Suchergebnisse

Version amendée après dépôt ; In a context of rising social demands and a crisis in development models, this work questions the transformations of the oasis territories of southern Tunisia drawing on an analysis of the diversification of practices of local resource exploitation. The research devotes particular attention to the economic, social and technological innovations that characterize certain emerging forms of valorization and to the political dimension they carry. Adopting a social geography approach, the analysis is based on a comparison of the continental oasis of Tozeur and the coastal oasis of Gabès, making it possible to identify the diversity of the processes that influence the dynamics of these territories. This approach calls into question an understanding of oases as exceptional environments and underlines the need to integrate into the analysis the diversity of actors deploying their strategies in the oasis territories and to reintegrate the latter into their regional and national political context. The analysis shows that the transformation of oasis territories is characterized by partly contradictory dynamics; on the one hand, national development policies have had the effect of marginalizing ancient oases, subjecting them to a series of threats - desertification, urbanization, abandonment - that call into question their sustainability; on the other hand, the rise of environmental concerns and the emergence of new tourism and living environment related demands has fostered a dynamics of heritage re-qualification of oases based on an idealization of their traditional systems that is publicized by a booming associative sector. The diversification of valorization forms of oasis territories - ranging from small family farming to agribusiness projects and leisure activities, agroecology or ecotourism - also leads to increased competition for access to land and water resources and to a strengthened process of social and spatial differentiation within oasis territories. Thus, the phenomena observed underline the ambivalence of this increasingly politicized "oasis preservation" dynamics that contributes to the debate on the redefinition of development models in post-2011 Tunisia. ; Dans un contexte de montée des revendications sociales et de crise des modèles de développement, ce travail interroge les transformations des territoires oasiens du sud tunisien à partir d'une analyse de la diversification des pratiques de mise en valeur des ressources locales. La recherche porte une attention particulière aux innovations économiques, sociales et techniques qui caractérisent certaines formes émergentes de valorisation et à la dimension politique qu'elles revêtent. Adoptant une approche de géographie sociale, l'analyse s'appuie sur une comparaison de l'oasis continentale de Tozeur et de l'oasis littorale de Gabès permettant de cerner la diversité des processus qui influencent les dynamiques de ces territoires. Cette démarche met en question une approche des oasis comme des milieux d'exception et souligne la nécessité d'intégrer dans l'analyse la diversité des acteurs déployant leurs stratégies dans les territoires oasiens et de réinsérer ces derniers dans leur contexte politique régional et national. Il ressort de l'analyse que la transformation des territoires oasiens est caractérisée par des dynamiques en partie contradictoires ; d'un côté les politiques nationales de développement ont eu pour effet de marginaliser les oasis anciennes, les soumettant à une série de menaces- désertification, urbanisation, abandon- qui remettent en cause leur pérennité ; de l'autre côté, la montée de préoccupations environnementales et l'émergence de nouvelles demandes touristiques et en matière de cadre de vie a favorisé une dynamique de requalification patrimoniale des oasis procédant d'une idéalisation de leurs systèmes traditionnels médiatisée par une scène associative en pleine expansion. La diversification des formes de valorisation des territoires oasiens – entre petite agriculture familiale, projets d'agrobusiness, activités de loisirs, agroécologie ou écotourisme, induisent aussi des concurrences accrues pour l'accès aux ressources foncières et hydriques et un renforcement du processus de différenciation sociale et spatiale au sein des territoires oasiens. Ainsi, les phénomènes observés soulignent l'ambivalence de cette dynamique de « sauvegarde des oasis », de plus en plus politisée, qui participe au débat sur la redéfinition des modèles de développement dans la Tunisie post-2011.

Version amendée après dépôt ; In a context of rising social demands and a crisis in development models, this work questions the transformations of the oasis territories of southern Tunisia drawing on an analysis of the diversification of practices of local resource exploitation. The research devotes particular attention to the economic, social and technological innovations that characterize certain emerging forms of valorization and to the political dimension they carry. Adopting a social geography approach, the analysis is based on a comparison of the continental oasis of Tozeur and the coastal oasis of Gabès, making it possible to identify the diversity of the processes that influence the dynamics of these territories. This approach calls into question an understanding of oases as exceptional environments and underlines the need to integrate into the analysis the diversity of actors deploying their strategies in the oasis territories and to reintegrate the latter into their regional and national political context. The analysis shows that the transformation of oasis territories is characterized by partly contradictory dynamics; on the one hand, national development policies have had the effect of marginalizing ancient oases, subjecting them to a series of threats - desertification, urbanization, abandonment - that call into question their sustainability; on the other hand, the rise of environmental concerns and the emergence of new tourism and living environment related demands has fostered a dynamics of heritage re-qualification of oases based on an idealization of their traditional systems that is publicized by a booming associative sector. The diversification of valorization forms of oasis territories - ranging from small family farming to agribusiness projects and leisure activities, agroecology or ecotourism - also leads to increased competition for access to land and water resources and to a strengthened process of social and spatial differentiation within oasis territories. Thus, the phenomena observed underline the ambivalence of this increasingly politicized "oasis preservation" dynamics that contributes to the debate on the redefinition of development models in post-2011 Tunisia. ; Dans un contexte de montée des revendications sociales et de crise des modèles de développement, ce travail interroge les transformations des territoires oasiens du sud tunisien à partir d'une analyse de la diversification des pratiques de mise en valeur des ressources locales. La recherche porte une attention particulière aux innovations économiques, sociales et techniques qui caractérisent certaines formes émergentes de valorisation et à la dimension politique qu'elles revêtent. Adoptant une approche de géographie sociale, l'analyse s'appuie sur une comparaison de l'oasis continentale de Tozeur et de l'oasis littorale de Gabès permettant de cerner la diversité des processus qui influencent les dynamiques de ces territoires. Cette démarche met en question une approche des oasis comme des milieux d'exception et souligne la nécessité d'intégrer dans l'analyse la diversité des acteurs déployant leurs stratégies dans les territoires oasiens et de réinsérer ces derniers dans leur contexte politique régional et national. Il ressort de l'analyse que la transformation des territoires oasiens est caractérisée par des dynamiques en partie contradictoires ; d'un côté les politiques nationales de développement ont eu pour effet de marginaliser les oasis anciennes, les soumettant à une série de menaces- désertification, urbanisation, abandon- qui remettent en cause leur pérennité ; de l'autre côté, la montée de préoccupations environnementales et l'émergence de nouvelles demandes touristiques et en matière de cadre de vie a favorisé une dynamique de requalification patrimoniale des oasis procédant d'une idéalisation de leurs systèmes traditionnels médiatisée par une scène associative en pleine expansion. La diversification des formes de valorisation des territoires oasiens – entre petite agriculture familiale, projets d'agrobusiness, activités de loisirs, agroécologie ou écotourisme, induisent aussi des concurrences accrues pour l'accès aux ressources foncières et hydriques et un renforcement du processus de différenciation sociale et spatiale au sein des territoires oasiens. Ainsi, les phénomènes observés soulignent l'ambivalence de cette dynamique de « sauvegarde des oasis », de plus en plus politisée, qui participe au débat sur la redéfinition des modèles de développement dans la Tunisie post-2011.

