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There is a long tradition of linguistic research on political discourse from various theoretical perspectives, including critical discourse analysis (see among many others Fairclough 1995, Fairclough & Fairclough 2012, Wodak 1989), lexicometric approaches (see for instance Arnold 2005, Mayaffre 2005, 2016, Mayaffre & Poudat 2013, Authors 2015a) or cognitive linguistic approaches to metaphor (see among many other Charteris Black 2011, Musolff 2004, 2013, 2016 L'Hôte 2012). In these studies, political corpora collected from discourses by political elites (presidential debates, presidential addresses, public speeches,…) often appear to be overrepresented, leaving aside other forms of political discourses such as media discourse on political issues (see however Musolff 2004, 2013) or citizen discourse. As Bougher (2012 :149) posits for metaphor analysis : "while research on metaphors in political discourse has flourished in recent years, the focus on elite communication has left metaphor's wider capacity as a reasoning tool for citizens underexplored". This results in a certain lack of representativeness of the political domain in linguistic studies. Indeed, political discourse is not restricted to the political elites alone. Advocating a more global to political corpora, including corpora from different subdomains of the political spectrum, our talk is structured in two main parts. Firstly, we will propose a quantitative bibliographic analysis aiming at assessing what type of political corpora are frequently used in linguistic research. Secondly, on the basis of previous and current analyses of different kinds of political corpora (including citizen, media and elite discourse) we have been collecting in the framework of the ADAPOF-project (see for example Authors 2015b), we will illustrate how taking this variety of political genres into account, allows us to unravel phenomena such as conceptual alignment or metaphor circulation, related to specific political issues (in this case Belgian federalism).

There is a long tradition of linguistic research on political discourse from various theoretical perspectives, including critical discourse analysis (see among many others Fairclough 1995, Fairclough & Fairclough 2012, Wodak 1989), lexicometric approaches (see for instance Arnold 2005, Mayaffre 2005, 2016, Mayaffre & Poudat 2013, Authors 2015a) or cognitive linguistic approaches to metaphor (see among many other Charteris Black 2011, Musolff 2004, 2013, 2016 L'Hôte 2012). In these studies, political corpora collected from discourses by political elites (presidential debates, presidential addresses, public speeches,…) often appear to be overrepresented, leaving aside other forms of political discourses such as media discourse on political issues (see however Musolff 2004, 2013) or citizen discourse. As Bougher (2012 :149) posits for metaphor analysis : "while research on metaphors in political discourse has flourished in recent years, the focus on elite communication has left metaphor's wider capacity as a reasoning tool for citizens underexplored". This results in a certain lack of representativeness of the political domain in linguistic studies. Indeed, political discourse is not restricted to the political elites alone. Advocating a more global to political corpora, including corpora from different subdomains of the political spectrum, our talk is structured in two main parts. Firstly, we will propose a quantitative bibliographic analysis aiming at assessing what type of political corpora are frequently used in linguistic research. Secondly, on the basis of previous and current analyses of different kinds of political corpora (including citizen, media and elite discourse) we have been collecting in the framework of the ADAPOF-project (see for example Authors 2015b), we will illustrate how taking this variety of political genres into account, allows us to unravel phenomena such as conceptual alignment or metaphor circulation, related to specific political issues (in this case Belgian federalism).

There is a long tradition of linguistic research on political discourse from various theoretical perspectives, including critical discourse analysis (see among many others Fairclough 1995, Fairclough & Fairclough 2012, Wodak 1989), lexicometric approaches (see for instance Arnold 2005, Mayaffre 2005, 2016, Mayaffre & Poudat 2013, Authors 2015a) or cognitive linguistic approaches to metaphor (see among many other Charteris Black 2011, Musolff 2004, 2013, 2016 L'Hôte 2012). In these studies, political corpora collected from discourses by political elites (presidential debates, presidential addresses, public speeches,…) often appear to be overrepresented, leaving aside other forms of political discourses such as media discourse on political issues (see however Musolff 2004, 2013) or citizen discourse. As Bougher (2012 :149) posits for metaphor analysis : "while research on metaphors in political discourse has flourished in recent years, the focus on elite communication has left metaphor's wider capacity as a reasoning tool for citizens underexplored". This results in a certain lack of representativeness of the political domain in linguistic studies. Indeed, political discourse is not restricted to the political elites alone. Advocating a more global to political corpora, including corpora from different subdomains of the political spectrum, our talk is structured in two main parts. Firstly, we will propose a quantitative bibliographic analysis aiming at assessing what type of political corpora are frequently used in linguistic research. Secondly, on the basis of previous and current analyses of different kinds of political corpora (including citizen, media and elite discourse) we have been collecting in the framework of the ADAPOF-project (see for example Authors 2015b), we will illustrate how taking this variety of political genres into account, allows us to unravel phenomena such as conceptual alignment or metaphor circulation, related to specific political issues (in this case Belgian federalism).

