to electricity accounting in Ukraine, the most developed and complete legal framework is created.The situation in the field of natural gas accounting is more complicated. The legal basis for ensuring the commercial accounting of natural gas is the Law of Ukraine "On the Provision of Commercial Gas Metering", which provides, in particular, that economic entities that carry out the distribution of natural gas in the respective territory are obliged to ensure the installation of gas meters for the resident population. in apartments and private houses, in which gas is used, in particular, only for cooking - by January 1, 2018. In this case, in this case, it is not allowed for such consumers to stop the population of the meters in the planned terms of termination of the distribution of natural gas, and its registration to the moment of the installation of gas meters is carried out according to the consumption norms established by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. In order to achieve 100 % accounting in Ukraine, it is still necessary to install about 5 million gas individual meters. According to NKREKP, about 300,000 gas meters are installed per year, and in case of non-adoption of effective measures, at least 16-17 years old are required. Obzha fatally did not have time to install apartment meters and they were allowed to install the building. A lot of legislative initiatives registered in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine with regard to improving the relations between gas market actors, in particular the creation of a Single Base of Subscribers - Natural Gas Consumers, and the definition of the administrator who will be responsible for its management, the transition to taking into account physical and chemical parameters of natural gas, in particular nitrogen, sulfur content etc., from consumption units to units of energy. This should lead to a record of EU requirements.Ukraine has announced the creation of a housing and communal services market. In order to create such a market, you need to be 100 % accountable.The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Law "On Commercial Accounting for Thermal Energy and Water Supply". In accordance with the final provisions of the Law, the equipment for the commercial accounting of buildings is obliged to carry out the operator of external engineering networks in the term: thermal energy - within a year from the date of entry into force of this Law;- Hot and potable water for non-residential buildings - for one year, and for residential buildings - within two years from the date of entry into force of this Law.It should also be noted that the issue of tariff formation in heat and water, approval of investment programs is planned to be transferred to places - up to 70% of the relevant licensees.According to the head of NKREKP, the level of accounting for 2016 increased 1.5 times to 54 %, while approved investment programs envisage achieving 87 % of accounting equipment.The draft Law "On the Unified State System for Monitoring the Production, Supply, Transportation, Consumption and Payment for Fuel and Energy Resources and Utilities (ECDM)" was submitted to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. The said bill provides for common rules for the creation and maintenance of a unified energy accounting system through the mechanism for the creation of a state-owned enterprise, which should operate in accordance with the regulations approved by the Authorized Agency (State Agency for Energy Efficiency).The creation of a state-owned enterprise for the functioning of the UES is the most controversial one.Conclusions and perspectives of further research. The path to 100 % accounting of energy resources for today is of paramount importance in the aspect of Ukraine's energy security. The state must mobilize the necessary resources to resolve this issue by January 1, 2018. In connection with the enactment of the Law of Ukraine "On the National Commission that carries out state regulation in the spheres of energy and utilities", it is expedient to create a structural or separate unit only with this body, an independent regulator with the aim of creating an automated energy accounting system for the only rules for database maintenance.

This thesis investigates the ways in which the Turkana and Samburu pastoralists groups use violence to negotiate their day to day relationships. Violence in the form of cattle raids, highway banditries, targeted shootings, torching of manyattas, vandalism of key resources such as schools and dispensaries and displacement of the 'ethnic other' are deployed by the two groups to gain power, cement in-group identity and eliminate competitors from common resources. In this study pastoralists' violence is analysed as a resource and an agency through which individual and collective negotiations of socio-political relations between the Samburu and Turkana are carried out on a day to day basis. While pastoralists' violence in East Africa has been seen in past studies from a moralist perspective as something negative, 'primitive' and as a symptom of break-down of law and order, this study, analyses violence as an a tool in the hands of the individual warrior's, groups of warriors, political and business elites, deployed strategically to meet well planned ends of gaining power at an individual or collective level. To understand the changing meanings and purposes of violence among the Turkana and Samburu of Baragoi of Northern Kenya, this study approaches violence in Baragoi as a product of structural, proximate and processual factors. The interconnection between these three factors are explored through the following key arguments: that violence among pastoralists in Baragoi is part of a historical contest over socio-physical spaces between the Turkana and Samburu that has been ongoing since the pre-colonial times and has exacerbated over the years through the policies of colonial administrators and independent Kenya governments. Further, the regional instability in Eastern Africa has in effect contributed to the 'normalising' of violence through the proliferation of small arms and light weapons among the marginalised pastoralists of Northern Kenya. Historical marginalisation of Northern Kenya has further contributed to 'normalisation' of pastoralists violence as incidences of massacres are passed-off as cultural killings based cultural affinities among pastoralists. Passing off massacres as 'cultural' illustrates government's disinterest and inability to govern pastoralist's borderlands. In the contest over socio-spatial spaces of Baragoi, use and threat of violence in this case determines movement patterns of people and their livestock, electoral outcomes, grazing patterns, trading routes, location and access to livestock markets. The changing meanings and purposes of violence is also seen in the way the state interacts with the Samburu and Turkana. Residents narrate chronologies of 'operations' where paramilitary police have been deployed to 'bring peace' between the two groups. Contrary to the desired peace, these operations have tended to precipitate more violence as the state's modus operandi of using greater instruments of violence including bombs and helicopter gun-fire have tended to cause deaths of people and livestock. Those who have lost livestock in such operations plan for new cycles of violence aimed at appropriating stock from 'enemy' groups and revenging lost lives. In this case the state as an actor in pastoralists' violence deploys it as a route to inter-communal peacebuilding but it results into more violence. Violence is also analysed as a tool in the hands of political competitors used to gain power. Local elite conduct political campaigns based on their 'protection credentials' that is their ability to provide security for their ethnic groups against 'enemy' communities. Proof of protection credentials is tenable only through mobilisation of warriors for war, procurement and supply of arms and ammunition to warriors. Pastoralists' violence in Baragoi is therefore linked to elite competition for and preservation of political power. Competition for political and economic power among elites further facilitates the patron-client networks between warriors, chiefs and Kenya Police Reservists (KPRs) on the one hand and the political and business elite on the other hand and this enables the sale and distribution of weapons used to conduct raids among enemy groups. Incidences of massacres reveal the inter-connectedness of past narratives of violence, to current violent contest and those of the future. Processual analysis of violence is applied in this thesis in the case of the Baragoi massacre of November 2012. It shows cases of pastoralists' violence (in this case cattle raids) that have led to massacres in Northern Kenya to have been in situations where secondary actors mobilised for revenge (mostly political leaders). Revenge therefore plays a significant role as a catalyst for collective violence. This thesis analyses the state as a structural and proximate actor in violence among the Turkana and Samburu of Baragoi. Through the institution of KPRs, I argue that violence among pastoralists in Baragoi also stems from the local violent entrepreneurship that goes on in grazing lands among KPRs and warriors. The participation of KPRs in raids and highway banditries using government-issued arms and ammunition also reveals the complicity of the state in violence among pastoralists firstly through its neglect and marginalisation of Northern Kenya and secondly through its weak and unsupervised voluntary police unit; the KPRs which exacerbates the informalisation of violence in Northern Kenya. Violence and culture are also seen as mutually producing phenomena among the Turkana and