Version amendée après dépôt ; In a context of rising social demands and a crisis in development models, this work questions the transformations of the oasis territories of southern Tunisia drawing on an analysis of the diversification of practices of local resource exploitation. The research devotes particular attention to the economic, social and technological innovations that characterize certain emerging forms of valorization and to the political dimension they carry. Adopting a social geography approach, the analysis is based on a comparison of the continental oasis of Tozeur and the coastal oasis of Gabès, making it possible to identify the diversity of the processes that influence the dynamics of these territories. This approach calls into question an understanding of oases as exceptional environments and underlines the need to integrate into the analysis the diversity of actors deploying their strategies in the oasis territories and to reintegrate the latter into their regional and national political context. The analysis shows that the transformation of oasis territories is characterized by partly contradictory dynamics; on the one hand, national development policies have had the effect of marginalizing ancient oases, subjecting them to a series of threats - desertification, urbanization, abandonment - that call into question their sustainability; on the other hand, the rise of environmental concerns and the emergence of new tourism and living environment related demands has fostered a dynamics of heritage re-qualification of oases based on an idealization of their traditional systems that is publicized by a booming associative sector. The diversification of valorization forms of oasis territories - ranging from small family farming to agribusiness projects and leisure activities, agroecology or ecotourism - also leads to increased competition for access to land and water resources and to a strengthened process of social and spatial differentiation within oasis territories. Thus, the phenomena observed underline the ambivalence of this increasingly politicized "oasis preservation" dynamics that contributes to the debate on the redefinition of development models in post-2011 Tunisia. ; Dans un contexte de montée des revendications sociales et de crise des modèles de développement, ce travail interroge les transformations des territoires oasiens du sud tunisien à partir d'une analyse de la diversification des pratiques de mise en valeur des ressources locales. La recherche porte une attention particulière aux innovations économiques, sociales et techniques qui caractérisent certaines formes émergentes de valorisation et à la dimension politique qu'elles revêtent. Adoptant une approche de géographie sociale, l'analyse s'appuie sur une comparaison de l'oasis continentale de Tozeur et de l'oasis littorale de Gabès permettant de cerner la diversité des processus qui influencent les dynamiques de ces territoires. Cette démarche met en question une approche des oasis comme des milieux d'exception et souligne la nécessité d'intégrer dans l'analyse la diversité des acteurs déployant leurs stratégies dans les territoires oasiens et de réinsérer ces derniers dans leur contexte politique régional et national. Il ressort de l'analyse que la transformation des territoires oasiens est caractérisée par des dynamiques en partie contradictoires ; d'un côté les politiques nationales de développement ont eu pour effet de marginaliser les oasis anciennes, les soumettant à une série de menaces- désertification, urbanisation, abandon- qui remettent en cause leur pérennité ; de l'autre côté, la montée de préoccupations environnementales et l'émergence de nouvelles demandes touristiques et en matière de cadre de vie a favorisé une dynamique de requalification patrimoniale des oasis procédant d'une idéalisation de leurs systèmes traditionnels médiatisée par une scène associative en pleine expansion. La diversification des formes de valorisation des territoires oasiens – entre petite agriculture familiale, projets d'agrobusiness, activités de loisirs, agroécologie ou écotourisme, induisent aussi des concurrences accrues pour l'accès aux ressources foncières et hydriques et un renforcement du processus de différenciation sociale et spatiale au sein des territoires oasiens. Ainsi, les phénomènes observés soulignent l'ambivalence de cette dynamique de « sauvegarde des oasis », de plus en plus politisée, qui participe au débat sur la redéfinition des modèles de développement dans la Tunisie post-2011.

Version amendée après dépôt ; In a context of rising social demands and a crisis in development models, this work questions the transformations of the oasis territories of southern Tunisia drawing on an analysis of the diversification of practices of local resource exploitation. The research devotes particular attention to the economic, social and technological innovations that characterize certain emerging forms of valorization and to the political dimension they carry. Adopting a social geography approach, the analysis is based on a comparison of the continental oasis of Tozeur and the coastal oasis of Gabès, making it possible to identify the diversity of the processes that influence the dynamics of these territories. This approach calls into question an understanding of oases as exceptional environments and underlines the need to integrate into the analysis the diversity of actors deploying their strategies in the oasis territories and to reintegrate the latter into their regional and national political context. The analysis shows that the transformation of oasis territories is characterized by partly contradictory dynamics; on the one hand, national development policies have had the effect of marginalizing ancient oases, subjecting them to a series of threats - desertification, urbanization, abandonment - that call into question their sustainability; on the other hand, the rise of environmental concerns and the emergence of new tourism and living environment related demands has fostered a dynamics of heritage re-qualification of oases based on an idealization of their traditional systems that is publicized by a booming associative sector. The diversification of valorization forms of oasis territories - ranging from small family farming to agribusiness projects and leisure activities, agroecology or ecotourism - also leads to increased competition for access to land and water resources and to a strengthened process of social and spatial differentiation within oasis territories. Thus, the phenomena observed underline the ambivalence of this increasingly politicized "oasis preservation" dynamics that contributes to the debate on the redefinition of development models in post-2011 Tunisia. ; Dans un contexte de montée des revendications sociales et de crise des modèles de développement, ce travail interroge les transformations des territoires oasiens du sud tunisien à partir d'une analyse de la diversification des pratiques de mise en valeur des ressources locales. La recherche porte une attention particulière aux innovations économiques, sociales et techniques qui caractérisent certaines formes émergentes de valorisation et à la dimension politique qu'elles revêtent. Adoptant une approche de géographie sociale, l'analyse s'appuie sur une comparaison de l'oasis continentale de Tozeur et de l'oasis littorale de Gabès permettant de cerner la diversité des processus qui influencent les dynamiques de ces territoires. Cette démarche met en question une approche des oasis comme des milieux d'exception et souligne la nécessité d'intégrer dans l'analyse la diversité des acteurs déployant leurs stratégies dans les territoires oasiens et de réinsérer ces derniers dans leur contexte politique régional et national. Il ressort de l'analyse que la transformation des territoires oasiens est caractérisée par des dynamiques en partie contradictoires ; d'un côté les politiques nationales de développement ont eu pour effet de marginaliser les oasis anciennes, les soumettant à une série de menaces- désertification, urbanisation, abandon- qui remettent en cause leur pérennité ; de l'autre côté, la montée de préoccupations environnementales et l'émergence de nouvelles demandes touristiques et en matière de cadre de vie a favorisé une dynamique de requalification patrimoniale des oasis procédant d'une idéalisation de leurs systèmes traditionnels médiatisée par une scène associative en pleine expansion. La diversification des formes de valorisation des territoires oasiens – entre petite agriculture familiale, projets d'agrobusiness, activités de loisirs, agroécologie ou écotourisme, induisent aussi des concurrences accrues pour l'accès aux ressources foncières et hydriques et un renforcement du processus de différenciation sociale et spatiale au sein des territoires oasiens. Ainsi, les phénomènes observés soulignent l'ambivalence de cette dynamique de « sauvegarde des oasis », de plus en plus politisée, qui participe au débat sur la redéfinition des modèles de développement dans la Tunisie post-2011.