The focus of this book is to assess, through language and literary studies in interpretation, the epistemic representation of frontiers in its shifting and fixing categories. The contributing researchers stress on the fact that crisscrossing has taken its toll on communities and disciplines and that hegemonic positions are becoming increasingly redundant and provocative. Frontier discourse is therefore, a socio-political and culturally oriented discourse. Importing it to language and literary studies also shows that literary circles like language are equally shifting and erasing borderlines. The chapters discuss crisscrossing of frontiers both as geography and epistemology. This is in line with the new cultural ontology that opens up new interpretations and shifts from previous ones in the disciplines of Language, Linguistics, Arts and Literature. The book pulls together a wide range of issues based on a plurality of theoretical assumptions. The issues presented are grouped into three broad sections. Section one looks at the creation of the self as a way to dismantle the other. In section two, the focus is on linguistic shifts and the fact that all languages need space in multilingual societies. And section three shows how people travel out of their homelands to seek comfort. Resourceful, insightful and incisive, the book offers depth and breadth in refined scholarship. The contributors are masterly in their handling of borderlines between ideology and iconoclasm, globalisation and nationalism, memory and nation, gender and identity, official and indigenous languages, self /other dialectics, migration and identity. The book is an invaluable asset to researchers and students with a penchant for interdisciplinarity, intertextuality, multiculturalism and globalisation.

The article describes the results of a linguistic experiment aimed at expanding a proper name discourse by the addressee. A consecutive model of the experiment on the proper name inclusion in different stages of discourse generation was built on the assumption that the name actualizes the discourse of the onym. The study enrolled within three stages: an associative experiment, a discursive experiment on modelling dialogical statements and a discursive experiment on provoking the addressee to create a monologue text. Functioning in urban discourse names of commercial objects, or ergonyms, were chosen as the material. The method of the linguistic experiment was the "But-test", the specifics of which can be called "anti-orientation". The informant had to continue a negatively constructed statement, thus "pulling out" deep (background) knowledge about a particular object to the surface. As a result, various types of statements were identified, with the onym playing the role of a trigger mechanism (stimulus) provoking a number of onymic statements-reactions, which lead to expanding the onym discourse. The statements under analysis were divided into dictum (existential, actional and perceptual) and modus (positive, negative and mixed) ones. The dictum-type statements deliver objective information, which refers to the life experience of the speaker, while the modus-type ones are based on the subjective assessment of facts and events. The onym theme-statement directs the unfolding of onym discourse and actualizes the spheres, which are connected with the cognitive activity of the recipients, for instance, the spheres of events, wishes and intentions, comparison, evaluation, attribution, background knowledge. The onym discourse embraces the explicit and implicit meanings, it unites the personal (individual) and collective (social) experience.

African Multilingualisms is the first book dedicated to presenting case studies of small-scale multilingualism in rural Africa. Contributors present extensive new data on sociolinguistic patterns found in these contexts and consider new, more ethnographically sensitive methods for exploring multilingualism of this kind.

Abstract
The need to study the concept of "politeness" from the point of view of its linguistic and cultural nature is caused by the desire to study the national identity of speech etiquette in different cultural spaces and conditions. The aim of the work was to form an idea about the specifics of the implementation and understanding of the concept of "politeness" in the Uzbek information field. In this study, the following methods were used: contextual, conceptual, communicative, linguocultural, analytical-synthetic, and comparative. This study is focused on the study of key lexical meanings (stylistically neutral and marked, basic and additional) that are within the functional-semantic field of the concept "politeness." With the help of contextual study of different variants of the use of the lexeme, the meanings were distributed in the conceptual structure (core, near and far periphery). Also, the key etiquette formulas representing the originality and national-specific features of the Uzbek linguocultural tradition were considered. The importance of politeness in the information space of Uzbekistan is assessed, including with the help of both positive and negative associations, that is, from an axiological point of view. Speech etiquette and linguistic formulas were considered from the point of view of the influence of social, cultural, and political values of the Uzbek people. In the process of analyzing the lexical layer, the boundaries of the functional-semantic field of the concept "politeness" were determined: from the principles of communication and a set of rules of etiquette to the strategy of obtaining benefits from communication and insincere attitude. In the future, this work can be used for comparative analysis of the conceptual structure of politeness with models presented in other close and distant languages, comparison of speech etiquette and linguistic formulas in different national cultures.