Samburu of Baragoi. Violence is argued in this thesis has having the capacity to expand the cultural parameters of the traditional practice of cattle raiding. Violence among pastoralists that targets women and children in Baragoi today, reveal changes in the interpretation of female identities. While past studies argued that women and children were protected from violence though norms based on the notion that 'women belonged to everyone' as they adopted the identities of their husbands regardless of their ethnicities at birth (in patrilineal societies). This study reveals that increased targeting of women conforms to a more primordialist interpretation of identities among the Turkana and Samburu. The stringent interpretation of identities of women can also be argued to have expanded forms of violence on women such as rape, killing of milking stock and vandalism of women group investments. Stringent interpretation of ethnic identities can further be argued to have led to the diminishing of inter-ethnic marriages among the Turkana and Samburu of Baragoi. In summary, this study views violence among the Samburu and Turkana as a key driver of societal change based on its capacity to expand cultural parameters of institutions. It (violence) generates this general effect through the creation of fear that limits or precipitates movements and massacres that lead to displacements and dependency on relief supplies. The study applies several concepts drawn from anthropological theories of violence to explain the history and changing meanings of violence among pastoralists of Baragoi. This ethnographic study is the result of 101 in-depth interviews, 16 focused group discussions, 111 event calendars' interviews and secondary data from the Kenya National Archives on the history of migration and settlement of the Samburu and Turkana in Baragoi, police signals, Occurrence Book data and personal notes obtained from respondents during the nine months of fieldwork in Northern Kenya compliment the interviews. Key words: Samburu, Turkana, pastoralists, violence, Northern Kenya

Luxembourg has been a country of immigration for more than 50 years. Located in the heart of Europe, it holds a strong attraction for EU citizens and nationals from countries all around the world, who play a central role in the national economy, making an important contribution to the population growth and the labour market. Over the course of 2015, Luxembourg's population has continued its steady growth of approximately 13.000 people per year, increasing by 2,36%, from 562.958 on 1st January 2015 to 576.249 on 1st January 2016. Foreign citizens have continued to play an essential role in Luxembourg's population growth, both in terms of net migration and births. The total net migration amounted to +11.159 individuals in 2015, which signifies a surplus of arrivals over departures. Foreign EU citizens accounted for 76,1%; third-country nationals represented 32,9%, while Luxembourgish nationals' contribution was negative, at -9%. The number of births in 2015 was the highest on record, equal to that in 2013, with 6.115 births in total. Foreigners contributed a birth surplus of 2.150 to Luxembourg's natural increase, while a birth deficit of -18 was recorded for Luxembourgish nationals. 2015 also marked a record year regarding naturalisations, with Belgians remaining the citizens that obtain citizenship most frequently, followed by the French and the Portuguese. On 1st January 2016, 46,7% of Luxembourg's residents were foreigners. Representing 34,6% of the total foreign population, Portuguese remained the most represented nationality, followed by France (15,5%) and Italy (7,5%), while the most numerous third-country nationals were Montenegrins. Due to the war in Syria and the influx of applicants for international protection that followed, the Syrian population living in Luxembourg showed the highest proportional increase during 2015, growing by 461,5% from January 2015 to January 2016. A look at Luxembourg's labour market also reveals the central role that foreigners play in the national economy. In the first quarter of 2016, residents of Luxembourg represented 55% of the country's salaried workforce. Of these, 27,5% were Luxembourgish nationals, while EU nationals represented 24,2% and third-country nationals 3,3%. Cross-border workers from France, Belgium and Germany represented 45% of all salaried workers in Luxembourg. They mainly work in the manufacturing industries, construction and commerce. A majority of recruitments in the HORECA sector are of foreign residents. Third-country nationals who do not benefit from free movement must be issued with a residence permit in order to enter Luxembourg. An increase in first issues of residence permits was recorded for most categories compared to the preceding year, which had experienced a decrease in almost all categories. In 2015, residence permits were most frequently issued in the "family member", "salaried worker" and "European Blue Card" categories. 2015 was marked by a significant increase in the number of applications for international protection, which has more than doubled when compared to 2014 (2.447 applications in 2015). While there was a strong increase at the end of 2015, the trend slowed down in 2016. Nonetheless, the number of applications for international protection remains higher than levels in 2013/2014. Most applications were from Syrians and Iraqis (27,3% and 22% respectively), who accounted for only 9% and 1% respectively in 2014. Moreover, both the rate of status recognition (refugee and subsidiary protection status) and of return decision increased. In 2015, Luxembourg pledged to relocate 557 individuals to Luxembourg in the framework of the EU Council decision to relocate 160.000 international protection applicants from Greece and Italy. Within this framework, 114 refugees have been relocated from Greece and 20 from Italy up until mid-August 2016. Furthermore, 46 refugees were resettled from Turkey in 2015, followed by 52 further refugees as a result of Luxembourg's pledge to resettle 194 refugees from Turkey in the context of the EU-Turkey agreement of March 2016. Additionally, 44 Syrians were welcomed in 2015 following a request for assistance by German authorities. Faced with the increased inflow of applicants for international protection, an emergency reception plan was developed in 2015. The plan included the establishment of first-instance reception centres and the strengthening of the capacity in human resources of both the Luxembourg Reception and Integration Agency (OLAI) and the Directorate of Immigration, which is under the authority of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The OLAI also strengthened the collaboration with stakeholders at inter-ministerial and local levels. A strong focus has also been put on integration, where major developments include the setting up of integration projects by the municipalities in the context of the 'Communal Integration Plan' project and the creation of Luxembourg's Centre for Integration and Cohesion (LISKO), a service supporting the beneficiaries of international protection in their process of integration in Luxembourgish society. Over the course of 2015 and 2016, Luxembourg continued to transpose and implement several EU directives. The law of 18th December 2015 on the reception of applicants for international protection and temporary protection transposes Directive 2013/33/EU (re-cast reception conditions) into national law. The law of 18th December 2015 on international protection and temporary protection transposed Directive 2013/32/EU (re-cast procedure), establishing the procedures for granting and withdrawing international and subsidiary protection and the standardisation of the content of this protection. The bill implementing Directive 2013/55/EU on the recognition of professional qualifications was introduced into parliament in 2015 and the bill implementing Directive 2014/36/EU on seasonal workers and Directive 2014/66/EU on intra-corporate transferees and investors' residence permits was introduced in 2016. Regarding the transposition of the Blue Card Directive, a Government Decree was issued on 22nd May 2015 establishing the professions to which the lower salary threshold for hiring highly qualified workers applies. On the national level, a number of legislative changes address some of the challenges set by Luxembourg's heterogeneity. The bill no. 6410 on youth, introduced into parliament on 6th February 2015, gives cross-border workers access to the care service voucher system which was previously only available to Luxembourgish residents. Bill no. 6893 on the recognition of qualifications was introduced in parliament in October 2015. At the referendum of 7th June 2015, the proposal to extend the right to vote of non-Luxembourgish residents was rejected by a large majority, who argued in favour of the acquisition of nationality as the more appropriate way to acquire the right to vote. Consequently, the government took steps towards reforming the law on nationality in order to soften the requirements for acquisition of nationality, and in this way enable the broadening of participation in elections. Bill no. 6977 on nationality was introduced in parliament on 24th March 2016. It includes the reduction of the required duration of residency from seven to five years and the reintroduction of procedure of option in cases of close links with Luxembourg. The level of fluency in Luxembourgish required has become a central focus of the debate on the bill on nationality, some fearing that linguistic requirements would become an obstacle to foreigners' acquisition of nationality, others underlining the command of the language as a central factor in integration and thus also in the acquisition of nationality.