The paper is devoted to identifying the specifics of internal organizational methods used in the Byzantine army during the reign of the Palaeologus. According to the author, the combat capability of the Byzantine army depended not only on logistic support, but also on the use of military and political methods, religious and disciplinary action. Among them, in the using for the soldier's a crucial role played as a completely traditional methods of financial reward, methods psychological and educational nature, and specific for Palaeologus period methods of religious influence. For the military commanders to a greater extent used methods of social and material motivation and the means of social and legal remuneration, which can be described as socially prestigious - titles and marriage alliances. In the system of measures to ensuring the combat capability the special role was assigned to the religious method, which in combination with the other methods represented a complex of elements of influence originating from the doctrine of "Holy war". The content of this doctrine defined by the interaction system of the army and the church which was founded on the conditions of confrontation to enemies who belonged to different religious denominations, as well as on a major role of mercenaries troops as a part of the Byzantine armed forces. Despite a variety of measures to influence the army, the level of discipline in the army remained extremely low. Increasing the number of separatist rebellions, cases of treason and disobedience, typical for early Palaeologian period, that remained unpunished, indicates the weakness of basileus power and inability to use the military-disciplinary measures for the control of the multiethnic contingent of Byzantine troops. It is likely that this situation could be caused by the persistence of archaic state idea in the changed foreign political conditions, and that this idea has not been capable inspire all the Christian warrior-host of the empire on the military exploits and neutralize personal fear of death. At the same time, the effect of such an idea, directed to consolidation of the ranks of byzantine troops before the onslaught of the enemy, in special cases has been intensified by the using of a complex of religious measures of influence. ; Статья посвящена исследованию методов морально-психологического воздействия на солдат и командиров византийских вооруженных сил в период правления первых императоров из династии Палеологов. По мнению автора, боеспособность византийской армии зависела не только от материально-технического обеспечения, но и от применения методов военно-политического, религиозного и дисциплинарного воздействия. Среди них по отношению к рядовому составу важную роль играли как вполне традиционные методы материального, психологического и воспитательного характера, так и специфические для палеологовского периода методы религиозного воздействия. Для командного состава в большей мере использовались методы социально-материальной мотивации, а также средства социально-правового вознаграждения, которые можно охарактеризовать как общественно-престижные (титулы, брачные союзы). В системе мер обеспечения боеспособности особая роль была отведена религиозному методу, который представлял собой набор элементов воздействия, исходящих из доктрины «священной войны». Суть этой доктрины была определена системой отношений армии и церкви, исходившей из условий противостояния врагам, принадлежавшим к различным конфессиям. Помимо этого, учитывалась большая роль наемных контингентов в составе византийских вооруженных сил. Несмотря на разнообразие мер воздействия на войско, уровень дисциплины в армии оставался крайне низким. Увеличение числа сепаратистских выступлений, случаев измены и непослушания, характерных для раннепалеологовского периода, не каравшихся императором, свидетельствует о слабости правящей династии и невозможности применения военно-дисциплинарных мер для контроля над полиэтничным византийским воинством. По мнению автора, данная ситуация была вызвана сохранением архаичной государственной идеи, не способной в изменившихся внешнеполитических условиях воодушевить христианское воинство империи на ратные подвиги и нейтрализовать личный страх воинов перед смертью. Вместе с тем действие такой идеи, направленной на сплочение рядов византийских войск перед натиском противника, в особых случаях усиливалось применением комплекса мер религиозного характера.

У пропонованій статті вивчаються малодосліджені, з огляду пасіонарності, в добу УНР та подальшу епоху Розстріляного Відродження, аспекти діяльності українських літературознавців і діячів вітчизняного національного та громадсько-політичного становлення ХХ ст. Вивчення місця і ролі в українській історії і культуротворенні першого віце-президента ВУАН у 1923–1929 роках, видатного вченого-літературознавця акад. С. Єфремова та літературознавця і державного діяча С. Петлюри автор статті подає із залученням рецепції їхніх феноменів видатним українським поетом і філософом Є. Маланюком. Також у статті досліджено позицію акад. Єфремова в той час, коли він перебував, як обвинувачуваний, під сфабрикованим ГПУ СССР, судом на процесі Спілки Визволення України. У статті проведено світоглядні паралелі між позицією С. Єфремова на процесі СВУ та ідейними засадами, що їх обстоювала Олена Теліга у своїх працях та повсякчасній діяльності як діяч антигітлерівського Опору. У цьому ж контексті вивчається сутність феномену українського духовно-інтелектуального й буттєвого спротиву тоталітарній ідеології й практиці, осмислюються його базисні константи. Зокрема, йдеться про оборону академіком Єфремовим на процесі СВУ ув'язненого і висланого ГПУ за межі України визначного вітчизняного вченого-візантолога, академіка ВУАН Харламповича, про захист підсудним Єфремовим вітчизняної духовної самобутності та національно-культурної ідентичності. Окремо вивчаються, значною мірою вдалі, спроби акад. Єфремова захистити одного з фундаторів новітньої української національної педагогіки В. Дурдуківського, благовісника УАПЦ В. Чехівського. Акцентується на осмисленні стратегії захисту підсудним на процесі СВУ С. Єфремовим 1930 року демократичних засад і традиційних для європейського українства ідеалів розвитку майбутньої незалежної Української держави. У статті акцентовано на запереченні С. Єфремовим як одним з ідеологів і творців новітньої Української державності 1917–1920 років будь-яких форм національного гноблення, пригнічення панівною нацією інших. Осмислення вищевказаних аспектів є важливим для українського й світового сьогодення. ; The article deals with the scantily explored aspects of the activities of Ukrainian literary scholars and doers of the national and socio-political formation of the twentieth century, with regard to passionarity, during the period of the UPR and the subsequent period of the Executed Renaissance. The author of the article presents the study of the place and role in Ukrainian history and culture of S. Efremov – the first Vice-President of VUAN in 1923–1929 years, an outstanding scientist and literary scholar and literary scholar, statesman S. Petlura, using the reception of their phenomena of outstanding Ukrainian poet and philosopher E. Malaniuk. The article also investigates the position of academician Efremov at the time, when he was as accused under the fabricated GPU of the USSR, by the court on the process of Union for the Liberation of Ukraine. The article presents the ideological parallels between the position of S. Efremov in the process of the IEDs and the ideological principles that were advocated by Olena Teliha in her writings and day-by-day activities as a doer of the anti-Hitler Resistance. In the same context, the essence of the phenomenon of Ukrainian spiritual-intellectual and existential resistance of totalitarian ideology and practice is studied and its basic constants are interpreted. In particular, it is a question of the defense of Academician Efremov during the process of the IEDs of the prisoner and prominent Ukrainian scholar-vizantologist, academician VUAN Kharlampovich who was expelled by GPU beyond Ukraine according to the protection of the defendant Efremov's national spiritual identity and national-cultural identity. Separately studied and largely successful attempts by akademician Efremov to protect one of the founders of modern Ukrainian national pedagogics V. Durdukivskiy and V. Chekhovskiy – the evangelist of the UAOC. The article focuses on comprehension of the defense strategy of the defendant during the process of IEDs by S. Efremov's democratic foundations and the ideals of the future independent Ukrainiane that are traditional for European Ukrainians in 1930. The article focuses on the objections of S. O. Efremov as one among ideologists and creators of the modern Ukrainian statehood of 1917–1920 years of all forms of national oppression, oppression of the dominant nation of others. Understanding of the above-mentioned aspects is important for wide-world modernity.