The present research is devoted to the study of euphemy and euphemisms. Nowadays, the phenomenon of euphemy is drawing linguists' attention more frequently. They study it within frames of functional and semantic, pragmatic, stylistic, gender, discourse and many other linguistic approaches. As a rule, euphemisms are understood as emotionally neutral words / expressions that are used instead of synonymic words / expressions that are regarded as inappropriate, rude, offensive or tactless. Special attention is paid to the fact that euphemisms are aimed at achieving deliberate mitigating effect. According to this, it is considered that euphemisms do not belong to certain lexico-semantic group of words, rather they are referred to certain stylistic result which is achieved when a "stronger" expression gives way to a weaker one. Besides mitigating, euphemisms realize a row of other pragmatic functions to which we refer the following ones: politeness function, taboo function, veil function, etiquette function. Politeness function is based on the maxims of tact and modesty (according to P. Grice). It is implemented in situations when euphemisms substitute rude offensive words. Taboo function is realized when death, severe disease, indecent issues are talked about. In such a case, words / expressions that replace indecent or unwanted phenomena / notions are conventionally called taboo deixis. Veil function is aimed at concealing "true essence of the degnified". As a rule, euphemisms realize this function in political sphere. As for etiquette function, euphemisms implement it when the speaker avoid direct nominations of non-prestigious professions, low social status of a person, vicious habits, racial or national problems. As far as it concerns classifications of euphemisms, the criterionof usage frequency allows to single out generally-used and occasional. According to the thematic criterion, euphemisms are divided into four groups: the ones that denote physiological process and states; the ones that nominate certain ...

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- List of Tables -- 1: Mapping the Terrain -- The Research Process -- The Research Terrain -- Bilingualism in Education -- Minority/Majority Language Differences -- Language Learners in Schools -- BICS and CALP -- Translanguaging -- Overview -- References -- 2: Connecting Students to a Sense of Place: Reviving Hawaii -- Methodology -- Jocelyn's Story: On Sense of Place in Hawai'i's Waldorf Schools -- The Role of Language -- Hawaiian Culture within Hawai'i's Waldorf Schools -- My Story -- The Students' Response -- Areas of Challenge -- Spirit in the Land -- Looking Out, Looking In: Insider/Outsider Readings -- Pūnana Leo School, Maui -- Haleakala Waldorf School, Maui -- Kamehameha School, Maui -- Why Does It Matter? -- The Outsider-Researcher (Jane): What I See as Distinctive in Your Story -- The Insider-Researcher (Jocelyn): What I See as Distinctive in My Story -- Learning from the Story: Implications for a Pedagogy of Place -- References -- 3: To Square the Particular with the Global: The Aga Khan Academy Mombasa -- School Context -- Languages in Education in Kenya -- Kiswahili in Policy in Kenyan Schools -- Kiswahili in Practice in Kenyan Schools -- The International Baccalaureate Curriculum -- The Aga Khan Academies' Mission and Vision -- The Aga Khan Academy Mombasa -- Methodology -- A School Journey to Linguistic Parity -- What Is the Background of the School Regarding Languages? -- Who or What Sparked the Idea for Change -- What Was the Process of Implementing Change? -- Initial Implementation -- Professionalisation -- Reflection and Refinement -- Transformative Pedagogy -- What Were the Main Challenges in Implementing a New Approach? -- What Has Been the Impact on the School? -- Impact on Staff -- Impact on Pupils -- Impact on Parents -- What Is Left to Do?