The National Museum of Australia (NMA) reflects and refracts the communities, environment and social climate around it. The NMA is a recent museum and example of 'new museology'. As such, it is still in the process of defining and negotiating its role in the telling of public history, the form that its narratives should take and the appropriate tenor and tone with which to tell its stories. Every national museum is a product of their unique historiographies, (that is, their own histories and the history of these histories). It is the role of the NMA to best represent to its audiences the reality that Australia is a plural society. This is achieved through creating a mood within which ideas are developed and represented but also which allows the community and visitors to the museum to feel welcome to share their own ideas. The NMA is a museum, but it is also a place that encourages a climate of mutual exchange between visitors and the museum. The museum aims to enhance historical dialogue through recognising, representing, displaying historical narratives, as well as listening and responding to the plural histories of diverse cultures. The socio-political and cultural changes of the twenty-first century helped shape an expectation that national museums would play a role in sharing the plurality of stories in their communities. History, as displayed in many national museums, is no longer about grand and great narratives of the winners of wars but about telling all stories, about sharing all narratives from all voices in a nation. History, and the telling of history is moving towards a more inclusive ethos, it is about representing and recognising many dialogues, texts and social memories. Cultural diversity is now acknowledged as part of the Australian landscape and must be represented, displayed and presented in national museums accordingly. History and cultural diversity are in a constant process of creation, this does not mean that they are fictitious; rather they are a continually changing plural reality. An understanding of cultural diversity, of what is meant by community identities , difference, and plurality, coupled with an effective institutional policy can provide national museums with a forum in which to collect, share, display and exchange the stories of a land, nation and people. Broadly there is a move in new national museums to: Recognise that diversity is a broad and faceted concept, not simply a question of representing ethnicities , but being inclusive of aspects of identity such as sexuality, gender, age, language, faith, politics etc. Acknowledge that there is an implicit link and mix between the culturally diverse and Indigenous communities and, Note that cultural diversity and issues of inclusive representation need to be engaged with and represented at regional, national and international levels. There is also an implicit tension in balancing the way that both the different and the common elements of people in a nation are represented in national museums. It is the role of the museum to negotiate this tension in diversity, to present and balance the commonness and difference of a nation. It is the role of the Museum to mediate these plural narratives, to share the fragments of all Australian stories. This is done with the intention that their audience will link together their own jigsaw pieces of history, recognising that their narratives are unique yet implicitly linked to and a part of others. In this way, singular linear narratives, uncontested facts, are not always possible. The mosaic of Australia is not simple or singular and there is no one truth to be told. Different voices, with differing memories and experiences should all be able to share their diversity of culture within the Museum' s forum of mutually exchanged stories. The Public Programs and Events Division at the NMA provides a dynamic way of communicating historical dialogue by presenting history through a variety of texts, mediums and formats . The goal of Public Programs is to achieve the highest degree of participation possible in the Museum's public programs by all sectors of the Australian community and to encourage an awareness and understanding of Australian history and culture for a wide diversity of audiences. Public Programs includes any event that involves communicating with the Museum's visitors. This is achieved though a variety of formats including lectures , dialogues, film and music events, concerts, live radio and television programs, performing arts, conferences and websites, amongst others. This fluidity and freedom in form allows Public Programs to integrate and reinforce the ideas of mutual exchange that the museum promotes through direct dialogue and interaction with audiences. The promotion of inclusivity in the NMA is achieved by providing an open forum of ideas. Public Programs encourages people to realise that their perspectives are welcome in the museum. They represent and welcome communities of difference through initiatives such as: Targeted events focused on the results of audience visitation statistics and specifically designed programs directed to engage those less likely to normally be involved with the museum. Engagement with culturally diverse communities - be it through virtual space or through specific links with and events hosted with minority communities. Importantly, there is also the acknowledgement that history is plural and that the scope of social memory is endless. They note that perso nal and community narratives are important and encourage these to be exchanged. Any event where people participate, ask questions and feel as they are a part of the museum is because they are. It is unrealistic to assume that museums are agents of conflict resolution, able to solve past, current and future problems. Rather they are meeting places, forums for debate about these concerns. National museums are in the service of their nations; they are multi-vocal and culturally plural and diverse. This inevitably provokes contestation, discussion and debate but it is this very challenge that makes the new museum medium critical and valuable. The NMA is embarking on this path of mutual exchange between audience and institution, utilising new methods of storytelling and new museum practices, this is particularly so in Public Programs. There is awareness at the NMA of the need to continue to monitor and engage in debates about representation, display and content of their collections, public programs, and events. Every museum is uniquely situated . All are able to take advantage of new trends in museology, yet all are firmly placed in their own particular historiographies. This means that every national museum has its own array of representational challenges. Dealing with the diversity of cultures in a nation is one of these challenges. Through embracing the commonality of difference, museums and communities can came to share their narratives in a communal space through a variety of mediums and storytelling methods.