The purpose of the article is to investigate the phenomenon of flashmob as a new type of performance communication that is used to convey important political and social messages; classify existing types of this format. The methodology of the research includes general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, as well as cultural and sociological methods for revealing the sociocultural essence of the phenomenon of flashmob as a communicative form of the present. The scientific novelty of the work is to broaden the notions of flashmob as an operational means of manifestation of public opinion, in contrast to a rally or demonstration, which makes it possible to draw attention to a particular social problem. It is argued that the flash mob is a modern technology capable of implementing the organization of actions of citizens in the conditions of a metropolis due to the existence of network communications to carry out a particular activity. Conclusions. As a result of the study, it was found that flash mob is a fundamentally new type of modern performance communication that helps to overcome the marginality of being, and the formation of a person's subjectivity, which is open to the world and lives in harmony with it. The primary purpose of the classic flashmob is to surprise a casual viewer without causing him negative emotions. Proceeding from the above, the classic flashmob is quite rare nowadays. Planned actions cannot be perceived by the flashmob in its traditional plan, as there is a violation of its basic rules: spontaneity, lack of centralized leadership, lack of political, financial and promotional tasks, depersonalization and absolute refusal of media support. ; Цель работы: исследовать феномен флешмоба как нового типа перформансной коммуникации, который используется для донесения важных политических и социальных сообщений; классифицировать существующие виды этого формата. Методология исследования включает общенаучные методы анализа, синтеза, сравнения, а также культурологический и социологический методы для выявления социокультурной сущности феномена флешмоба как коммуникативной формы современности. Научная новизна работы заключается в расширении представлений о флешмобе как оперативном средстве проявления общественного мнения, что в отличие от митинга или демонстрации, дает возможность привлечь внимание к определенной социальной проблемы. Отстаивается мнение, что флешмоб является современной технологией, которая способна воплотить организацию действий граждан в условиях мегаполиса благодаря существованию сетевых коммуникаций с целью проведения определенной акции. Выводы. В результате проведенного исследования установлено, что флешмоб – это принципиально новый тип современной перформансной коммуникации, который способствует преодолению маргинальности бытия и формированию субъективности человека, кторый открытый миру и живет в гармонии с ним. Главная цель классического флешмоба - удивить случайного зрителя, не вызывая у него негативных эмоций. Исходя из указанного, классический флешмоб в наше время есть достаточно редким явлением. Спланированные акции не могут восприниматься как флэшмоб в его классическом смысле, потому что происходит нарушение основных его правил: спонтанность, отсутствие централизованного руководства, отсутствие политических, финансовых и рекламных задач, деперсонификация и абсолютный отказ от медиа сопровождения. ; Мета роботи: дослідити феномен флешмобу як нового типу перформансної комунікації, що використовується для донесення важливих політичних та соціальних повідомлень; класифікувати існуючі види цього формату. Методологія дослідження включає загальнонаукові методи аналізу, синтезу, порівняння, а також культурологічний та соціологічний методи для виявлення соціокультурної сутності феномену флешмобу як комунікативної форми сучасності. Науковановизна роботи полягає в розширенні уявлень про флешмоб як оперативний засіб прояву громадської думки, на відміну від мітингу або демонстрації, що дає можливість привернення уваги до певної соціальної проблеми. Обстоюється думка, що флешмоб є сучасною технологією, яка здатна втілити організацію дій громадян в умовах мегаполісу завдяки існуванню мережевих комунікацій з метою проведення певної акції. Висновок. У результаті проведеного дослідження встановлено, що флешмоб є принципово новим типом сучасної перформансної комунікації, що сприяє подоланню маргінальності буття та формуванню суб'єктивності людини, яка відкрита світові та живе у гармонії з ним. Головна мета класичного флешмобу – здивувати випадкового глядача, не викликаючи у нього негативних емоцій. Виходячи із зазначеного, класичний флешмоб за наших часів є достатньо рідкісним явищем. Сплановані акції не можуть сприйматися флешмобом у його класичному задумі, тому що відбувається порушення основних його правил : спонтанність, відсутність централізованого керівництва, відсутність політичних, фінансових та рекламних завдань, деперсоніфікація та абсолютна відмова від медіа супроводу.