Due to the internationalisation of companies and the immigration into Switzerland, Swiss companies today employ people from different backgrounds and with different mother tongues on all hierarchy levels. Thus, multilingual teams are becoming more common. The lingua franca, or common working language in these teams is often English or German; for many team members these are foreign or second languages. So far, research has paid too little attention to the linguistic challenges multilingual teams face and to the strategies they employ to efficiently master their communicative tasks. Even though several studies within organisational psychology and small group research look at the relationship between cultural diversity and group performance, they limit interculturality to values and ethnicity without or only implicitly taking into account language, thus neglecting its impact. On the other hand, communication in teams is being researched linguistically, but not from the angle of communicative efficiency and teamwork optimisation. Consequently, language diversity and strategies of coping with language diversity in team communication are mostly absent in psychological research and communicative efficiency is only a minor subject in organisational psychology. The main goal is to analyse how communicative efficiency in multilingual company-internal teams is attained. Our research question is whether communicative efficiency depends on the team's ability to manage its diversity of languages, i.e. to master specific linguistic and communicative challenges in the company appropriately. Since the project is at the intersection of linguistic communication and team performance in organisations, it calls for an approach that combines linguistic methods with methods of organisational psychology and that is based on action theory and functional-pragmatic communication analysis as a common framework, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. The data from two partner companies serve as case studies which are compared in a contrastive design. The findings of the study will help our partners in practice to foster multilingual teams and to establish a best-practice model that may be adapted for the use with other teams. This contrastive design with two partners in practice each having their own specific linguistically diverse work groups, enables an exemplary approach to linguistically diverse work groups, which are most common in this form in a large number of Swiss companies. As contrastive case studies they therefore help to gain new insights into the research area. ; Sowohl durch die zunehmende Internationalisierung als auch durch Migrationsbewegungen in die Schweiz arbeiten Teams in Unternehmen auf allen hierarchischen Stufen vermehrt in sprachdiversen Konstellationen. Oftmals werden Deutsch oder Englisch als lingua franca zur Verständigung verwendet. In dem vorliegenden Projekt wird untersucht, welche kommunikativen Probleme sich durch die Sprachdiversität von Teams ergeben und welche Bewältigungsstrategien diese entwickeln, um die kommunikative Effizienz in Teamsitzungen sicherzustellen. Diese Fragestellungen werden sowohl aus linguistischer Perspektive als auch aus organisationspsychologischer Sicht bearbeitet. In zwei betrieblichen Fallstudien werden in einem transdisziplinären Design Teamsitzungen mit funktional-pragmatischen Methoden analysiert und mit organisationalen Rahmenbedingungen sowie individuellen Bewältigungsstrategien in Beziehung gesetzt. Erste Ergebnisse zeigen, dass in Abhängigkeit von der individuellen Erfahrung in der Zusammenarbeit in sprachdiversen Teams, von der Teamkonstellation und in Abhängigkeit von der Sprachpolitik des Unternehmens Mitarbeitende Kommunikationsstrategien entwickeln, welche zum einen zur kommunikativen Effizienz beitragen. Dazu gehören z.B. das Aushelfen mit Vokabeln, mehrmaliges Erklären oder fehlertolerantes Verhalten. Zum anderen verursachen sie aber auch dysfunktionale Effekte wie unsachgemässe Vereinfachungen, ungenaue Auftragsvergabe durch Moderator/innen und fehlende Partizipation der Mitarbeitenden an Sitzungen und Entscheidungen. Durch den transdisziplinären Ansatz können komplexe Zusammenhänge und positive und negative Effekte der kommunikativen Strategien aufgezeigt werden. Funktionierende Strategien sollen den Praxispartnern und weiteren Betrieben als Best-Practice Modelle dienen. ; Due to the internationalisation of companies and the immigration into Switzerland, Swiss companies today employ people from different backgrounds and with different mother tongues on all hierarchy levels. Thus, multilingual teams are becoming more common. The lingua franca, or common working language in these teams is often English or German; for many team members these are foreign or second languages. So far, research has paid too little attention to the linguistic challenges multilingual teams face and to the strategies they employ to efficiently master their communicative tasks. Even though several studies within organisational psychology and small group research look at the relationship between cultural diversity and group performance, they limit interculturality to values and ethnicity without or only implicitly taking into account language, thus neglecting its impact. On the other hand, communication in teams is being researched linguistically, but not from the angle of communicative efficiency and teamwork optimisation. Consequently, language diversity and strategies of coping with language diversity in team communication are mostly absent in psychological research and communicative efficiency is only a minor subject in organisational psychology. The main goal is to analyse how communicative efficiency in multilingual company-internal teams is attained. Our research question is whether communicative efficiency depends on the team's ability to manage its diversity of languages, i.e. to master specific linguistic and communicative challenges in the company appropriately. Since the project is at the intersection of linguistic communication and team performance in organisations, it calls for an approach that combines linguistic methods with methods of organisational psychology and that is based on action theory and functional-pragmatic communication analysis as a common framework, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. The data from two partner companies serve as case studies which are compared in a contrastive design. The findings of the study will help our partners in practice to foster multilingual teams and to establish a best-practice model that may be adapted for the use with other teams. This contrastive design with two partners in practice each having their own specific linguistically diverse work groups, enables an exemplary approach to linguistically diverse work groups, which are most common in this form in a large number of Swiss companies. As contrastive case studies they therefore help to gain new insights into the research area.