The discussion of the role of self-government in Poland's political structure has been closely linked to the Polish people's aspirations and desire for freedom, democracy and a state in which sovereignty is indeed in the hands of its people. These aspirations, so strongly expressed during the general election of June 1989, have since the very beginning included demands for self-government. What it meant for the state and its political system, was the implementation of the idea embodied in the name Solidarity which, as a trade union, was also to be independent and self-governing. It was also the realisation of the demand for a 'Samorządna Rzeczpospolita' (a Self-governing Republic), one of the fundamental principles of the Solidarity movement put forward at its First National Congress, which I had the honour of chairing in 1981.In March 1990, only a few months after its election on 4 June 1989, the Polish parliament adopted a law that restored the institution of local self-government at the level of communes and municipalities (gmina). Thus, 25 years ago, the road to political transformation in Poland was opened, allowing the building of a Polish state understood as the political community of all its citizens – a real Res Publica.The predominating belief which accompanied us in this process was that the indispensable prerequisite to shaping democracy was to give back the state to its citizens, thus releasing dormant social energy and the entrepreneurial spirit of the people. After all democracy means not only the possibility of the democratically electing the political representatives (the authorities) but equally the chance for citizens to feel involved and take the responsibility for public affairs.Therefore the first democratic government, headed by Tadeusz Mazowiecki, began the process of restoring the state to its citizens from the most important starting point. It started with the rebuilding of communal and municipal self-governing structures and the recreating of the intellectual foundations for the formation of the new constitution of a citizens-centred state.This was possible mainly because a vision of reform had already been conceived and had been long developing in the minds of a number of distinguished persons. This project of self-government reform constituted an original example of engagement of Polish intellectuals in state affairs and their taking responsibility for the common good.The reform also turned out to be one of the most effective methods of de-communisation of Polish public life. This could be best seen in the results of the first election to self-governing structures in 1990, and the role which the Solidarity citizens' committees played in it. It was indeed the same people, the co-founders and members of the Solidarity movement, who have successfully carried out the restoration of self-government in Poland.'We marched for power to return it to the people' was the motto of the Polish government in 1997, a government which I had the honour of heading for the subsequent four years, and which articulated the goals and the sense of political and social transformation of those times. We called it a Four Reform Programme, and its objective was a fundamental transformation of public life in Poland. On the one hand we intended to create favourable conditions for the development of the public civic space, while on the other we strove to activate and make more dynamic the processes of economic, political and cultural development in the country.We believed that acceleration of this development and modernisation was contingent upon active participation of self-government structures. Hence the creation of strong self-government had gradually become our conscious choice and an urgent 'civilising task.' This task was grounded equally in the need to manage properly our recently regained independence, and in the need to make efficient use of the pre-accession period preceding Poland's membership of the European Union, which was then imminent.Thus the administrative reform undertaken by my government in 1999 introduced districts (powiat) as self-governing level of administration, allowing it, in conjunction with communes and municipalities (gmina), to take effective control of matters directly affecting local communities and their citizens. The self-governing structures formed at the level of strong voivodships, or regions, allowed at the same time to decentralise responsibility for regional economic development, competitiveness and modernisation strategies.Today, after over 10 years of EU membership, it is worth reflecting on the impact the political reforms which we carried through then have had on Poland's functioning in the system of European integration. We were proven right in our conviction that decentralisation and differentiation of various state functions would allow for a better and more effective use and management of EU funds.The three-tier self-government structure created solid foundations helping to satisfy better the aspirations of citizens, local communities and regions with regard to their modernisation and development. Today it is those local self-governing units, those closest to citizens, those most familiar with and with the best understanding of their needs, which are responsible for the drafting of regional development projects and the management of funds available for those projects. Self-government structures have become the real centres for formulating and implementing development strategies.This is the context in which the key challenge facing self-government is set, namely the fostering of entrepreneurship, ensuring proper conditions for innovation and mobilising citizens to engage in economic and social initiatives. The role of self-government in shaping of the state's development policy is not limited to dividing available means and resources. Much more important is its ability to effectively multiply the available means, to support partnership ventures, including public-private projects, to form strong business to business relationships as well as partner relations between research centres and local administrative bodies, or promote and support innovations and civic initiatives serving the common good. After all, all these are key factors for the long-term stability and development of our communities and our country, which is today the key measure of the responsibility for public matters, so deeply rooted in the idea of self-government.The self-government reform originated from the ideas developed in the 1980s of the twentieth century as part of the Solidarity movement, but was implemented in an already independent Poland, when laying the foundations for a transformation of the state and the democratisation of the citizen-state relationship. It also had, however, and maybe predominantly, a deep idealistic dimension, so easy to forget when we focus on the current and most urgent challenges of the present.In my opinion, it is in self-governance, as well as in the political and administrative culture, that opportunities for building our freedom lie: freedom, the sense of which we feel best if given a chance to share in the responsibility for it. In times of independence this means the possibility of personal engagement public issues based on the pro publico bono principle: issues pertaining to our family life, our local community, or the whole country.Today, in the context of our shared responsibility for the European Union, such an understanding of self-governance should also inspire us to seek new directions of development, and to participate in the shaping of Europe-wide standards of public life. In the same way as 25 years ago in Poland we founded a political community on the basis of self-governance, we should today look at self-governance as a chance to create a true political community of all European citizens.