This article represents the stages of the emergence and problems of the formation of volunteering, youth leadership through the participation of young people in the volunteer movement of modern Ukraine. The concept of volunteering as a strategy for leadership development proceeds from the fact that volun- teering and leadership are in a close interaction. This may mean that the realization of the tasks of the development of volunteering solves the problem of leadership development in the youth environment.The article reviews and analyzes the results of a nationwide research on the state of volunteering in Ukraine (July 20-26, 2014), which was carried out by GfK Ukraine on request of the UN Organizations in Ukraine. There is a representative sample of the Ukrainian population (with the exception of the Crimea) by region, the size of the settlement, sex and age, according to the data of the State Statistics Service as of January 01, 2013. The sample was 1,000 respondents aged 16 and over. According to the results of the research, we can conclude that Ukrainians recognize the great role of the volunteer movement in the social processes. The most relevant areas of activity before the events of the Maidan were the assistance to socially vulnerable groups of the population and the improvement of public space.This survey showed that volunteer activity in Ukraine is the most important mechanism that exists within civil society and is capable of taking an initiative at any moment in any crisis situation.The largest volunteer group in Ukraine, which is currently volunteering, is mostly student youth, though, due to the political situation and antiterrorist operation that takes place in eastern Ukraine, during the 2014-2018 period, the participation in volunteering activities of people aged 36 and under 60 increased significantly (although at the beginning of 2016 there is a decline in volunteer activity in this direction).As a conclusion, it can be noted that the youth leadership, which arises at this time on the background of military confrontation, is extremely rapidly growing. Young activists, who saw their further activities only in the field of politics, begin to reorient themselves to somewhat different conditions for entry into this sphere. At the same time, the overwhelming majority views participation in the leadership of the volunteer movement primarily as one of the possible channels of mobility for political growth and political formation in the future.Active volunteer activity develops life skills and professional experience among young people, ability to interest and organize other volunteers, learn how to interact with other people and organizations, find support from partners and sponsors, government and commercial structures, etc.In the process of volunteer activity, young people are expanding their vision, develop their intellectual level, realize the opportunity to implement their creative plans and leadership potential. A special role in shaping leadership qualities belongs to the social design, namely, through developing skills for their volunteer project, joining efforts with associates for the collective development and implementation of the project, which contributes to enhancing social competences and the development of skills and abilities of the volunteer. Again, the rethinking of the essence and fundamental role of volunteering over the course of several decades has led to an understanding and recognition at the global level that volunteering is the basis for improvement of civil society, an instrument that promotes social capital, economic growth and social well-being of societies.The state policy of Ukraine should focus more on maintaining the youth movement, support various youth initiatives. This will depend on the direction of the youth movement, the expansion and emergence of new youth radical movements, the formation of subcultures that will bring in the traditional culture as new trends, and new, perhaps even negative forms of struggle for their place in the public space of the state. ; У статті розкриваються проблеми становлення волонтерського руху в сучасній Україні, наводяться його принципи, аналізуються шляхи розвитку молодіжного волонтерства та розкривається стратегія розвитку молодіжного лідерства через участь молоді у волонтерському русі сучасної України.

Dissertação de Mestrado Erasmus Mundus: Filosofias Francesa e Alemã no Espaço Europeu apresentada à Faculdade de Letras ; A dissertação visa em um primeiro momento uma reconstituição da metodologia de cartografia subjetiva em Deleuze e Guattari, apresentando o exemplo cartográfico proposto por Suely Rolnik e, finalement, na criação de um personagem conceitual nomeado como Venus Caôzeira. Esta abordagem deve ser entendida através da apresentação da metodologia presente no livro Cartografias Sentimentais: Transformações Contemporâneas do Desejo (sem Tradução), escritas por Suely Rolnik.Neste texto, Rolnik se baseia na géofilosofia de Deleuze e Guattari, tanto pela criação de personagens que traçam o plano de consistência e o plano de imanência do conceito e os respectivos investimentos de desejo, tanto pela conceituação dos três movimentos do desejo ou três linhas da vida: linhas de territorialização, linha de reterritorialização / simulação e linhas de desterritorialização / fuga. De acordo com Rolnik, os três movimentos do desejo estão no âmbito da reflexão sobre o que a geofilosofia trata enquanto devires e desejos, visualizando a paisagem psico-social específica e, no nosso caso a paisagem psico-social feminina.Suely Rolnik nos dará a criação de vinte e sete personagens conceituais em torno da análise do desejo feminino e de suas práticas amorosas. Nesta dissertação, nos concentraremos especificamente em dois desses personagens: o coronel-em-nós e a noivinha-antropófaga-tropicalista-carnavalesca.Os dois personagens conceituais incorporam essas linhas de desejo de acordo com seu modo de vida e suas políticas de subjetivação. Para mostrar a representação feminina no caráter conceitual coronel-em-nós usamos a figura mitológica da Vênus porque ela simboliza a forma tradicional da representação feminina. A segunda parte trata da figura da noivinha antropófaga tropicalista, descrita como a personagem capaz de criar novas subjetividades.Usando os personagens conceituais e análise do desejo feminino propostas por Suely Rolnik (Coronel-em-nós e noivinha antropófoga-tropicalista-carnavalista), a nossa ambição é revelar universos descoloniais femininos e feministas brasileiros, por meio do corpo teórico de Deleuze e Guattari com os personagens conceituais e a metodologia da cartografia sentimental. ; The dissertation aims at a first moment a reconstitution of the methodology of subjective cartography in Deleuze and Guattari, presenting the cartographic example proposed by Suely Rolnik and, finally, in the creation of a conceptual personage named Venus Caôzeira.This approach should be understood through the presentation of the methodology present in the book Sentimental Cartographies: Contemporary Transformations of Desire (without Translation), written by Suely Rolnik.In this text, Rolnik draws on the genius of Deleuze and Guattari, both for the creation of characters that trace the plane of consistency and the plane of immanence of the concept and the respective inversions of desire, both for the conceptualization of the three movements of desire or three lines of life: lines of territorialization, reterritorialization / simulation line and lines of deterritorialization / escape. According to Rolnik, the three movements of desire are in the scope of reflection on what geophilosophy treats as devires and desires, visualizing the specific psycho-social landscape and, in our case, the female psycho-social landscape.Suely Rolnik will give us the creation of twenty-seven conceptual characters around the analysis of feminine desire and its loving practices. In this dissertation, we will focus specifically on two of these characters: the colonel-in-us and the anthropophagous-tropical-carnival-bride.The two conceptual characters incorporate these lines of desire according to their way of life and their politics of subjectivation. To show the female representation in the conceptual character colonel-in-us we use the mythological figure of Venus because it symbolizes the traditional form of female representation. The second part deals with the figure of the tropicalist anthropophagous bride, described as the person capable of creating new subjectivities.Using the conceptual characters and analysis of feminine desire proposed by Suely Rolnik (Colonel-in-us and anthropophagous-tropicalist-carnivalist boyfriend), our ambition is to reveal Brazilian female and Brazilian feminist decolonial universes, through the theoretical body of Deleuze and Guattari with the conceptual characters and the methodology of sentimental cartography. ; Outro - Université de Toulouse Jean Jaurès - Mirail . Bolsa Erasmus Plus