International audience Languages show systematic variation in their sound patterns and grammars. Accordingly, they have been classified into typological categories such as stress-timed vs syllable-timed, or Head-Complement (HC) vs Complement-Head (CH). To date, it has remained incompletely understood how these linguistic properties are reflected in the acoustic characteristics of speech in different languages. In the present study, the amplitude-modulation (AM) and frequency-modulation (FM) spectra of 1797 utterances in ten languages were analyzed. Overall, the spectra were found to be similar in shape across languages. However, significant effects of linguistic factors were observed on the AM spectra. These differences were magnified with a perceptually plausible representation based on the modulation index (a measure of the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of a logarithmic modulation filterbank): the maximum value distinguished between HC and CH languages, with the exception of Turkish, while the exact frequency of this maximum differed between stress-timed and syllable-timed languages. An additional study conducted on a semi-spontaneous speech corpus showed that these differences persist for a larger number of speakers but disappear for less constrained semi-spontaneous speech. These findings reveal that broad linguistic categories are reflected in the temporal modulation features of different languages, although this may depend on speaking style.

Nowadays individuals as well as institutions are paying increasing attention to sentiment analysis. Companies are interested in what bloggers are saying about their products. Politicians are interested in how different news media are portraying them. Governments are interested in how foreign news media are representing their actions. An automatic method is thus needed that is capable of processing and analyzing the information. In my research proposing for the first time, an Adverb-adjective- noun combinations (AAN) based sentiment analysis technique deploying linguistic analysis of adverbs of degree, adjective and abstract noun. Here define a set of general axioms (based on a classification of adverbs of degree into five categories, classification of abstract noun in two categories) for opinion analysis. This has been a significant advancement from the previous research on this domain. There is currently no automated domain-independent sentiment classification tool, with high accuracy that does not need a manually-annotated corpus. Such a tool is needed for opinion search, recommendation, summarization and mining of the increasingly web opinionated content.Keywords: Sentiment analysis, Adverb-adjective-noun combination, adverbs of degree, abstract noun, domain-independent sentiment classification tool

"Im Zuge von nationalen und internationalen Migrationsbewegungen wächst auch der Anteil der Kinder und deren Familien, die neben dem Deutschen eine nichtdeutsche Herkunftssprache sprechen. Kindertageseinrichtungen sind gefordert, mit dieser Sprachenvielfalt in den Einrichtungen und der Mehrsprachigkeit der Kinder umzugehen. In nahezu allen Bildungsplänen der Bundesländer wird eine Wertschätzung und Förderung dieser nichtdeutschen Sprachen gefordert. In diesem Beitrag werden der familiäre Sprachengebrauch und der Einbezug dieser Sprachen in die Raumgestaltung und Materialauswahl in Kindertageseinrichtungen mit hohem Migrantenanteil (> 50%) beschrieben. Dem zugrunde liegen Daten aus dem Forschungsprojekt 'Effekte einer aktiven Integration von Mehrsprachigkeit in Kindertageseinrichtungen (IMKi)', welches in 19 Kindertageseinrichtungen in zwei süddeutschen Großstädten durchgeführt wird. Die Befragungen der Eltern verdeutlichen eine hohe Heterogenität der Familien hinsichtlich ihrer Herkunft und des familiären Sprachgebrauchs. Beobachtungen in den Kindertageseinrichtungen (3- bis 6-Jährige) zeigen, dass die gegebene Sprachenvielfalt und Mehrsprachigkeit der Familien in Einrichtungen mit einem hohen Migrantenanteil kaum Berücksichtigung in der pädagogisch-didaktischen Raumgestaltung und Materialauswahl findet." (Autorenreferat)