Avant que l'Etat belge ne se dote d'une réglementation en matière de déchets, l'ensemble des déchets produits par les ménages et l'industrie finissait le plus souvent dans des dépotoirs ou des remblais. A cette époque, ces exutoires ne disposaient d'aucune précaution particulière. En réalité, les autorités d'antan n'avaient pas conscience des conséquences néfastes de la présence de ces déchets enfuis dans le sol. Il faut dire que ces pratiques étaient courantes dans tous les pays européens et ne soulevaient pas l'indignation de la population. Ce n'est qu'à partir des années 1970 que l'existence de pollutions issues de ces exutoires sera révélée à la population et aux autorités. Suite à cette prise de conscience, la Communauté Economique Européenne (CEE) fut la première à réagir. Un cadre réglementaire européen fut créé et plusieurs directives furent transposées par les Etats Membres en droit national en vue d'initier une politique plus stricte en matière de gestion de déchets. En Belgique, ces directives seront transposées, dans un premier temps, en droit national belge. Par après, suite aux différentes réformes de l'Etat, elles devront l'être en droit régional. Actuellement, la stratégie européenne en matière de gestion de déchets s'appuie sur un concept clé; l'échelle de Lansink. Il s'agit de hiérarchiser les différents traitements appliqués aux déchets selon un ordre de préférence. Prioritairement, cette échelle insiste sur la prévention des déchets. Brièvement, la prévention suit un double objectif : éviter la production de déchets lorsque l'occasion le permet et influencer les producteurs d'emballages afin de rendre leurs conditionnements plus facilement récupérables ou recyclables. Ensuite, lorsqu'un déchet est produit, les traitements qui peuvent lui être appliqués sont classés préférentiellement comme suit : la récupération, le recyclage, la valorisation (énergétique) et enfin l'élimination. Cette hiérarchisation préférentielle des traitements fut également transposée dans les réglementations nationales des pays européens. Depuis plus de dix ans, les autorités belges ont pris des mesures afin de recycler de plus en plus de déchets issus de l'activité usuelle des ménages. Les tris sélectifs du verre, des papiers & cartons et des PMC en sont de parfaits exemples. Aujourd'hui, le tri sélectif de ces déchets recyclables est une pratique ordinaire dans les habitudes de la population. Toutefois, il n'en va pas de même pour un autre gisement de déchets ménagers recyclables ; il s'agit de la fraction fermentescible des poubelles « tout- venants ». Les déchets issus de cette fraction sont mieux connus sous le nom de « déchets organiques ». En effet, le tri sélectif des déchets organiques n'est pas encore une pratique courante sur l'ensemble du territoire belge. Ce mémoire considère essentiellement la situation en région wallonne et plus particulièrement la situation des communes affiliées à l'Intercommunale du Brabant Wallon (IBW). En Wallonie, le tri sélectif de ces déchets était d'application en 2014 pour 143 communes sur 262 (55% des communes wallonnes). Cependant, la population de ces communes ne représente que 40% de la population totale wallonne. En réalité, les politiques locales des communes en matière de gestion de déchets sont souvent influencées par les intercommunales en charge de la gestion des déchets auxquelles elles sont affiliées. Sur ces sept intercommunales wallonnes, trois d'entre elles pratiquent le tri sélectif des déchets organiques couramment. Il s'agit d'AIVE-IDELUX (Luxembourg), d'INTRADEL (Liège) et du BEPN (Namur). Deux autres sont en phase de démarrage : l'ICDI (Charleroi) et HYGEA (Mons/La Louvière). Les deux dernières, quant à elles, n'ont pas prévu ce type de collecte dans leur plan stratégique. Il s'agit de l'IBW (Brabant wallon) et d'IPALLE (Hainaut occidental). Afin de comprendre les enjeux relatifs à la mise en place d'une collecte sélective pour les déchets organiques, nous nous sommes penchés sur la situation des communes affiliées à l'IBW. Actuellement, sur les 28 communes affiliées à cette intercommunale, seules deux d'entre elles ont initié une collecte sélective pour ces déchets. Il s'agit des communes de Mont-St-Guibert et d'Ottignies-LLN. La commune de Chastre travaille actuellement sur les modalités de mise en œuvre afin de proposer également une collecte sélective des déchets organiques pour 2016. Il est intéressant de se pencher sur les tenants et aboutissants qui entourent la mise en place d'une telle collecte car ceux-ci déterminent en grande partie la politique locale de gestion des déchets ménagers. En effet, la tarification des ordures ménagères, le choix du contenant, du collecteur et des différents traitements pouvant être appliqués aux déchets ménagers sont abordés dans ce mémoire. Nous avons également essayé de comprendre la position occupée par l'IBW dans les décisions couvrant cette problématique. Au terme de nos recherches, nous avons mis en lumière deux adaptations structurelles qui doivent être réalisées si ces communes décident d'adopter une collecte sélective pour les déchets organiques : Premièrement, l'introduction d'une collecte sélective pour les déchets organiques nécessite des modifications dans les politiques communales relatives à la gestion des déchets ménagers. Ces changements concernent le type de tarification et le choix du contenant. A ce titre, nous avons recommandé la mise en place d'une tarification proportionnelle au poids et l'adoption de conteneurs à puce. Deuxièmement, le tri sélectif de ces déchets implique qu'ils soient traités dans des unités de recyclage et plus dans des U.V.E. Il est donc nécessaire que l'IBW entreprenne une réorganisation stratégique de ses outils de traitement. Pour se doter de capacités suffisantes de recyclage, nous avons suggéré à l'IBW de collaborer financièrement avec les trois intercommunales du Hainaut (ICDI, IPALLE et HYGEA). Nous leur avons également proposé de mener une étude de faisabilité afin de comparer les coûts relatifs à la réhabilitation du site d'Havré et les coûts relatifs à l'acquisition d'une nouvelle usine de bio-méthanisation ailleurs. Afin de préparer cette transition, nous conseillons aux communes affiliées à l'IBW d'attendre quelques années avant que le passage au tri sélectif de leurs déchets organiques ne soit effectif. En réalité, nous avons recommandé de profiter du débat relatif au renouvellement de la grille d'incinération de Virginal pour préparer le traitement alternatif des déchets organiques. Dès lors, les collectes organiques pourraient être mises en œuvre dès 2022. Ce délai fut préconisé pour deux raisons. D'une part, il est raisonnable d'attendre quelques années afin d'amortir correctement les investissements qui ont été réalisés sur l'incinérateur de Virginal. D'autre part, ce délai permettra à l'IBW de se doter des infrastructures nécessaires à la mise en œuvre d'une telle collecte. Il faut également souligner que ce délai de préparation permettra aux communes de procéder aux modifications nécessaires dans leur politique de gestion de déchets. Par ailleurs, nous tenons également à souligner le rôle de précurseur qu'occupent les communes de Mont-St-Guibert, Ottignies-LLN et Chastre dans la gestion de leurs déchets organiques. En lançant une collecte sélective pour ces déchets, elles ont permis d'initier le débat relatif au traitement des déchets organiques auprès des autres communes affiliées à l'IBW. De plus, leurs expériences pourront être appréciées lorsqu'il sera question de mettre en place une collecte similaire dans les autres communes. ; Master [120] en sciences de gestion, Université catholique de Louvain, 2015