The Ecuadorian and Bolivian multicultural and environmental constitutions are structured around the following three elements: the principles of plurinationality and interculturality; the rights of nature; and the principle of buen vivir. These three elements are innovatively articulated and creatively linked in these two political charters. No other modern constitution has included and connected this set of principles and rights and has given such an important place to indigenous groups' epistemologies. These rights and principles constitute an imaginative contribution to the global discussion on cultural diversity, human rights, and the environment. They question the dominant political economy of legal knowledge that a priori considers the Global South as a poor context for the creation of valuable legal products. The contributions of the Ecuadorian and Bolivian constitutions, however, are not completely original, as some of their creators and promoters have stated. These innovations are variations constructed within the grammar of modern constitutionalism, e.g., reinterpretations of the concepts of nation, people, and culture. Some others, though, can be understood as starting from but going beyond the grammar of modern constitutionalism, e.g., the principle of buen vivir. This article describes and analyzes the three components of the Bolivian and Ecuadorian multicultural and environmental constitutions. First, it analyzes the idea that indigenous communities should be recognized as nations and the idea that the polity should be constructed through the interaction among its various cultural communities. The article then explores the Andean indigenous communities' traditional ways of thinking about nature and its connections to the modern concept of rights. More precisely, it explores the idea that nature is a subject of rights. Finally, the article examines the way in which the principle of buen vivir conceives the relationship between human beings and nature. ; Las constituciones multiculturales y ambientales de Ecuador y Bolivia se estructuran alrededor de los siguientes tres elementos: los principios de plurinacionalidad e interculturalidad; los derechos de la naturaleza; y el principio del buen vivir. Estos tres elementos se articulan de manera innovadora y se vinculan de forma creativa en estas dos cartas políticas. Ninguna otra constitución moderna ha incluido y conectado este conjunto de principios y derechos; ninguna ha dado tanta importancia a las epistemologías de los comunidades indígenas. Estos derechos y principios constituyen una contribución imaginativa al debate global sobre la diversidad cultural, los derechos humanos y el medio ambiente. Este conjunto de normas, además, cuestionan la economía política dominante del conocimiento legal que a priori considera al Sur Global como un contexto pobre para la creación de productos jurídicos de calidad. Las contribuciones de las constituciones ecuatoriana y boliviana, sin embargo, no son completamente originales, como algunos de sus creadores y promotores han declarado. Estas innovaciones son variaciones que se construyen dentro de la gramática del constitucionalismo moderno; son, por ejemplo, reinterpretaciones de los conceptos de nación, pueblo y cultura. Sin embargo, algunas otras de sus contribuciones, aunque parten de la gramática del constitucionalismo moderno, van más allá de ella, por ejemplo, el principio del buen vivir. Este artículo describe y analiza los tres componentes que hacen de las constituciones de Bolivia y Ecuador constituciones multiculturales y ambientales. En primer lugar, analiza la idea de que las comunidades indígenas deben ser reconocidas como naciones y la idea de que la comunidad política debe construirse mediante la interacción entre sus diversos grupos culturales. Luego, el artículo explora las formas tradicionales de pensar sobre la naturaleza y sus conexiones con el concepto moderno de derechos con las que están comprometidas las comunidades indígenas andinas; más precisamente, explora la idea de que la naturaleza es un sujeto de derechos. Finalmente, el artículo examina la forma en que el principio del buen vivir concibe la relación entre los seres humanos y la naturaleza.

The international framework for maritime search and rescue relies on state actors establishing regions of responsibility supported by private shipmasters acting in compliance with traditional duties to rescue persons in distress at sea. Despite revisions to the framework's foundational treaty, questions persist about the extent of state responsibilities and the interaction between those responsibilities and international human rights law. Over the past three years, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have provided significant support to the efforts of sovereign actors responding to the migration crisis in the Central Mediterranean. Regional governments and civil society initially praised NGO operations, but in recent months these groups have come to criticize and challenge such operations. Italian authorities have threatened criminal prosecution of NGO deployers and proposed closing national ports to them. Libyan authorities have harassed NGO vessels and sought to exclude them from international waters. These actions are consistent with non-entrée strategies employed by Mediterranean states in recent years, but are in certain cases of questionable legality. Although controlling irregular migration is properly the responsibility of state actors, recent policies are inconsistent with principles of rule of law and good governance. ; El marco de referencia internacional para la búsqueda y el salvamento marítimos se basa en entidades estatales que establecen regiones de responsabilidad apoyadas por capitanes privados que actúan en cumplimiento de las obligaciones tradicionales de rescatar a las personas en peligro en el mar. A pesar de las revisiones del tratado fundacional del marco, persisten cuestiones sobre el alcance de las responsabilidades estatales y la interacción entre esas responsabilidades y los derechos humanos internacionales. Durante los últimos tres años, las organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG) han prestado un apoyo significativo a las operaciones de las entidades con soberanía en responder a la crisis migratoria en el Mediterráneo Central. Los gobiernos regionales y la sociedad civil inicialmente elogiaron las operaciones de las ONG, pero en los últimos meses estos grupos han venido a criticar y desafiar estas operaciones. Las autoridades italianas han amenazado con enjuiciar a las ONG desplegadas y han propuesto cerrar los puertos a las mismas. Las autoridades libias han hostigado buques de ONG y han tratado de excluirlos de aguas internacionales. Estas acciones son congruentes con las estrategias de no entrada utilizadas por los estados regionales en los últimos años, pero son en ciertos casos de una legalidad cuestionable. Aunque el control de la migración irregular es propiamente la responsabilidad de los actores estatales, las políticas recientes son incompatibles con los principios del estado de derecho y buen gobierno. ; Le cadre international pour la recherche et le sauvetage maritimes repose sur des acteurs étatiques qui créent des régions de responsabilité soutenues par des capitaines privés agissant dans le respect des obligations traditionnelles de sauvetage des personnes en détresse en mer. Malgré les révisions apportées au traité fondamental du cadre, des questions persistent quant à l'étendue des responsabilités de l'État et à l'interaction entre ces responsabilités et le droit international des droits de l'homme. Au cours des trois dernières années, les organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) ont apporté un soutien important aux efforts des acteurs souverains répondant à la crise migratoire en Méditerranée centrale. Les gouvernements régionaux et la société civile ont initialement fait l'éloge des opérations des ONG, mais ces derniers mois, ces groupes sont venus critiquer et contester ces opérations. Les autorités italiennes ont menacé de poursuivre pénalement les navires déployant des ONG et ont proposé de fermer les ports nationaux. Les autorités libyennes ont harcelé des navires d'ONG et ont cherché à les exclure des eaux internationales. Ces actions sont conformes aux stratégies non-entrées utilisées par les états méditerranéens ces dernières années, mais dans certains cas de légalité douteuse. Bien que le contrôle de la migration irrégulière relève de la responsabilité des acteurs étatiques, les politiques récentes sont incompatibles avec les principes de l'état de droit et de la bonne gouvernance.

In Niger, water resource management remains a major challenge after more than 50 years of water policy. Thus, the investments carried out during the International Decade of Driking Water and Sanitation (1981-1990) and the Millennium Development Goals (2000-2015) could not meet the enormous needs of water. The infrastructure deficit is being faced by all components of the hydraulic sector. The growing demand for water and insufficient public investment to meet it explain this under-equipment in water infrastructure. At the level of the urban district of Tera, in addition to the strong demographic growth and insufficient investments in the water sector, climatic and hydrogeological constraints must be added to the analysis of the hydraulic situation. In the city of Tera, the hydrous precariousness is due to a considerable lack of water production and an inadequate water distribution network at the city site. Thus, from december to august, three-quarters of the city, mainly the Carré, Résidence, Douane, TP and Guenobon neighbourhoods remain underserved. In rural areas, the insufficiency of water supply points, their location in relation to villages to the villages and the rather short time of retention (3 à 4 months) of lakes defines a situation of extreme hydrous precariousness which affects the socio-economic life. In town as in the countryside, despite the territorial differences and water access methods, the populations face the same level of hydrous precariousness and adopt the same types of solutions. Thus, they resort to the traditional water supply points and develop a hydraulic solidarity through the mutualisation of water supply points between districts, villages, villages and city. However, with this particularly precarious hydraulic situation systematically reducing the practice of economic activities and the satisfaction of the fundamental human needs, the challenges of local development become increasingly heavy for the urban district of Tera. ; Au Niger, la maîtrise des ressources en eau demeure toujours un défi majeur après plus de 50 ans de politique hydraulique. Les investissements réalisés durant la Décennie Internationale de l'Eau Potable et de l'Assainissement (1981-1990) et les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (2000-2015) n'ont pas pu couvrir les besoins énormes en eau. Le déficit en infrastructures se pose au niveau de toutes les composantes du secteur de l'hydraulique. Les besoins en eau de plus en plus croissants et l'insuffisance des investissements publics pour y faire face expliquent ce sous-équipement en infrastructures hydrauliques. Au niveau de la commune urbaine de Téra, au-delà de la forte croissance démographique et de l'insuffisance des investissements dans le secteur de l'eau, il faut ajouter les contraintes climatiques et hydrogéologiques dans l'analyse de la situation hydraulique. Dans la ville de Téra, la précarité hydrique est due à un déficit considérable de production d'eau et à un réseau de distribution d'eau inadapté au site de la ville. Ainsi, de décembre à août, les trois quarts de la ville, principalement les quartiers Carré, Résidence, Douane, TP et Guenobon restent sans être desservis en eau. En milieu rural, l'insuffisance des points d'eau, leur localisation par rapport aux villages et le temps de rétention assez court (3 à 4 mois) des plans d'eau entraînent une situation d'extrême précarité hydrique qui bouleverse la vie socio-économique. En ville comme en campagne, en dépit des différences territoriales et des modalités d'accès à l'eau, les populations vivent le même niveau de précarité hydrique et y apportent les mêmes types de solutions. Elles recourent ainsi aux points d'eau traditionnels et développent une solidarité hydraulique à travers la mutualisation des points d'eau entre quartiers, entre villages et entre ville-villages. Mais, avec cette situation hydraulique particulièrement précaire réduisant systématiquement la pratique des activités économiques et la satisfaction des besoins humains fondamentaux, les défis de développement local deviennent de plus en plus lourds pour la commune urbaine de Téra.

Abstract: Emergency Installation Building is one of the existing buildings in the Meuraxa Hospital Complex consisting of several buildings with the location on the Soekarno Hatta street km 2 City Banda Aceh. The tropical climate of Banda Aceh region with temperatures ranging from 25.5 ℃ to 32.5 ℃ is located in the northern hemisphere causing the sun shining 12 hours each day resulting in high consumption of electrical energy caused by the use of artificial weather carriage. The development of the city that seemed modern and futuristic is an architectural phenomenon characterized by the use of dominant glass on the building sheath as well as the facade of RS.Meuraxa Emergency Installation Building. . In the effort of government energy conservation through National Standardization of Indonesia in SNI 03-6389-2011 stated that maximum thermal transfer value limit on the outer wall or called Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) is 35 Watt / m2. This research aims to generate a reference design of sheath and get the factors that affect the amount of OTTV value from the results of simulating the calculation toward all variables. The calculation result obtained the total value of OTTV is 51,47 Watt/m2. To decrease the result, some variation of modification simulation by inputting all data of the coefficient value of the material which likely to be applied in the design. The simulations consist of Uf modifications (double glazing), Uw (Outer Wall Isolation), WWR (Glass comparison ratio), α (paint color), SC (shield). The simulation results are included in the table and trendline linear graphs so that the slope value is obtained to analyze the influence / significance level toward OTTV value. The result of the research shows that the modification of SC (glass and effective) by installing shade and modification of glass specification greatly influences the decrease of OTTV value in the effort of energy conservation by still presenting the concept of tropical architecture with traditional theme of Aceh.Abstrak: Gedung Instalasi Gawat Darurat merupakan salah satu dari gedung yang ada di Komplek Rumah Sakit Meuraxa yang terdiri dari beberapa bangunan dengan lokasi berada di jalan Soekarno Hatta km 2 Kota Banda Aceh. Wilayah Banda Aceh yang beriklim tropis dengan suhu berkisar antara 25,5 ℃ hingga 32,5℃ berada di belahan bumi Utara menyebabkan matahari bersinar 12 jam setiap harinya terus menerus setiap tahunnya sehingga berdampak pada tingginya konsumsi energi listrik akibat dari penggunaan penghawaan buatan. Perkembangan kota yang berkesan modern dan futuristik merupakan fenomena konsep tampilan bangunan dengan bercirikan penggunaan kaca yang dominan pada selubung bangunan seperti halnya yang diterapkan pada bangunan gedung IGD Rs.Meuraxa. Dalam upaya konservasi energi pemerintah melalui Badan Standarisasi Nasional Indonesia yang dimuat dalam SNI 03-6389-2011 menentukan batasan nilai perpindahan termal menyeluruh pada dinding luar atau disebut dengan Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) maksimal 35 Watt/m2. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan acuan desain selubung dan mendapatkan faktor penyebab yang mempengaruhi besaran nilai OTTV dari hasil melakukan simulasi perhitungan terhadap semua variabelnya. Perhitungan OTTV pada IGD RS.Meuraxa terdiri 3 komponen nilai yaitu: nilai konduksi dinding, radiasi matahari dan konduksi kaca terhadap empat orientasi fasad bangunan dengan perolehan hasil total nilai OTTV 51,47 Watt/m2. Untuk menurunkan nilai dilakukan beberapa variasi simulasi modifikasi dengan menginput semua data nilai koefisien material yang dimungkinakan untuk diaplikasikan dalam desain. Simulasi terdiri dari modifikasi Uf (kaca ganda), Uw (Isolasi Dinding Luar), WWR (Rasio perbandingan kaca), a (warna cat), SC (alat peneduh dan spec.kaca). Hasil simulasi dimasukkan dalam tabel dan grafik trendline linear sehingga didapatkan nilai slope /kemiringan untuk dianalisis tingkat pengaruh/ signifikan terhadap nilai OTTV. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa modifikasi SC (kaca dan effectif) yaitu pemasangan alat peneduh dan modifikasi spesifikasi kaca sangat mempengaruhi penurunan nilai OTTV dalam upaya konservasi energi dengan tetap mengedepankan konsep arsitektur tropis yang bertemakan tradisional Aceh.