Avant que l'Etat belge ne se dote d'une réglementation en matière de déchets, l'ensemble des déchets produits par les ménages et l'industrie finissait le plus souvent dans des dépotoirs ou des remblais. A cette époque, ces exutoires ne disposaient d'aucune précaution particulière. En réalité, les autorités d'antan n'avaient pas conscience des conséquences néfastes de la présence de ces déchets enfuis dans le sol. Il faut dire que ces pratiques étaient courantes dans tous les pays européens et ne soulevaient pas l'indignation de la population. Ce n'est qu'à partir des années 1970 que l'existence de pollutions issues de ces exutoires sera révélée à la population et aux autorités. Suite à cette prise de conscience, la Communauté Economique Européenne (CEE) fut la première à réagir. Un cadre réglementaire européen fut créé et plusieurs directives furent transposées par les Etats Membres en droit national en vue d'initier une politique plus stricte en matière de gestion de déchets. En Belgique, ces directives seront transposées, dans un premier temps, en droit national belge. Par après, suite aux différentes réformes de l'Etat, elles devront l'être en droit régional. Actuellement, la stratégie européenne en matière de gestion de déchets s'appuie sur un concept clé; l'échelle de Lansink. Il s'agit de hiérarchiser les différents traitements appliqués aux déchets selon un ordre de préférence. Prioritairement, cette échelle insiste sur la prévention des déchets. Brièvement, la prévention suit un double objectif : éviter la production de déchets lorsque l'occasion le permet et influencer les producteurs d'emballages afin de rendre leurs conditionnements plus facilement récupérables ou recyclables. Ensuite, lorsqu'un déchet est produit, les traitements qui peuvent lui être appliqués sont classés préférentiellement comme suit : la récupération, le recyclage, la valorisation (énergétique) et enfin l'élimination. Cette hiérarchisation préférentielle des traitements fut également transposée dans les réglementations nationales des pays européens. Depuis plus de dix ans, les autorités belges ont pris des mesures afin de recycler de plus en plus de déchets issus de l'activité usuelle des ménages. Les tris sélectifs du verre, des papiers & cartons et des PMC en sont de parfaits exemples. Aujourd'hui, le tri sélectif de ces déchets recyclables est une pratique ordinaire dans les habitudes de la population. Toutefois, il n'en va pas de même pour un autre gisement de déchets ménagers recyclables ; il s'agit de la fraction fermentescible des poubelles « tout- venants ». Les déchets issus de cette fraction sont mieux connus sous le nom de « déchets organiques ». En effet, le tri sélectif des déchets organiques n'est pas encore une pratique courante sur l'ensemble du territoire belge. Ce mémoire considère essentiellement la situation en région wallonne et plus particulièrement la situation des communes affiliées à l'Intercommunale du Brabant Wallon (IBW). En Wallonie, le tri sélectif de ces déchets était d'application en 2014 pour 143 communes sur 262 (55% des communes wallonnes). Cependant, la population de ces communes ne représente que 40% de la population totale wallonne. En réalité, les politiques locales des communes en matière de gestion de déchets sont souvent influencées par les intercommunales en charge de la gestion des déchets auxquelles elles sont affiliées. Sur ces sept intercommunales wallonnes, trois d'entre elles pratiquent le tri sélectif des déchets organiques couramment. Il s'agit d'AIVE-IDELUX (Luxembourg), d'INTRADEL (Liège) et du BEPN (Namur). Deux autres sont en phase de démarrage : l'ICDI (Charleroi) et HYGEA (Mons/La Louvière). Les deux dernières, quant à elles, n'ont pas prévu ce type de collecte dans leur plan stratégique. Il s'agit de l'IBW (Brabant wallon) et d'IPALLE (Hainaut occidental). Afin de comprendre les enjeux relatifs à la mise en place d'une collecte sélective pour les déchets organiques, nous nous sommes penchés sur la situation des communes affiliées à l'IBW. Actuellement, sur les 28 communes affiliées à cette intercommunale, seules deux d'entre elles ont initié une collecte sélective pour ces déchets. Il s'agit des communes de Mont-St-Guibert et d'Ottignies-LLN. La commune de Chastre travaille actuellement sur les modalités de mise en œuvre afin de proposer également une collecte sélective des déchets organiques pour 2016. Il est intéressant de se pencher sur les tenants et aboutissants qui entourent la mise en place d'une telle collecte car ceux-ci déterminent en grande partie la politique locale de gestion des déchets ménagers. En effet, la tarification des ordures ménagères, le choix du contenant, du collecteur et des différents traitements pouvant être appliqués aux déchets ménagers sont abordés dans ce mémoire. Nous avons également essayé de comprendre la position occupée par l'IBW dans les décisions couvrant cette problématique. Au terme de nos recherches, nous avons mis en lumière deux adaptations structurelles qui doivent être réalisées si ces communes décident d'adopter une collecte sélective pour les déchets organiques : Premièrement, l'introduction d'une collecte sélective pour les déchets organiques nécessite des modifications dans les politiques communales relatives à la gestion des déchets ménagers. Ces changements concernent le type de tarification et le choix du contenant. A ce titre, nous avons recommandé la mise en place d'une tarification proportionnelle au poids et l'adoption de conteneurs à puce. Deuxièmement, le tri sélectif de ces déchets implique qu'ils soient traités dans des unités de recyclage et plus dans des U.V.E. Il est donc nécessaire que l'IBW entreprenne une réorganisation stratégique de ses outils de traitement. Pour se doter de capacités suffisantes de recyclage, nous avons suggéré à l'IBW de collaborer financièrement avec les trois intercommunales du Hainaut (ICDI, IPALLE et HYGEA). Nous leur avons également proposé de mener une étude de faisabilité afin de comparer les coûts relatifs à la réhabilitation du site d'Havré et les coûts relatifs à l'acquisition d'une nouvelle usine de bio-méthanisation ailleurs. Afin de préparer cette transition, nous conseillons aux communes affiliées à l'IBW d'attendre quelques années avant que le passage au tri sélectif de leurs déchets organiques ne soit effectif. En réalité, nous avons recommandé de profiter du débat relatif au renouvellement de la grille d'incinération de Virginal pour préparer le traitement alternatif des déchets organiques. Dès lors, les collectes organiques pourraient être mises en œuvre dès 2022. Ce délai fut préconisé pour deux raisons. D'une part, il est raisonnable d'attendre quelques années afin d'amortir correctement les investissements qui ont été réalisés sur l'incinérateur de Virginal. D'autre part, ce délai permettra à l'IBW de se doter des infrastructures nécessaires à la mise en œuvre d'une telle collecte. Il faut également souligner que ce délai de préparation permettra aux communes de procéder aux modifications nécessaires dans leur politique de gestion de déchets. Par ailleurs, nous tenons également à souligner le rôle de précurseur qu'occupent les communes de Mont-St-Guibert, Ottignies-LLN et Chastre dans la gestion de leurs déchets organiques. En lançant une collecte sélective pour ces déchets, elles ont permis d'initier le débat relatif au traitement des déchets organiques auprès des autres communes affiliées à l'IBW. De plus, leurs expériences pourront être appréciées lorsqu'il sera question de mettre en place une collecte similaire dans les autres communes. ; Master [120] en sciences de gestion, Université catholique de Louvain, 2015

A turning point was apparent from the end of the twentieth century in Latin-American literature, after a few uncompleted attempts to search for "totality" through the literary movement of the Latin-American boom of the '60s.Then, a new postmodern literature developed, opposed to the "utopian" objectives of the boom (such as the "total novel", which embraced all the genres, proposed exhilarated eroticism, a metafictional reflection and a political commitment). The writers born in the '50s took over new processes which aimed for "dislocate" literature. Among these processes figure numerous narrative voices, parallel universes, generic hybridity, a "cinematic" (visual and sonorous), fragmented writing, scattered with flashbacks and flash-forwards.In order to analyze the limits of literary totality –more accurately, novelistic totality– and to define this postmodern "dislocated", "antitotal" writing, I focused on three works which cover the years 1995-2010, published by Spanish-American writers from diverse countries (even though they belong to the same postmodern or postnational generation), being spread through a proper aesthetics, but sprinkled with communal characters, reflection on literature and atmosphere/tone.Mario Bellatin's fragmentary, short and polyphonic novel Flores (2004) relates many criss-crossed stories, in an indeterminate and claustrophobic space, in which characters are come down to their "body".Vidas perpendiculares (2008), by the Mexican Álvaro Enrigue, uses the same strategy as a "puzzle", as stories' fragmentation and simultaneity. Here, the narrator recounts five love stories which left a mark on the life of one character, Jerónimo, in the form of successive "reincarnations", on an ironic and pleasant tone.As for the long (anti)total and apocalyptic novel of the Chilean Roberto Bolaño, 2666 (2004), it evokes the destiny of many characters –most of them related to the literary world– in the fictional city of Santa Teresa (Ciudad Juárez).The Mexican Jorge Volpi entitled one of his most polemical article "La literatura latinoamericana ya no existe", but the fact that literature disintegrates itself, breaks with the codes that defined itself, plays with them and/or reinvents them, isn't it after all a form of literature (and not of lack of literature), such as the form of splitting, dislocation?It is precisely this new aesthetics that tries to find itself, in pursuit of identity, that constitutes, according to me, a major interest. And even more in an intervening period (between two different centuries, generations, worlds).To deal with these aspects of contemporary Latin-American literature in depth, I will principally focus on four angles of the aesthetics elaborated by the writers of my corpus : I will define first the concepts of totality, unity, modernity and postmodernity, essential to any later reflection ; then, I will examine the structure both totalizing and distotalizing of Bolaño, Bellatin and Enrigue's work ; and finally, I will be interested in the paradoxical and dichotomous nature of postmodern Latin-American literature, always through the prism of the three authors.This is only thanks to a comparative, theoretical and analytical study that I could try to provide the literary criticism field with other approaches. Therefore, I will attempt to determine contemporary, postmodern literature's (differential and similar) features, to underline its intents, limits and contradictions, while I will take a political, social, cultural, economic context each time more (omni)present. ; Un tournant s'est opéré dès la fin du XXème siècle dans la littérature hispano-américaine, après quelques tentatives inachevées de recherche d'une « totalité » à travers le mouvement du boom latino-américain des années 60.Une nouvelle littérature postmoderne s'est alors développée, opposée aux objectifs « utopiques » du boom (tel que celui de « roman total », qui embrassait tous les genres, proposait un érotisme exalté, une réflexion métatextuelle et un engagement politique). Les écrivains nés dans les années 1950 se sont appropriés de nouveaux procédés qui visaient à « morceler » la littérature. Parmi ces procédés figurent des voix narratives multiples, des univers parallèles, l'hybridité générique, une écriture « cinématographique » (visuelle et sonore), fragmentée, parsemée d'analepses et de prolepses.Afin de pouvoir analyser les limites de la totalité littéraire – plus précisément, romanesque – et de définir cette écriture postmoderne « éclatée », « antitotale », je me suis centrée sur trois œuvres qui englobent les années 1995-2010, écrites par des auteurs hispano-américains d'origine diverse (bien qu'appartenant à la même génération post-moderne ou post-nationale), imprégnées d'une esthétique propre, mais parsemées de personnages, d'une réflexion sur la littérature et d'une atmosphère/tonalité communs.Le roman fragmentaire, bref et polyphonique Flores (2004), du Mexicain Mario Bellatin, raconte de nombreuses histoires qui s'entrecroisent, dans un espace indéterminé et claustrophobique, dans lesquelles les personnages sont réduits à leur « Corps ».Vidas perpendiculares (2008), du Mexicain Álvaro Enrigue, utilise la même stratégie du « puzzle », de la fragmentation et simultanéité des récits. Ici, le narrateur relate cinq histoires d'amour qui ont marqué la vie d'un même personnage, Jerónimo, sous la forme de « réincarnations » successives, sur un ton ironique et plaisant.Quant au long roman (anti)total et apocalyptique du Chilien Roberto Bolaño, 2666 (2004), il évoque le destin de nombreux personnages – liés dans leur majorité au monde de la littérature- dans la ville fictive de Santa Teresa (Ciudad Juárez).Le Mexicain Jorge Volpi a intitulé l'un de ses articles les plus polémiques « La literatura latinoamericana ya no existe », mais le fait que la littérature se déconstruise, rompe avec les codes qui la définissaient, joue avec eux et/ou les réinvente, n'est-ce pas finalement une forme de littérature (et non pas d'absence de littérature), celle de l'éclatement, de la dislocation ?C'est justement cette nouvelle esthétique qui se cherche, en pleine quête identitaire, qui constitue à mon sens un grand intérêt. Et ce, particulièrement à une époque de « l'entre-deux » (siècles, générations, mondes).Pour approfondir ces aspects de la littérature contemporaine de langue hispanique, je me focaliserai essentiellement sur quatre aspects de l'esthétique élaborée par les écrivains qui conforment mon corpus : je définirai tout d'abord le concepts de totalité, d'unité, de modernité et de postmodernité, essentiels à toute réflexion ultérieure ; puis j'examinerai la structure à la fois totalisante et détotalisante de l'Œuvre de Bolaño, Bellatin et Enrigue ; et enfin, je m'intéresserai à la nature paradoxale et dichotomique de la littérature postmoderne latino-américaine, toujours à travers le prisme des trois auteurs.C'est seulement grâce à une étude comparative, théorique et analytique que je pourrai prétendre apporter un plus au domaine de la critique littéraire. Il s'agit donc pour moi de déterminer les caractéristiques (communes ou différentielles) de la littérature contemporaine, post-moderne, d'en souligner les desseins, les limites et les contradictions, tout en prenant en compte un contexte (politique, social, culturel, économique etc.) de plus en plus (omni)présent.

The main objective of this paper is to determine the importance of local development strategies for formulating and implementing local economic development policies by local authorities. In particular, an attempt is made to answer the question of whether local authorities properly and effectively use public management tools (i.e. a development strategy) to promote economic development in their area. Furthermore, the aim of this article is to analyse instruments for supporting economic development, which can be potentially used by local governments in Poland. ; Le développement économique dépend non seulement de l'activité du secteur des entreprises, mais aussi de la politique de développement économique aux niveaux central, régional et local, exercée par les autorités publiques. Le développement de la modernisation de l'administration publiqueen Pologneaprès 1989 acontribuéàl'augmentation de la capacité des autorités publiques à influer sur les processus économiques. Les processus de globalisation, ainsi que l'adhésion de la Pologne à l'Union européenne, ont défini l'importance du secteur public dans la création de conditions favorables au développement économique, y compris le développement de l'entrepreneuriat. Dans le même temps, le rôle de l'administration locale dans la stimulation des processus de développement au niveau local a considérablement augmenté. Cela s'est produit surtout après l'entrée en vigueur de la macro réforme de l'administration publique en 1999 et après la création des niveaux ultérieurs de l'administration locale en Pologne (district et voïvodie). Il y avait, par conséquent, une plus grande décentralisation de l'administration publique, y compris les tâches et les finances publiques. L'autorité locale, en particulier au niveau de la commune, a reçu de nouveaux instruments à influer sur le développement local. Ces instruments ont été identifiés à la fois dans le droit public (Constitution et lois locales), ainsi que dans les normes de la gestion publique mises en œuvre dans l'administration locale, dont l'un des outils de base est une stratégie de développement local. Parmi les trois niveaux de l'administration locale en Pologne, c'est la commune qui possède les plus grandes capacités et compétences dans le domaine des activités de développement. Ces capacités sont dues en partie à des bases constitutionnelles, en partie au régime de la législation détaillée et à une pratique spécifique de fonctionnement. Bien que parmi ses tâches la commune n'ait pas dans son champ d'application de tâche relative au développement économique, il convient d'adopter l'opinion d'Antoni Kożuch (2011) qui montre plusieurs groupes d'instruments pour stimuler le développement économique par les communes. Selon l'auteur, en raison de la forme et de la portée des instruments utilisés par les autorités locales pour créer un développement économique, ils peuvent êtreré partis dans les groupes suivants : juridiques et administratifs, institutionnels et organisationnels, économiques et financiers, de planification et d'infrastructure. L'objectif principal de cet article est de déterminer l'importance de la stratégie de développement local dans le processus de formulation et de mise en œuvre de la politique de développement économique local par des autorités locales. À cet égard, dans l'article on fait des tentatives pour répondre à la question : les autorités locales utilisent-elles correctement et efficacement l'outil de gestion publique, tel que la stratégie de développement, pour promouvoir le développement économique dans leur région. Le but de cet article est aussi une analyse des instruments de promotion du développement économique qui peuvent être utilisés par les autorités locales en Pologne. Le principal objectif des recherches effectuées et décrites dans l'article fait référence à l'analyse et à l'évaluation de la mise au point et du contenu de la stratégie de développement local. L'objet de l'analyse est d'évaluer la politique des autorités locales dans le domaine économique et du développement de l'entrepreneuriat. Les recherches ont été menées sur la base des stratégies actuelles de développement local des autorités locales de la voïvodie de Lublin choisies au hasard. L'analyse s'est concentrée en particulier sur l'évaluation de la partie diagnostic, de la mission et de la vision du développement ainsi que de la formulation des objectifs et des priorités dans les documents de la stratégie dans le domaine des activités de développement au profit de l'entrepreneuriat local et dans celui de l'économie. Dans l'article, on a formulé l'hypothèse que, malgré plusieurs instruments, formels et matériaux, créant le développement économique et le développement de l'entrepreneuriat, la plupart des autorités locales n'évaluent pas suffi l'état actuel de l'esprit d'entreprise et les tendances du développement ainsi que le potentiel dans ce domaine. D'autre part, les objectifs de développement économique formulés sont peu novateurs, ambitieux et concrets. Dans de nombreux cas, ils sont incompatibles avec les analyses des potentiels économiques effectuées précédemment dans les stratégies. Ils ne résultent pas non plus directement de l'analyse du micro et du macro environnement qui affectent la position et le développement d'une unité locale donnée. Pour effectuer ces analyses et recherches on a utilisé certaines méthodes de recherche. La mise en œuvre de l'objectif de la recherche est possible en utilisant une méthode descriptive fondée sur une étude de la littérature et de différents types de documents et des analyses sur la politique de développement économique et les tâches des autorités locales qui mettent en œuvre cette politique. Il faut également indiquer la méthode d'analyse systémique utilisée dans l'article. Elle a été utilisée dans l'analyse des conditions systémiques liées au fonctionnement du système juridique qui constitue la base du fonctionnement de l'administration locale en Pologne. Dans l'article, on utilise aussi la méthode d'analyse de documents, en particulier ceux de la stratégie de développement local des unités locales choisies. Les données et les informations recueillies ont été utilisées pour formuler des conclusions sur la détermination du rôle joué pour les autorités locales par la stratégie de développement dans le processus de gestion du développement économique. Pour atteindre l'objectif de l'élaboration et de la vérification de l'hypothèse, on a aussi utilisé la méthode comparative. Elle a été utilisée dans l'analyse des documents stratégiques dans les différentes unités locales et dans la comparaison du rapport des autorités locales à la question de l'économie et de l'entreprenariat local. Dans l'article, on a utilisé également des éléments de la méthode d'analyse statistique dans le domaine de la sélection aléatoire de sept villes de la voïvodie de Lublin pour l'analyse de leurs documents stratégiques. Les autorités communales en Pologne ont des capacités juridiques, organisationnelles et institutionnelles pour créer un développement économique. L'efficacité des actions dépend dans une large mesure de l'attitude des autorités locales, de leur conscience, connaissances et compétences. Il y a des facteurs externes qui empêchent souvent le développement de l'investissement (localisation, ressource de biens limitée). Les autorités locales ont cependant un certain nombre d'instruments de financement externe qui soutiennent le développement économique. Pour atteindre les effets désirés et pour utiliser des capacités mentionnées ci-dessus, il faut, entre autres : coopérer – « être ouvert »; acquérir des connaissances, des compétences, des informations et adopter des systèmes modernes de gestion dans l'administration.