The university is an appropriate field to explore the changes that student movements have undergone, and the ways in which they operate communicationally and politically to influence public and private affairs. This study problematizes the practices of political participation and the communication strategies carried out by students to make their demands visible in two Chilean universities and in one Ecuadorian one. It is sought to analyze and compare the processes of planning and implementation of communication actions from the most representative student movements of each university, in order to understand the moment in which the groups are found in terms of legitimacy, mobilization capacity, and incidence. The methodology included semi-structured interviews with members of the groups, and through the critical analysis of discourse, the meeting and disagreement points were established on the categories analyzed. The results indicate that, although certain forms of communication and organizational production that are close to traditional political parties still persist, the almost generalized depoliticization of students has led to the implementation of tactics ranging from individual rather than collective interests, such as clubs and the generation of interests and affects through social networks, among which Facebook is located as the main means of information and interaction. ; La universidad es un campo propicio para explorar los cambios por los que han pasado los movimientos estudiantiles y las formas en las que operan comunicacional y políticamente para incidir en los asuntos de orden público y privado. Este estudio problematiza las prácticas de participación política y las estrategias de comunicación que llevan a cabo los estudiantes para visibilizar sus demandas en dos universidades chilenas y en una ecuatoriana. Se busca analizar y comparar los procesos de planeación e implementación de acciones comunicacionales, desde los movimientos estudiantiles más representativos de cada universidad, para entender el momento en el que se encuentran las agrupaciones, en términos de legitimidad, capacidad de movilización e incidencia. La metodología consideró entrevistas semiestructuradas a integrantes de los colectivos y, a través del análisis crítico de discurso, se establecieron los puntos de encuentro y desencuentro sobre las categorías analizadas. Los resultados indican que, aunque persisten ciertas formas de producción comunicacional y organizacional cercanas a los partidos políticos tradicionales, la despolitización casi generalizada de los estudiantes ha conducido a la implementación de tácticas que van desde intereses individuales, más que colectivos, como los clubes y la generación de intereses y afectos a través de redes sociales, entre las cuales Facebook se ubica como medio principal de información e interacción. ; A universidade é um campo propício para explorar as mudanças pelas quais os movimentos estudantis passam e as formas nas quais operam comunicacional e politicamente para incidir nos assuntos de ordem pública e privada. Este estudo problematiza as práticas de participação política e as estratégias de comunicação que os estudantes realizam para visibilizar suas demandas em duas universidades chilenas e em uma equatoriana. Pretende-se analisar e comparar os processos de planejamento e implantação de ações comunicacionais a partir dos movimentos estudantis mais representativos de cada universidade para entender o momento em que essas agrupações se encontram em termos de legitimidade, capacidade de mobilização e incidência. Como metodologia, foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas a integrantes dos coletivos e, por meio da análise crítica do discurso, foram estabelecidos os pontos de encontro e desencontro sobre as categorias analisadas. Os resultados indicam que, embora persistam certas formas de produção comunicacional e organizacional próximas dos partidos políticos tradicionais, a despolitização quase generalizada dos estudantes tem conduzido à implantação de táticas que consideram interesses individuais mais do que coletivos, como os clubes, e à geração de interesse e afetos por meio das redes sociais, entre as quais o Facebook se posiciona como meio principal de informação e interação.

The Astropy Project supports and fosters the development of open-source and openly developed Python packages that provide commonly needed functionality to the astronomical community. A key element of the Astropy Project is the core package astropy, which serves as the foundation for more specialized projects and packages. In this article, we provide an overview of the organization of the Astropy project and summarize key features in the core package, as of the recent major release, version 2.0. We then describe the project infrastructure designed to facilitate and support development for a broader ecosystem of interoperable packages. We conclude with a future outlook of planned new features and directions for the broader Astropy Project. ; Google; NumFOCUS; Python Software Foundation; Space Telescope Science Institute; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics; South African Astronomical Observatory; National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory [SV3-73016]; National Aeronautics Space Administration [NAS8-03060]; UW eScience Institute via Moore Foundation; Sloan Foundation; Washington Research Foundation; NASA's Planetary Astronomy Program; NASA [NAS8-03060, NAS 5-26555]; NASA through Hubble Fellowship - Space Telescope Science Institute [51316.01]; Giacconi Fellowship; FONDECYT [1170618]; MINEDUC-UA [ANT 1655, ANT 1656]; German Research Foundation (DFG) [SFB 881]; German Research Foundation (DFG); NSF [AST-1313484]; Spanish government [AYA2016-75808-R]; Gemini Observatory; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, under the RD program ; The Astropy community is supported by and makes use of a number of organizations and services outside the traditional academic community. We thank Google for financing and organizing the Google Summer of Code (GSoC) program, that has funded several students per year to work on Astropy related projects over the summer. These students often turn into longterm contributors. We also thank NumFOCUS and the Python Software Foundation for financial support. Within the academic community, we thank institutions that make it possible for astronomers and other developers on their staff to contribute their time to the development of Astropy projects. We acknowledge the support of the Space Telescope Science Institute, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and the South African Astronomical Observatory.r The following individuals would like to recognize support for their personal contributions. H.M.G. was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory contract SV3-73016 to MIT for Support of the Chandra X-Ray Center, which is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for and on behalf of the National Aeronautics Space Administration under contract NAS8-03060. J.T.V. was supported by the UW eScience Institute via grants from the Moore Foundation, the Sloan Foundation, and the Washington Research Foundation. S.M.C. acknowledges the National Research Foundation of South Africa. M.V.B. was supported by NASA's Planetary Astronomy Program. T.L.A. was supported by NASA contract NAS8-03060. Support for E.J.T. was provided by NASA through Hubble Fellowship grant No. 51316.01 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS 5-26555, as well as a Giacconi Fellowship. M.B. was supported by the FONDECYT regular project 1170618 and the MINEDUC-UA projects codes ANT 1655 and ANT 1656. D.H. was supported through the SFB 881 "The Milky Way System" by the German Research Foundation (DFG). W.E.K was supported by an ESO Fellowship. C.M. is supported by NSF grant AST-1313484. S.P. was supported by grant AYA2016-75808-R (FEDER) issued by the Spanish government. J.E.H.T. was supported by the Gemini Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., on behalf of the international Gemini partnership of Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, and the United States of America. Y.P.B was supported by the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, under the R&D program supervised by the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning.