Suchergebnisse

The subject of this research is intercity passenger rail transportation in the United States, approached from two perspectives: Amtrak's traditional rail services and high-speed rail projects. The aim is to understand the workings of public rail transportation policies, what they contain, and how they are developed and pursued by the different actors. The originality of the research lies in its multiscale approach, with a constant back-and-forth between the different scales of analysis, and in its use of several case studies to analyze the territorialization of intercity rail transportation policies. The analysis demonstrates the emergence of a bottom-up approach to projects, notably apparent in the Californian HSR project and in the modernization of the Cascades corridor. This process has even gone to the extreme with the proliferation of private rail projects that stress their independence from government, be it in decision-making, governance, or funding. This seems definitively to preclude any attempt to establish a national framework for high-speed rail, like those found elsewhere in the world, regardless of party-political considerations, i.e. the traditionally greater enthusiasm of the Democratic Party for large-scale federal investment. Two conclusions emerge: first, the development of uniform arguments and recommendations to encourage new rail policies, emphasizing the structuring effects and economic role of high-speed rail, congestion reduction, modal shift; second, a tangible though uneven pro-rail position among public actors at all levels. Priority is placed on improving and modernizing existing corridors for the launch of higher-speed services, and then on hybrid networks that combine different types of infrastructures. There are no publicly backed projects for new lines exclusively dedicated to high-speed rail. Most of the high-speed corridors are in fact "higher-speed" corridors, some of which are intended to become high-speed at some time in the future, such as the Northeast corridor. The territorialization of rail projects entails the design and construction of transportation networks that are more integrated – at least in terms of service provision and physical connection – and genuinely interconnected. After analyzing projects for the upgrading of higher-speed corridors and the construction of new infrastructures, we note the importance of stations and the emphasis on the need for better coordination between transportation and urbanism through support for station districts. Indeed, a rail corridor project – situated at the intersection of political, economic, technical, and territorial interests – is the nucleus of a process of territorialization that materially embeds the infrastructure within urban spaces, and of a process of politicization through the involvement of local actors. Rail projects seem to be an instrument that leads to the implantation of metropolitan scale facilities (stations, intermodal hubs) and to the shaping or reshaping of the urban fabric (station districts, larger-scale district regeneration projects) ; Cette recherche a pour objet le transport ferroviaire interurbain de passagers aux Etats-Unis dans une double acception : les services ferroviaires classiques d'Amtrak et les projets de grande vitesse ferroviaire. Il s'agit de comprendre comment les politiques publiques concernant le mode ferroviaire fonctionnent, ce qu'elles contiennent et la manière dont elles sont élaborées et portées par les différents acteurs. L'originalité de la recherche repose sur son approche multiscalaire avec un aller-retour continu entre les différentes échelles d'analyse et sur son ambition d'analyser la territorialisation des politiques en faveur du mode ferroviaire interurbain grâce à plusieurs études de cas. L'analyse met en évidence le fait que s'impose une approche bottom-up pour le portage des projets, c'est le cas notamment pour le projet californien de GVF californien et la modernisation du corridor des Cascades. Cette logique est même poussée à l'extrême avec la multiplication de ces projets ferroviaires privés qui revendiquent leur indépendance par rapport à la puissance publique tant en termes de prise de décision que de gouvernance ou de financement. Cela semble éloigner définitivement toute tentative de définition d'un schéma national pour la grande vitesse ferroviaire, sur le modèle de ce qui s'est passé dans les pays historiques de la GVF, au-delà des considérations partisanes – c'est-à-dire de l'engagement traditionnellement plus fort du parti démocrate dans les grands investissements fédéraux. Deux conclusions en ressortent : en premier lieu, une uniformisation de cet argumentaire et des préconisations pour encourager de nouvelles politiques ferroviaires – effets structurants, rôle économique de la grande vitesse, lutte contre la congestion, report modal ; en second lieu, un engagement à toutes les échelles, tangible mais à divers degrés, des acteurs publics en faveur du mode ferroviaire. Il n'y a pas de projets, portés par des acteurs publics, de nouvelles lignes exclusivement réservées à la GVF. L'essentiel des corridors à grande vitesse concerne des corridors à vitesse élevée (higher speed rail) dont certains ont vocation à devenir à plus ou moins long terme à grande vitesse comme le corridor Nord-Est. Le projet californien, quant à lui, repose en partie sur la réalisation d'une nouvelle infrastructure mais aussi sur l'utilisation de tronçons existants améliorés. La territorialisation des projets ferroviaires passe par la conception et la mise en œuvre de réseaux de transport davantage intégrés – au moins sur le plan de la desserte et de la connexion physique – selon une véritable logique réticulaire. Après analyse des projets de modernisation de corridors à vitesse élevée et de construction de nouvelles infrastructures, nous constatons l'importance des gares et une mise à l'agenda d'une meilleure coordination entre transports et urbanisme par le soutien aux quartiers de gare. En effet, un projet de corridor ferroviaire, qui se trouve au croisement d'intérêts politiques, économiques, techniques et territoriaux, est bien au centre d'un processus de territorialisation qui inscrit matériellement l'infrastructure dans les espaces urbains, et d'un processus de politisation par une mobilisation des acteurs locaux. Les projets ferroviaires apparaissent comme un instrument permettant l'implantation d'équipements à l'échelle métropolitaine (gares, pôles intermodaux) et la structuration ou la reconfiguration du tissu urbain (quartiers de gare, projets plus vastes de renouvellement d'un quartier)

The phenomenon of peri-urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa is very worrying. Indeed, the rapid peri-urbanization of cities in this region is accompanied by excessive consumption of natural resources, including land resources. Yet, although massive, the phenomenon of peri-urbanization is very little known on the scientific level and too little taken into account by decision-makers. Thus, our research is based on a dual technical and political hypothesis, with the main objective to contributie to the improvement of knowledge on the residential peri-urbanization process underway in sub-Saharan Africa. Through the case of Kinshasa, we seek here to stimulate a better consideration of this phenomenon in urban planning processes. Methodologically, our work has been based on existing literature, on quantitative approaches based on remote sensing as well as on field investigations. The work achieved thus benefits from a combination of varied methodological approaches. The operationalization of this approach is based on an evaluation grid of urban efficiency. Our fieldworks haves been devoted to the themes of ordinary housing and planned housing. By ordinary housing, we intend a largely informal habitat where collective services are malfunctioning due to the fact that basic infrastructures are generally lacking. By contrast to ordinary housing, planned housing are developed on serviced plots, thanks to connections to the infrastructure networks. In order to study ordinary housing, we have organized household surveys in three types of location: the central area of the city, its suburbs and its peri-urban area. Our work has yielded several results that show that urban efficiency in Kinshasa is seriously affected by the combination of peri-urbanization and weak state involvement in the process of urban growth. This is justified, for example, by a lack of infrastructure and very difficult mobility conditions leading to particularly high time-budgets (for example, an average of 2h30 of daily travel for heads of households living in the peri-urban area) The literature on peri-urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa emphasizes that it generally comes as a result of residential migration of poor people. Our surveys have verified this idea. Indeed, the peri-urban area of Kinshasa is particularly disadvantaged and, compared to the central zone and to the suburbs, income levels are lower, households are larger and access to water is particularly problematic. In addition, among poor peri-urban households, we met a large number of families with a woman at their head. What we see here is a relegation process: to gain access to the opportunities offered by the city, the poorest populations have no choice but to settle in further-flung outskirts, generally in precarious conditions. In term of spatial efficiency and land use, the development of residential urbanization suffers from two major problems. The first is the waste of the land resource in peri-urban areas. The second problem is the overexploitation of this resource in both, the central zone and the suburbs, a phenomenon fueled by the division of certain parcels. Concerning the domestic space, these entities are characterized by housing standards of 6 and 11 m², which clearly corresponds to situations of overdensity. Faced with such a situation, an evolution to support is that of the construction in height, which would make it possible to lodge more inhabitants while limiting the problems of promiscuities inside the housings. In addition to the analyses on ordinary habitat, we have also studied planned habitat. In Kinshasa, planned habitats are usually developed in the form of gated communities. Our work has highlighted that the development of the Kinshasa's gated communities does not only occur through market mechanisms, but also in relation to hierarchical and cooperative mechanisms. In fact, more than financial profits, their developers are primarily motivated by the willingness to find palliatives to the inabilities of public authorities in the planning and development of basic infrastructures. Indeed, we find here developments where a preferential right is exercised. This right is applied by organizations (doctors' unions, university professors' associations, parastatals enterprise, etc.) aiming to improve the housing conditions of their target audience rather than to make a financial profit. Thanks to our analysis of the gated communities in Kinshasa, we also put forward an important phenomenon of induced urbanization. This phenomenon can be explained by the possibility for the neighbors to benefit from the infrastructures set up by the gated communities. Our work also made it possible to clarify the issue of the spatial and demographic growth of Kinshasa. For the year 2015, its population is estimated to 11.5 million inhabitants and our analysis of satellite images shows that these millions of people are concentrated in an agglomeration of 830 km², which represents a gross density of 140 inhabitants per hectare. According to the most likely scenario, we are moving towards a city populated by 21 million inhabitants by 2035, a city that could morphologically stretch over 1500 km². In addition to its demographic and spatial rise, Kinshasa is also characterized by a rise in land prices. Our analyses show that, over the period 2000-2015, the different parts of the city experienced an annual land inflation of 10 %. In 2015, land prices reached levels of 300 dollars/m² in the central area, 200 dollars/m² in the suburbs and 80 dollars/m² in the peri-urban area. Although these prices may seem high compared to the local purchasing power, they likely reflect a situation of economic growth. Through the spectrum of land prices, Kinshasa thus appears as a city where the externalities caused by the concentration of millions of people are to be associated with a development of wealth. Of course, for Kinshasians looking for a building land, such price levels can be problematic. On the other hand, with a view of effective urban planning, they are encouraging. Indeed, they represent sufficient amounts to provide funding proper servicing infrastructures. In view of this fact, it is up to the public authorities to implement the appropriate policies - in particular the key principles of the "making room" paradigm - in order to capture land values in a planning logic that will allow a decent life to the 21 million Kinshasians awaited by 2035.

The phenomenon of peri-urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa is very worrying. Indeed, the rapid peri-urbanization of cities in this region is accompanied by excessive consumption of natural resources, including land resources. Yet, although massive, the phenomenon of peri-urbanization is very little known on the scientific level and too little taken into account by decision-makers. Thus, our research is based on a dual technical and political hypothesis, with the main objective to contributie to the improvement of knowledge on the residential peri-urbanization process underway in sub-Saharan Africa. Through the case of Kinshasa, we seek here to stimulate a better consideration of this phenomenon in urban planning processes. Methodologically, our work has been based on existing literature, on quantitative approaches based on remote sensing as well as on field investigations. The work achieved thus benefits from a combination of varied methodological approaches. The operationalization of this approach is based on an evaluation grid of urban efficiency. Our fieldworks have been devoted to the themes of ordinary housing and planned housing. By ordinary habitat, we intend a largely informal habitat where collective services are malfunctioning due to the fact that basic infrastructures are generally lacking. By contrast to ordinary housing, planned housing are developed on serviced plots, thanks to connections to the infrastructure networks. In order to study ordinary housing, we have organized household surveys in three types of location : the central area of the city, its suburbs and its peri-urban area. Our work has yielded several results that show that urban efficiency in Kinshasa is seriously affected by the combination of peri-urbanization and weak state involvement in the process of urban growth. This is justified, for example, by a lack of infrastructure and very difficult mobility conditions leading to particularly high time-budgets (for example, an average of 2h30 of daily travel for heads of households living in the peri-urban area) The literature on peri-urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa emphasizes that it generally comes as a result of residential migration of poor people. Our surveys have verified this idea. Indeed, the peri-urban area of Kinshasa is particularly disadvantaged and, compared to the central zone and to the suburbs, income levels are lower, households are larger and access to water is particularly problematic. In addition, among poor peri-urban households, we met a large number of families with a woman at their head. What we see here is a relegation process: to gain access to the opportunities offered by the city, the poorest populations have no choice but to settle in further-flung outskirts, generally in precarious conditions. In term of spatial efficiency and land use, the development of residential urbanization suffers from two major problems. The first is the waste of the land resource in peri-urban areas. The second problem is the overexploitation of this resource in both, the central zone and the suburbs, a phenomenon fueled by the division of certain parcels. Concerning the domestic space, these entities are characterized by housing standards of 6 and 11 m², which clearly corresponds to situations of overdensity. Faced with such a situation, an evolution to support is that of the construction in height, which would make it possible to lodge more inhabitants while limiting the problems of promiscuities inside the housings. In addition to the analyses on ordinary habitat, we have also studied planned habitat. In Kinshasa, planned habitats are usually developed in the form of gated communities. Our work has highlighted that the development of the Kinshasa's gated communities does not only occur through market mechanisms, but also in relation to hierarchical and cooperative mechanisms. In fact, more than financial profits, their developers are primarily motivated by the willingness to find palliatives to the inabilities of public authorities in the planning and development of basic infrastructures. Indeed, we find here developments where a preferential right is exercised. This right is applied by organizations (doctors' unions, university professors' associations, parastatals enterprise, etc.) aiming to improve the housing conditions of their target audience rather than to make a financial profit. Thanks to our analysis of the gated communities in Kinshasa, we also put forward an important phenomenon of induced urbanization. This phenomenon can be explained by the possibility for the neighbors to benefit from the infrastructures set up by the gated communities. Our work also made it possible to clarify the issue of the spatial and demographic growth of Kinshasa. For the year 2015, its population is estimated to 11.5 million inhabitants and our analysis of satellite images shows that these millions of people are concentrated in an agglomeration of 830 km², which represents a gross density of 140 inhabitants per hectare. According to the most likely scenario, we are moving towards a city populated by 21 million inhabitants by 2035, a city that could morphologically stretch over 1500 km². In addition to its demographic and spatial rise, Kinshasa is also characterized by a rise in land prices. Our analyses show that, over the period 2000-2015, the different parts of the city experienced an annual land inflation of 10 %. In 2015, land prices reached levels of 300 dollars/m² in the central area, 200 dollars/m² in the suburbs and 80 dollars/m² in the peri-urban area. Although these prices may seem high compared to the local purchasing power, they likely reflect a situation of economic growth. Through the spectrum of land prices, Kinshasa thus appears as a city where the externalities caused by the concentration of millions of people are to be associated with a development of wealth. Of course, for Kinshasians looking for a building land, such price levels can be problematic. On the other hand, with a view of effective urban planning, they are encouraging. Indeed, they represent sufficient amounts to provide funding proper servicing infrastructures. In view of this fact, it is up to the public authorities to implement the appropriate policies - in particular the key principles of the "making room" paradigm - in order to capture land values in a planning logic that will allow a decent life to the 21 million Kinshasians awaited by 2035.

El capítulo 1 contiene una justificación del hilo conductor de esta tesis doctoral (el papel de la sociedad civil), junto con las hipótesis y objetivos principales: destacar la importancia de las redes sociales, matizar la supuesta desmovilización vecinal en los años ochenta, explicar la movilización social autonomista en base a la difusión de determinados discursos sobre el autogobierno y cómo el proceso autonómico influyó en los discursos del PCE, PSA y PSOE. En el segundo capítulo, planteamos la perspectiva teórica que guía la tesis, basada en la construcción social de la realidad, la teoría de marcos y los contextos de micromovilización. Seguidamente, el capítulo tercero está dedicado a la metodología. Atendiendo a la problemática de las fuentes (estado, localización, tipología), tratamos las dificultades del acceso a los archivos, la importancia de la historia oral y una visión general de las entrevistas recogidas. En cuarto lugar, desarrollamos un estado de la cuestión doble. Por un lado, analizando la literatura científica existente sobre movimientos sociales urbanos en Europa (concretamente Portugal) y América Latina (Chile). También, exponiendo el caso de España y sus diferentes territorios. Por otro lado, explicando de qué manera se ha abordado el movimiento andalucista y su relación con el proceso autonómico. Tras explicar la historiografía tanto sobre los movimientos sociales urbanos como sobre el movimiento andalucista, empezamos a analizar las condiciones materiales de existencia (migraciones, transformaciones urbanas, etc) que favorecieron la aparición del asociacionismo vecinal. En este capítulo 5, tratamos además el papel de las redes sociales, el asociacionismo y la contribución al mismo de la Iglesia de base y fuerzas políticas antifranquistas, con su discursos y formas de actuación. A continuación, analizamos las alianzas, los repertorios de protesta y la defensa de la cultura popular por parte de las asociaciones vecinales. Finalmente, exponemos el desarrollo del movimiento vecinal en seis ciudades (Córdoba, Granada, Jaén, Linares, Motril y Sevilla). En el capítulo 6, destacamos la contestación que sufren los últimos ayuntamientos franquistas, el papel de los concejales demócratas y el desgaste de alcaldes y concejales. A continuación, analizamos las elecciones municipales de 1979 y el grado de trasvase de activistas vecinales a los nuevos ayuntamientos. Para concluir, exponemos la evolución del movimiento vecinal en los años ochenta, con viejos y nuevos retos: problemática urbana en general, movilización a favor del Sí en el referéndum andaluz del 28 de febrero de 1980, defensa de los consumidores, movilizaciones anti OTAN e influencia en las políticas de participación ciudadana. Finalmente, en el capítulo 7, abordamos el movimiento andalucista y el proceso autonómico, desde la perspectiva de la construcción de una identidad andaluza en la esfera semipública (partidos políticos andalucistas, labor de intelectuales y periodistas, asociaciones culturales, colectivos andalucistas, iniciativas culturales, etc) y la esfera pública (movilizaciones de diciembre de 1977 y 1979, la campaña del referéndum del 28-F de 1980 y el desbloqueo del proceso autonómico). ; SUMMARY The first chapter contains a justification of the thread running through this doctoral thesis (the role of civil society), together with the hypotheses and main objectives: to underscore the importance of social networks, nuance the supposed neighbourhood demobilisation in 1980s, explain how certain discourses on self-government conditioned social mobilisation in favour of autonomy and how the autonomic process influenced the discourses of the PCE, PSA and PSOE. The second chapter outlines the theoretical perspective guiding the thesis, based on the social construction of reality, the theory of frameworks and micro-mobilisation contexts. The third chapter is devoted to the methodology. In accordance with the problems in the sources (condition, location and typology), it studies the difficulties in the access to archives and the importance of oral history and gives an overview of the interviews made. A double state of the art is developed in the fourth chapter. On one hand it analyses scientific literature on urban social movements in Europe (comissões/associações of the population in Portugal) and Latin America (people's movements in Chile). It also describes the case of the different regions in Spain. On the other hand, it explains how the Andalusianist movement has been approached and its relationship with the process of obtaining autonomy. After explaining the historiography both of urban social movements and the Andalusianist movement, the necessary material conditions (migration, urban changes, etc.) that favoured the emergence of neighbourhood associations will be analysed. The fifth chapter also discusses the role of social networks, associationism and the contribution of the ground-level Church and anti-Francoist political forces, with their discourses and ways of working. It goes on to study the alliances, repertoire of protests and the defence of popular culture by the neighbourhood associations. Finally, it describes the neighbourhood movement in six towns and cities (Córdoba, Granada, Jaén, Linares, Motril and Seville). The sixth chapter highlights the opposition to the last Francoist town corporations, the role of democratic councillors and the wearing down of mayors and councillors. It then analyses the 1979 local elections and the degree of transfer of neighbourhood activists to the new corporations. To conclude, it describes the evolution in the neighbourhood movement in the 1980s, with old and new goals: urban problems in general, mobilisation in favour of the Yes vote in the Andalusian referendum on February 28th 1980, consumer protection, anti-NATO mobilisations and influence in policies of citizen participation. Finally, seventh chapter addresses the Andalusianist movement and the autonomic process, from the viewpoint of the construction of an Andalusian identity in the semi-public sphere (Andalusianist political parties, the work of intellectuals and journalists, cultural associations, Andalusianist collectives, cultural initiatives, etc.) and in the public sphere (mobilisations in December 1977 and 1979, the campaign for the referendum on February 28th 1980 and unblocking the autonomic process). ; Tesis Univ. Granada.

En el presente artículo hemos tratado de revisar los argumentos de Política Criminal de los que hemos denominado delitos de tráfico de personas, objetos o mercancías. Para ello se han seleccionando un grupo de delitos que reúnen características típicas comunes —estructuras típicas y verbos típicos, entre otros—, todos ellos destinados a impedir o limitar la participación —en sentido laxo— en actividades relacionadas con un determinado ámbito comercial o mercado en sentido estricto. Hemos comprobado que, pese a la similitud formal de los diferentes tipos de delitos, los bienes jurídicos en los que la intervención penal se fundamenta son de lo más variado, así como los «objetos» de dicho comercio. Una breve revisión histórica de los primeros delitos relacionados con el tráfico de personas, objetos o mercancías pone de manifiesto que las tentaciones del titular de Ius Puniendi de regular —bajo la amenaza de una pena— ciertos intercambios de bienes y servicios (sexo, drogas, moneda…) es antigua, pero nuestra legislación histórica muestra con poco recato los intereses económicos a los que atiende —los delitos relativos a la prostitución han quedado fuera de esta investigación por sus especialidades—. El incremento exponencial de los delitos de tráfico de personas, objetos o mercancías producido durante el siglo XX, que se mantiene en este siglo XXI, debe relacionarse con la globalización de la economía y del Derecho Penal. Más aún: con el Derecho Penal de la globalización que, hemos visto, es básicamente un Derecho Penal económico con tintes de un Derecho Penal del riesgo, etiquetas, todas ellas, que tratan de designar problemas jurídicos sobre una misma realidad vista, quizá, desde distinta perspectiva. Los problemas de técnica jurídica propios de los delitos económicos en la actualidad son los problemas de los delitos que estamos analizando e, incluso, el concepto de Derecho Penal económico se adecúa perfectamente al contenido de estos tipos penales, lo que nos conduce a afirmar que éstos son propiamente delitos económicos, con los que comparten todas las características típicas, lo que abre nuevas perspectivas para su revisión y estudio —entre otros—, a los delitos de tráfico de drogas (supuestamente contra la Salud Pública); tráfico de órganos (supuestamente contra la Salud) o tráfico de armas (supuestamente contra el Orden Público). El presente artículo plantea que los delitos de tráfico de personas, objetos y mercancías están legislativamente destinados a prohibir o controlar un proceso comercial que se oculta bajo bienes jurídicos consolidados doctrinalmente (e incluso constitucionalmente), que las modalidades de conducta típicas tienen como finalidad facilitar la prueba —con merma de garantías, lo que es propio de un modelo penal autoritario—. Doctrinal y jurisprudencialmente se legitima la intervención penal en estos ámbitos en bienes jurídicos colectivos que se vinculan automáticamente con estructuras típicas de mera actividad y, como consecuencia, con delitos de peligro abstracto, en un círculo de categorías dogmáticas complejas que se interrelacionan en una argumentación sobre la que penden serias dudas. En este momento se estudian los bienes jurídicos protegidos, desde una perspectiva político criminal y dogmática, dejando para una publicación posterior la revisión de su relación con las estructuras típicas (delitos de peligro, delitos de mera actividad) y el concepto de autoría que subyace a los delitos que hemos seleccionado bajo la común denominación de delitos de tráfico de personas, objetos y mercancías.In this article we review the arguments of Criminal Policy of which we have called crimes of trafficking in persons, objects or goods. For this, it have been selecting a group of crimes that meet common features —structures, verbs, etc.—. These crimes try to prevent or limit commercial activity in a particular area. Despite the formal similarity of the different types of crimes, we found that social interests in which criminal law is based are quite varied, as well as the «objects» of the trade. A brief historical review of the oldest crimes trading related shows that the state seeks to regulate (under threat of a penalty) certain exchanges of goods and services for a long time. But in our historic legislation does not hide economic interests it serves —crimes related to prostitution have been left out of this research for its specialties—. The exponential increase of crimes of trafficking in persons, objects or goods produced in the twentieth century, which remains in the current century, must relate to the globalization of the economy and the Criminal Law. Moreover, the Criminal Law of Globalization is basically an economic Criminal Law: An Economic Criminal Law with the characteristics of a Criminal Law of a Risk Society. All this labels seek to appoint legal problems on the same reality view, perhaps, from different perspective. The problems of economic crimes today are identical to those we are discussing and even the concept of economic criminal law can clarify these crimes. So we can say that we are facing genuine economic crimes. This opens new perspectives for review and study, among others, to drug trafficking crimes (supposedly against Public Health); organ trafficking crimes (supposedly against Health) or arms trafficking crimes (supposedly against Public Order). This article argues that crimes of trafficking in persons, objects and goods are legislatively intended to prohibit or control a commercial process that is hidden under other legal goods or social interests legally and constitutionally protected. Alike, it is stated that these kinds of conduct are intended to facilitate that the prosecutor prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused person committed a criminal offence. In these areas, Jurisprudence legitimises the criminal intervention of Criminal Law in collective legal goods which are automatically linked to conduct crimes and, therefore, with crimes of abstract danger. But this argument will be questioned in this article. This research focuses on the study of protected legal goods. In a later publication will review its relationship with the typical structures (danger crimes, conduct crimes…) and, also the concept of authorship behind the crimes we have selected under the common denomination of crimes of trafficking in persons, objects and goods.

Time of darkness and social rest, the urban night has for a long time been considered as a pause in the overall pace of society. However, times are changing. Driven by the movement of contemporary society, the nights of our cities have come alive and become a new space-time of everyday life.Today, whether we like it or not, a city that wants to be international, attractive and dynamic, is represented with an intensely lively nightlife. The latter effectively allows the continuous operation of the globalized economy. It also fulfills the desire of an intense life shared by contemporary individuals for whom "everything, all the time, immediately" becomes a standard of hypermodern life.If the night crystallizes many stakes of the contemporary society, it is more and more torn between two antagonistic forces. On the one hand, nights must be lively to meet the economic requirements and the people's desire of entertainment. But on the other hand, it must remain a quiet time to ensure the necessary rest of society.Among global and local time, vibrancy and calm, entertainment and rest, the nights of our cities appear as a new field of tensions where the concepts of conflict and regulation are often presented as central in local public policies. But because the night is often analyzed through conflicts and nighttime activity regulation, it remains little considered as a singular time within our cities. Still, since referring to other territories, but also activities, economies, populations, or altered practices, in the end nights exemplifies a time-framed reorganization of an entire urban system.Facing the issues of vibrant and calm city nights, this PhD thesis aims to understand better how the urban night works. Based on the example of the Lyon metropolis nights in France, we will analyze the subject with emphasis on symbolism, representations, space and time organization, and activities. To investigate beyond the notion of conflict, we also propose to study nights from a renewed angle. To make this change, we have chosen to address the night through the concept of quality of life, leading us to compare the offer of a given living environment - that of the urban night - with the aspirations of those who are constantly or temporarily involved in it.Among vibrancy and calm of the city, our investigations will lead us to propose lines of thought in order to design urban nights that are more welcoming, inclusive and concerned about the quality of life of individuals. Among other things, we will propose a better integration of territories night aspect in town planning and urban area development, and to redesign the city appeals through the development of a night-oriented public policy. To do this, placing people at the heart of the process seems essential to make nights a subject within a vast urban project designed by and for the quality of life. ; Temps de l'obscurité et du repos social, la nuit urbaine a longtemps été considérée comme une discontinuité dans le rythme global de la société. Cependant, les temps changent. Entraînées par le mouvement de la société contemporaine, les nuits de nos villes s'animent et deviennent un nouvel espace-temps de la vie quotidienne.Aujourd'hui, qu'on le veuille ou non, une ville qui se veut internationale, attractive et dynamique, est représentée comme vivant intensément la nuit. Cette dernière autorise effectivement le fonctionnement en continu de l'économie mondialisée. Elle répond également au désir de vivre intensément éprouvé par les individus contemporains pour qui le « tout, tout le temps, tout de suite » devient une norme de la vie hypermoderne.Si la nuit cristallise de nombreux enjeux de la société contemporaine, elle est de plus en plus tiraillée entre deux forces antagonistes. D'un côté, la nuit doit être animée pour répondre aux exigences économiques et à l'envie de divertissement des habitants. Mais de l'autre, elle doit rester une temporalité apaisée pour assurer le nécessaire repos de la société.Entre temps global et temps local, animation et apaisement, divertissement et repos, les nuits de nos villes apparaissent comme un nouveau champ de tension où les notions de conflits et de régulation sont souvent présentées comme des données centrales des politiques publiques locales. Mais en étant régulièrement analysée au prisme des conflits et de la régulation de ses activités, la nuit reste finalement peu considérée comme une dimension singulière de nos villes. Pourtant, en se référant à d'autres territoires, mais aussi à des activités, des économies, des populations ou encore, des pratiques reconfigurées, la nuit illustre finalement la recomposition temporaire de tout un système urbain.Entre enjeu d'animation et enjeu d'apaisement de la ville, cette thèse de doctorat se propose de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de la nuit urbaine. En nous appuyant sur le cas des nuits de la métropole lyonnaise en France, nous analyserons notre objet de recherche du point de vue de sa symbolique, de ses représentations, de son organisation spatiale et temporelle ou encore de ses activités. Afin de dépasser la notion de conflit, nous proposons également d'aborder la nuit sous un angle renouvelé. Pour opérer ce changement, nous avons choisi d'aborder la nuit à travers le concept de qualité de vie qui suppose de mettre en regard les potentialités d'un cadre de vie donné - celui de la nuit urbaine - avec les aspirations de celles et ceux qui le fréquentent de manière constante ou temporaire.Entre animation et apaisement de la ville, nos investigations nous conduiront à formuler des pistes de réflexion afin d'imaginer des nuits urbaines plus accueillantes, inclusives et soucieuses de la qualité de vie des individus. Nous proposerons notamment de mieux intégrer la dimension nocturne des territoires dans la pratique de l'urbanisme et de l'aménagement urbain ou encore de repenser les aménités de la ville à travers l'élaboration d'une politique publique de la nuit. Pour ce faire, il nous semble indispensable de placer les individus au centre de la démarche pour faire de la nuit le sujet d'un vaste projet urbain pensé par et pour la qualité de vie.

PENGANTAR-REDAKSI Assalamualaikum wr. wb.Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif Volume 13 Nomor 2, April 2019 ini mengkaji permasalahan sosial yang kompleks dalam perspektif sosiologis. Kajian ditulis dalam edisi ini mencakup: Pemiikiran Kuntowijoyo, Media dan Permasalahan Agama, Gender, Konflik dan Kajian Budaya di Era Milenial. Al Makin menulis pergulatan pemikiran Kuntowijoyo dalam bidang sastra, budaya, pemikiran sejarah dan sosiologi yang mengalir dari aliran Marxist menuju arah Islamis. Tulisan ini sekaligus membandingkan teks polifonik Kuntowijoyo yang meramu tradisi Marxisme Barat dengan musik dangdut Rhoma Irama sebagai tolak ukur nada dan irama polifonik. Diharapkan, tulisan ini dapat memberi sumbangan baru pada pembacaan teks polifonik dan pergeseran gagasan Kuntowijoyo dari Marxist ke Islami yang tidak mendapatkan porsi cukup dari para pembahas di Indonesia.Zuly Qadir mengelaborasi gagasan tentang Islam Berkemajuan yang dialamatkan kepada Muhammadiyah. Gerakan Muhammadiyah dikenal dalam bidang dakwah amar ma'ruf nahi munkar dengan membawa Islam washatiyyah. Islam washatiyah merupakan gagasan yang sesuai dengan pandangan Muhammadiyah dengan dakwah Islam Berkemajuan dalam konteks Islam Indonesia. Dari kajian yang dilakukan Muhammadiyah telah memiliki gagasan Islam Berkemajuan dalam mengembangkan dakwah sejak berdirinya, kemudian dilakukan secara terus menerus dalam mengembangkan dakwah pencerahan pada umat (masyarakat) melalui dakwah bil lisan dan bil amal.Aqida Nuril Salma menguraikan tentang meningkatnya resiliensi Muslim di media sosial dalam praktik beragama: pilihan bank syariah, sekolah berbasiskan agama atau pun model hijab. Ekspresi tersebut semakin menguat dalam kehidupan masyarakat Muslim pada saat pemilihan Gubernur Jakarta. Tulisan ini hendak mengkaji bagaimana sosial media, agama dan kehidupan politik sehari-hari berinteraksi secara online.Imamul Huda Al Siddiq dan Ahmad Arif Widianto menulis tentang peran pemuda NU sebagai kepanjangan tangan dari para kyai NU begitu besar dalam pemberantasan partai dan ideologi terlarang seperti PKI. Secara sederhana, melalui artikel ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemuda NU dengan berdasar prinsip yang ada memiliki andil besar dalam mempertahankan keutuhan NKRI, mulai dari pemberantasan PKI, serta upaya-upaya lain dalam mempertahankan Indonesia. Di sisi lain, mereka juga memiliki perhatian terhadap kelompok tertindas termasuk mantan tahanan politik 1965 dan keluarganya.Azkiyatul Afia Amaelinda dan A. Zahid menulis tentang budaya dialog interaktif dalam mencari sebuah kesepakatan dalam menetukan hukum syariat yang masih membutuhkan penjelasan secara rinci termediasi dalam ruang public, disebut Bahtsul Matsail. Forum ilmiah yang lebih akrab untuk hal ini, diwadahi oleh pondok pesantren Al-amin Kediri, dimana terdapat ulama', ustadz dan peserta forum sebagai pelengkap dalam menentukan sebuah hukum yang masih multi tafsir. Adanya symbiosis mutualisme antara elemen Bahtsul Matsail menjadi menarik dalam kajian ruang public Habermas dalam penyampaian gagasan, ide dan pendapat. Retno Wahyuningtyas, Sari Perdanawati dan Nur Maulida menjelaskan bahwa Yogyakarta merupakan satu dari sepuluh kota intoleran di Indonesia. Hal tersebut berbanding terbalik dengan reproduksi narasi Yogyakarta sebagai kota toleran dan berhati nyaman yang terus 'dijual' dalam promosi wisata. Problematika tentang intoleransi muncul sebagai arena persaingan identitas dan merujuk pada minat tertentu. Di tengah wacana tentang intoleransi, ada pelbagai gerakan masyarakat yang berupaya bersama untuk mewujudkan nilai-nilai keberagaman dan sikap toleran dalam masyarakat, salah satunya gerakan perempuan yang dikenal sebagai Srikandi Lintas Iman, yaitu perempuan yang berasal dari berbagai agama (Islam, Kristen, Katolik, Hindu, Budha dan Konfusianisme) yang ikut menyuarakan masalah perdamaian di antara keragaman kehidupan di Yogyakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Srikandi Lintas Iman telah berhasil menciptakan ruang perjumpaan bagi perempuan mulai dari ibu rumah tangga pada peran aktivisme dalam unit lingkungan terkecil hingga scope yang melibatkan pemuka agama perempuan lintas iman.Sufyati HS menjelaskan bahwa teknologi sebagai struktur proses dan artefak, merupakan ciri imperactive perkembangan masyarakat masa depan. Media massa merupakan sarana efektif yang mampu menjangkau massa dalam jumlah besar dan luas (universality of reach) dan dianggap mempunyai keunggulan yang dapat mempengaruhi pikiran manusia sehingga gaya hidup dapat berubah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, pergeseran media konvensional ke media daring memiliki dampak positif bagi yang memanfaatkan dengan baik, sebaliknya berdampak negatif jika memanfaatkannya secara sia-sia.Afina Amna dalam tulisannya menjelaskan bahwa hijrah berarti pindah, saat ini menjadi role mode baru dalam masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah hijrah yang dilakukan para artis termasuk dalam komodifikasi agama serta bagaimana masyarakat memaknai hijrah yang dilakukan oleh para artis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa hijrah yang dilakukan para artis menjadi komodifikasi baru dengan menjadikan agama sebagai sesuatu yang diperjual-belikan. Selain itu masyarakat menganggap bahwa hijrahnya para artis dimaknai sebagai trend yang baru berkembang, untuk melakukan gimmick di media, sebagai salah satu cara untuk menaikkan popularitas dan dimaknai sebagai sarana membuat sensasi.Moh Soehadha menganalisis bahwa eksodus pengungsi Timor Timur pasca jajak pendapat di tahun 1999 ke Indonesia menyisakan masalah hingga kini. Lembaga urusan pengungsi internasional, pemerintah Indonesia dan lembaga swadaya masyarakat telah membantu melakukan pemulangan kembali (repatriasi) terhadap para pengungsi. Namun banyak pengungsi tidak mau kembali dan memilih tetap tinggal di Indonesia, di antaranya mereka memilih tetap tinggal di daerah perbatasan di Belu, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya segregasi sosial dalam interaksi antara warga eks pengungsi Timor Timur dengan warga lokal. Kebijakan pemukiman kembali (resettlement) untuk pengungsi yang bersifat top down dan cenderung kurang msemperhatikan kebutuhan pengungsi menyebabkan munculnya permasalahan sosial, yaitu akses tanah, ekonomi, pendidikan, komodifikasi ekonomi dan politik, serta konflik sosial. Pemisahan pemukiman eks pengungsi Timor Timur dari penduduk lokal menyebabkan menguatnya identitas dan segeregasi sosial kelompok yang mengarah kepada eksklusifitas dalam proses sosial.Astri Hanjarwati, Jamil Suprihatiningrum dan Siti Aminah menginvestigasi persepsi penyandang disabilitas dan stakeholders mengenai promosi dan pengembangan Komunitas Ramah dan Inklusif di Kabupaten Bantul, DIY dan Kota Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan baik penyandang disabilitas maupun stakeholders memiliki persepsi yang positif terhadap promosi dan pengembangan Komunitas Ramah dan Inklusif di daerah mereka. Meskipun pengetahuan mengenai disabilitas, inklusi dan isu-isu yang melingkupinya masih terbatas, namun baik penyandang disabiltias dan stakeholders mengaku perlunya Komunitas Ramah dan Inklusif untuk diwujudkan. Reponden penyandang disabilitas juga menambahkan bahwa partisipasi dan akses pembangunan oleh dan untuk penyandang disabilitas perlu ditingkatkan baik dari segi kuantitas maupun kualitas. Demikian kajian Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif Edisi 13 Nomor 2, April 2019. Semoga artikel yang penulis sajikan memberikan pengetahuan baru dan bermanfaat bagi pembaca yang budiman.Wallahu a'lam bi showab Wassalamualaikum wr.wb Redaksi

El presente artículo analiza la aplicación de la condicionalidad en
el Mecanismo Europeo de Estabilidad (MEDE) desde la perspectiva de los derechos
fundamentales reconocidos en el ámbito de la Unión Europea. A tal efecto,
se toman como referencia las posiciones doctrinales que han venido defendiendo
la aplicación de los convenios internacionales en materia de derechos humanos
como límite a la condicionalidad introducida por el FMI y otras instituciones financieras
internacionales en sus operaciones con los países en desarrollo. Los organismos
creados en el ámbito de la Unión Europea para dar respuesta a la crisis de
la Deuda pública de 2009-10, y de modo singular el MEDE, organismo creado para
garantizar la estabilidad de la zona euro, han introducido, sin embargo, la condicionalidad
como un elemento estructural en sus operaciones, con una filosofía
parecida a la del FMI, es decir, conseguir el crecimiento económico a partir de la
austeridad, con lo que se ha visto perjudicado el ejercicio de diversos derechos
fundamentales. Ello plantea la cuestión de la compatibilidad de tales políticas con los objetivos y principios de la Unión Europea, definida en su día como «Comunidad
de Derecho» y fundada sobre los valores de los derechos humanos.
La primera ¿y temprana¿ sentencia dictada al respecto por el Tribunal de
Justicia (sentencia Pringle) dejó, sin embargo, en el aire la cuestión de la compatibilidad
de la condicionalidad del MEDE con los objetivos y principios de la Unión
Europea y el respeto de los derechos humanos. Parece, no obstante, que este criterio
tiende a modificarse a partir del reciente fallo en Ledra Advertising, que ha
abierto la puerta a invocar el derecho de propiedad para ser indemnizado por los
daños causados por la aplicación de la condicionalidad. Con todo, será a partir de
la transformación del MEDE en el Fondo Monetario Europeo, si éste se constituye
como institución comunitaria, como puede hacerse efectiva la invocación de los
derechos fundamentales para frenar o mitigar los efectos perjudiciales de la condicionalidad.
Más aún, el control judicial de la condicionalidad en el FME podría
servir como referente para otras instituciones financieras internacionales.
Egonkortasuneko Mekanismo Europarrean (EME) baldintzapena
nola aplikatzen den aztertuko dugu artikulu honetan, Europar Batasunaren esparruan
aitortuta dauden oinarrizko eskubideen ikuspegitik. Horretarako, giza eskubideen
alorrean nazioarteko hitzarmenak aplikatzearen alde egin duten jarrera doktrinalak
hartu dira erreferentziatzat, Nazioarteko Diru Funtsak (NDF) eta nazioarteko
beste finantza-erakunde batzuek garapen bidean diren herrialdeekiko operazioetan
txertatu duten baldintzapenari muga jartzeko. Europar Batasunaren eremuan
2009-2010 urteetako zor publikoaren krisiari erantzuna emateko sortu diren organismoek
eta, batez ere, EMEk (euro eremuan egonkortasuna ziurtatzeko organismoak,)
ordea, egiturazko elementu gisa sartu dute baldintzapena haien operazioetan,
NDFaren antzeko filosofia hartuta, hau da, zuhurtziaren bitartez lortu nahi dute
hazkunde ekonomikoa, eta, horren ondorioz, oinarrizko eskubide batzuk ezin izan
dira behar bezala gauzatu. Horrek mahai gainean jartzen du kontu bat, ea politika
horiek bateragarri ote diren Europar Batasunaren helburu eta printzipioekin; hasiera
batean «zuzenbidezko komunitatea» esamoldeaz definitu baitzuten EB, eta
giza eskubideetan oinarrituta eraiki.
Justizia Auzitegiak horri buruz idatzi zuen lehenengo epai ¿goiztiarrak¿ (Pringle
epaiak), ordea, ez zuen zehaztu EMEren baldintzapenak Europar Batasunaren
xede eta printzipioekin eta giza eskubideekiko errespetuarekin bat egiten ote duen.
Hala ere, badirudi irizpide hori aldatzen ari dela, Ledra Advertising-en duela gutxi
eman den epaiaren harira; izan ere, jabetzarako eskubideari dei egiteko atea
ireki du, baldintzapena ezartzearen ondorioz eragindako kalteengatiko ordaina
eskatzeari dagokionez. Hortaz, EME Europako Diru Funtsean eraldatuta bakarrik
heldu ahalko zaie oinarrizko eskubideei, EME erkideko erakunde gisa eratzen bada,
baldintzapenaren ondorio kaltegarriak geldiarazteari edo arintzeari begira. Are
gehiago, Europako Diru Funtsean baldintzapena judizialki kontrolatzea erreferentea
izan liteke nazioarteko beste finantza-erakunde batzuentzat.
This article analyses the application of conditionality within the
European Stability Mechanism (ESM) from the perspective of the fundamental
rights recognized within the EU. To this end, we take as a reference the doctrinal
positions that have been defending the application of international conventions
on human rights as a limit to the conditionality introduced by the IMF and another
financial international institutions in their operations with developing countries.
The public agencies created within the EU in order to meet the demands of
the public debt crisis of 2009-10, and specifically the ESM, a body created to
guarantee the Euro zone¿s stability, have nonetheless introduced the conditionality
as a structural element in their operations, with a philosophy comparable to that
of the IMF, i.e. to achieve economic growth from austerity, thus impairing the
exercise of several fundamental rights. That raises the question of compatibility of
those policies with the objectives and principles of the EU, defined one day as a
«community of law» and founded upon the values of fundamental rights.
The first ¿and early¿ judgement delivered on this ground by the European
Court of Justice (Pringle case) left nevertheless in the air the compatibility of the
conditionality of ESM with the objectives and principles of the EU and with the
respect to human rights. It seems however that this criteria tends to be modified
by the recent judgment Ledra Advertising that opened the door to invoke the right
to property in order to be compensated by damages caused as a consequence of
conditionality. Even so, it will be after the transformation of the ESM into an European
Monetary Fund, if this is constituted as a Community institution, that invoking
fundamental rights shall be effective in order to stop or mitigate the adverse
effects of conditionality. What is more, the judicial control over conditionality
within the EMF might serve as a reference for other international financial institutions.

It is determined that the formation of the financial system of Ukraine took place simultaneously with the development of its statehood. The components of the financial and credit system, which in total are two subsystems: financial and credit, are analyzed. Each of these subsystems is divided into spheres, and those in turn — on the links, subdivisions, etc. Although each element of the financial and credit system has its own organization, mechanism and functioning, they are all closely interconnected and have a great influence on the development of the national economy. It is noted that the banking system in Ukraine is under construction. It is built on the western type. Today in most countries of the world there is a two-tier banking system. In such a system, relations between banks are formed in two planes: vertically and horizontally.As the analysis shows, the market mechanism is not omnipotent. According to the goals of a democratic society, the market can not provide a noble redistribution of profits. In a crisis situation, the market has little effect on the stabilization of the economy and the effective functioning of the credit and financial system. Certain investment funds, insurance companies and credit and financial institutions are engaged in activities that are unusual for them, harming the public: attracting contributions from the population that perform the functions of savings and commercial banks on the principle of a pyramid, thus causing a wave of bankruptcies. It is substantiated that the public purpose of the financial and credit system characterizes the functions and gives a clear idea of its role, that is, the "work" that this system performs in society. The functions of the financial and credit system are an objective and dynamic phenomenon. Each of them is formed and developed with the development of financial and credit relations and the economic environment in which this system operates. It was concluded that financial and credit relations are one of the most important categories of a market economy, which reflects the real relations and interconnections of economic entities in the economic life of society. The financial and credit interaction of banks and enterprises has always been and remains an important lever for stimulating the development of production and reflects the economic relationship with the reverse movement of borrowed value. ; Визначено, що формування фінансової системи України відбувалося одночасно із розвитком її державності. Проаналізовано складові фінансово-кредитної системи, до яких у цілому входять дві підсистеми: фінансова і кредитна. Кожна з цих підсистем поділяється на сфери, а ті, у свою чергу, — на ланки, підрозділи і т. д. Хоч кожний елемент фінансово-кредитної системи має свою організацію, механізм і порядок функціонування, усі вони тісно взаємопов'язані і мають великий вплив на розвиток національної економіки. Зазначено, що банківська система в Україні перебуває у стадії становлення. Вона будується за західним типом. Сьогодні в більшості країн світу функціонує дворівнева банківська система. За такою системою відносини між банками формуються за двома площинами: по вертикалі і по горизонталі. Як показує проведений аналіз, ринковий механізм не всесильний. Згідно з цілями демократичного суспільства, ринок не може забезпечити шляхетний перерозподіл прибутків. За кризової ситуації ринок слабо впливає на стабілізацію економіки та ефективне функціонування кредитно-фінансової системи. Певні інвестиційні фонди, страхові компанії та кредитно-фінансові інститути займаються діяльністю, яка для них не властива, що завдає шкоди суспільству: залучають внески від населення, які виконують функції ощадних та комерційних банків за принципом піраміди, тим самим викликають хвилю банкрутств.Обґрунтовано, що суспільне призначення фінансово-кредитної системи характеризують саме функції і дають чітке уявлення про її роль, тобто «роботу», яку ця система виконує в суспільстві. Функції фінансово-кредитної системи є явищем об'єктивним і динамічним. Кожна з них формується і розвивається в міру розвитку фінансово-кредитних відносин та економічного середовища, в якому функціонує ця система. Дійдемо висновку, що фінансово-кредитні відносини є однією з найбільш важливих категорій ринкової економіки, що відображає реальні відносини і взаємозв'язки суб'єктів господарювання в економічному житті суспільства. Фінансово-кредитна взаємодія банків і підприємств завжди була і залишається важливим важелем стимулювання розвитку виробництва та відображає економічні взаємовідносини з приводу зворотного руху запозиченої вартості. ; Определено, что формирование финансовой системы Украины происходило одновременно с развитием ее государственности. Проанализированы составляющие финансово-кредитной системы, в которых в общей сложности входят две подсистемы: финансовая и кредитная. Каждая из этих подсистем делится на сферы, а те, в свою очередь, — на звенья, подразделения и т. д. Хотя каждый элемент финансово-кредитной системы имеет свою организацию, механизм и порядок функционирования, все они тесно взаимосвязаны и оказывают большое влияние на развитие национальной экономики. Отмечено, что банковская система в Украине находится в стадии становления. Она строится по западному типу. Сегодня в большинстве стран мира функционирует двухуровневая банковская система. По такой системе отношения между банками формируются по двум плоскостями: по вертикали и по горизонтали.Как показывает проведенный анализ, рыночный механизм не всесилен. Согласно целей демократического общества, рынок не может обеспечить нужное перераспределение доходов. Во время кризисной ситуации рынок слабо влияет на стабилизацию экономики и эффективное функционирование кредитно-финансовой системы. Определенные инвестиционные фонды, страховые компании и кредитно-финансовые институты занимаются деятельностью, которая для них несвойственна, что наносит вред обществу: привлекают вклады от населения, выполняют функции сберегательных и коммерческих банков по принципу пирамиды, тем самым вызывают волну банкротств.Обосновано, что общественное назначение финансово-кредитной системы характеризует именно ее функции и дает четкое представление о ее роли, то есть «работу», которую эта система выполняет в обществе. Функции финансово-кредитной системы есть явлением объективным и динамичным. Каждая из них формируется и развивается по мере развития финансово-кредитных отношений и экономической среды, в которой функционирует эта система. Определено, что финансово-кредитные отношения являются одной из наиболее важных категорий рыночной экономики, отражают реальные отношения и взаимосвязи субъектов хозяйствования в экономической жизни общества. Финансово-кредитное взаимодействие банков и предприятий всегда было и остается важным рычагом стимулирования развития производства и отражает экономические взаимоотношения по поводу обратного движения заимствованной стоимости.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the changes in the criminal procedurallegislation of Ukraine regarding the legal regulation of the institution of preventivemeasures that occurred in connection with the adoption of the Law of Ukraine "OnAmendments to the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes of Ukraine regarding theinevitability of punishment for certain crimes against the foundations of national security,public security and corruption crimes" dated October 7, 2014 No. 1689-VII, andthe determination of compliance of these changes not only with the provisions of nationallegislation, but also with the provisions of international legal instruments and thedecisions of the European Court of Human Rights, including. The tool for establishingthe compliance of these changes with the requirements of the mentioned documents wasthe comparison of the supplement of Art. 176 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukrainepart five with the article 5 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms. It is alleged that the introduction of the norm, provided for byPart 5 of Art. 176 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, automatically led toa worsening of the legal position of persons accused under Articles 109–1141, 258–2585,260, 261 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine due to the restriction of the possibility to applyto them other, in addition to detention, preventive measures, compared to otherpersons who committed crimes classified in criminal law to a group of crimes similar inseverity to the public danger. It is noted that when choosing a preventive measure in theform of detention, to give priority only to the gravity of the crime committed withouttaking into account all other circumstances means that it will not be possible to individualizethe process of applying to a suspect, an accused, a preventive measure, "adequate"to the committed act and characterizing their personality. In addition, theconsolidation in the criminal procedural law of the provision that there is no alternativeto the application of a preventive measure to a person in the form of detention seems tobe a certain discord, given the legislator"s recognition of a number of incentive rulesin the aforementioned articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.After the presentation of this and other relevant arguments in the article, it isconcluded that the provisions of paragraph 5 of Article 176 of the Criminal ProcedureCode of Ukraine do not meet the requirements of Article 5 of the mentionned Conventiondue to their contradiction to the Spirit and the Letter of the Law. ; Статья посвящена анализу изменений в уголовном процессуальном законо-дательстве Украины относительно правового регулирования института мерпресечения, которые произошли в связи с принятием Закона Украины «О внесенииизменений в Уголовный и Уголовный процессуальный кодексы Украины относи-тельно неотвратимости наказания за отдельные преступления против основнациональной безопасности, общественной безопасности и коррупционные пре-ступления» от 7 октября 2014 г. № 1689-VII, и установлению соответствия этихизменений не только положениям национального законодательства, но и положе-ниям международно-правовых документов и решениям Европейского суда поправам человека в том числе. Инструментом установления соответствия этихизменений предписаниям упомянутых документов стало сравнение дополненияст. 176 УПК Украины частью 5 со ст. 5 Конвенции о защите прав человека и ос-новных свобод. Утверждается, что введение нормы, предусмотренной ч. 5ст. 176 УПК Украины, автоматически привело к ухудшению правового положениялиц, обвиняемых по статьям 109–1141, 258–2585, 260, 261 Уголовного кодексаУкраины, вследствие ограничения возможности применять к ним иные, кромесодержания под стражей, меры пресечения по сравнению с другими лицами, ко-торые совершили преступления, отнесенные в уголовном праве к аналогичной потяжести общественной опасности группе преступлений. Отмечено, что приизбрании меры пресечения в виде содержания под стражей отдавать преимуще-ство только тяжести совершенного преступления без учета всех других обсто-ятельств означает то, что невозможно будет максимально индивидуализироватьпроцесс применения в отношении того или иного подозреваемого, обвиняемого«адекватной» совершенному деянию и характеристике его личности меры пре-сечения. Кроме того, закрепление в уголовном процессуальном законе положенияо безальтернативности применения к лицу меры пресечения в виде заключенияпод стражу выглядит неким диссонансом с учетом закрепления законодателемв ряде упомянутых выше статей Уголовного кодекса Украины поощрительныхнорм.После изложения в статье данной и иной соответствующей аргументацииделается вывод о том, что положения ч. 5 ст. 176 УПК Украины не соответ-ствуют требованиям ст. 5 указанной Конвенции вследствие их противоречия духуи букве закона. ; Статтю присвячено аналізу змін у кримінальному процесуальному законо-давстві України стосовно правової регуляції інституту запобіжних заходів, щовідбулися у зв'язку із прийняттям Закону України «Про внесення змін до Кримі-нального та Кримінального процесуального кодексів України щодо невідворот-ності покарання за окремі злочини проти основ національної безпеки, громадськоїбезпеки та корупційні злочини» від 7 жовтня 2014 р. № 1689-VII, та з'ясуваннювідповідності цих змін не лише положенням національного законодавства, а йположенням міжнародно-правових документів та рішенням Європейського судуз прав людини, зокрема. Інструментом установлення відповідності цих змін при-писам згаданих документів стало порівняння доданої до ст. 176 КПК Україничастини 5 зі ст. 5 Конвенції про захист прав людини і основоположних свобод.Стверджується, що введення норми, передбаченої ч. 5 ст. 176 КПК України, ав-томатично призвело до погіршення правового статусу осіб, обвинувачених застаттями 109–1141, 258–2585, 260, 261 Кримінального кодексу України, черезобмеження можливості застосовувати до них інші, крім тримання під вартою,запобіжні заходи порівняно з іншими особами, що вчинили злочини, віднесеніу кримінальному праві до аналогічної за тяжкістю суспільної небезпечності гру-пи злочинів. Наголошено, що при обранні запобіжного заходу у вигляді триманняпід вартою віддавання переваги лише тяжкості вчиненого злочину без урахуван-ня всіх інших обставин не дозволяє максимально індивідуалізувати процес засто-сування щодо того чи іншого підозрюваного, обвинуваченого «адекватного»вчиненому та характеристиці його особистості запобіжного заходу. Крім того,закріплення у кримінальному процесуальному законі положення про безальтерна-тивність застосування до особи запобіжного заходу у вигляді взяття під вартувиглядає певним дисонансом з огляду на закріплення законодавцем у низці згаданихвище статей Кримінального кодексу України заохочувальних норм.Після викладення у статті цієї та іншої відповідної аргументації робить-ся висновок про те, що положення ч. 5 ст. 176 КПК України не відповідаютьвимогам ст. 5 зазначеної Конвенції внаслідок їх суперечності духу і букві закону.

RESUMO Objetivo: refletir sobre a relação da Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde no processo saúde-doença e na qualidade de vida do profissional de saúde residente. Método: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, do tipo reflexivo. Refere-se a coleta de dados a uma pesquisa documental e à revisão de literatura com busca nas bases de dados PUBMED/MEDLINE, LILACS, e biblioteca virtual SCIELO com 16 artigos submetidos à análise. Resultados: destacam-se as categorias "Condicionantes legislativos da residência e a interface na saúde do trabalhador" e "Residência versus qualidade de vida". Conclusão: percebem-se condicionantes negativos sobre a residência que podem influenciar o adoecimento do residente. Espera-se, porém, que esta pesquisa contribua para gerar subsídios tanto de políticas públicas sobre a residência, como de material para aperfeiçoar o regulamento interno dos cursos, políticas essas que ofereçam diretrizes que favoreçam o desenvolvimento de boas práticas em formação e saúde. Descritores: Internato não Médico; Saúde do Trabalhador, Qualidade de Vida; Esgotamento Profissional; Capacitação Profissional; Especialização.ABSTRACTObjective: to reflect on the relationship of the Multiprofessional Residency in Health in the health-disease process and in the quality of life of the resident health professional. Method: this is a qualitative, reflexive type study. Refers to the collection of data to a documentary research and literature review with search in the databases PUBMED / MEDLINE, LILACS, and SCIELO virtual library with 16 articles submitted to the analysis. Results: the categories "Legislative conditions of residence and the interface in workers' health" and "Residence versus quality of life" stand out. Conclusion: negative conditioners on residence can be seen that can influence the resident's illness. It is hoped, however, that this research will contribute to generating subsidies for both public policies on residence and material to improve the internal regulation of the courses, policies that offer guidelines that favor the development of good practices in training and health. Descriptors: Non-Medical Internship; Worker Health, Quality of Life; Professional Exhaustion; Professional Training; Specialization.RESUMENObjetivo: reflexionar sobre la relación de la Residencia Multiprofesional en Salud en el proceso salud-enfermedad y en la calidad de vida del profesional de salud residente. Método: se trata de un estudio cualitativo, del tipo reflexivo. Se refiere a la recolección de datos a una investigación documental y a la revisión de literatura con búsqueda en las bases de datos PUBMED / MEDLINE, LILACS, y biblioteca virtual SCIELO con 16 artículos sometidos al análisis. Resultados: se destacan las categorías "Condicionantes legislativos de la residencia y la interfaz en la salud del trabajador" y "Residencia versus calidad de vida". Conclusión: se percibe condicionantes negativos sobre la residencia que pueden influenciar la enfermedad del residente. Se espera, sin embargo, que esta investigación contribuya a generar subsidios tanto de políticas públicas sobre la residencia, como de material para perfeccionar el reglamento interno de los cursos, políticas que ofrezcan directrices que favorezcan el desarrollo de buenas prácticas en formación y salud. Descriptores: Internado no Médico; Salud Laboral; Calidad de Vida; Agotamiento Profesional; Capacitación Profesional; Especialización. ; ABSTRACTObjective: to reflect on the relationship of the Multiprofessional Residency in Health in the health-disease process and in the quality of life of the resident health professional. Method: this is a qualitative, reflexive type study. Refers to the collection of data to a documentary research and literature review with search in the databases PUBMED/MEDLINE, LILACS, and SCIELO virtual library with 16 articles submitted to the analysis. Results: the categories "Legislative conditions of residence and the interface in workers' health" and "Residence versus quality of life" stand out. Conclusion: negative conditioners on residence can be seen that can influence the resident's illness. It is hoped, however, that this research will contribute to generating subsidies for both public policies on residence and material to improve the internal regulation of the courses, policies that offer guidelines that favor the development of good practices in training and health. Descriptors: Non-Medical Internship; Worker Health, Quality of Life; Professional Exhaustion; Professional Training; Specialization.RESUMO Objetivo: refletir sobre a relação da Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde no processo saúde-doença e na qualidade de vida do profissional de saúde residente. Método: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, do tipo reflexivo. Refere-se a coleta de dados a uma pesquisa documental e à revisão de literatura com busca nas bases de dados PUBMED/MEDLINE, LILACS, e biblioteca virtual SCIELO com 16 artigos submetidos à análise. Resultados: destacam-se as categorias "Condicionantes legislativos da residência e a interface na saúde do trabalhador" e "Residência versus qualidade de vida". Conclusão: percebem-se condicionantes negativos sobre a residência que podem influenciar o adoecimento do residente. Espera-se, porém, que esta pesquisa contribua para gerar subsídios tanto de políticas públicas sobre a residência, como de material para aperfeiçoar o regulamento interno dos cursos, políticas essas que ofereçam diretrizes que favoreçam o desenvolvimento de boas práticas em formação e saúde. Descritores: Internato não Médico; Saúde do Trabalhador, Qualidade de Vida; Esgotamento Profissional; Capacitação Profissional; Especialização.RESUMENObjetivo: reflexionar sobre la relación de la Residencia Multiprofesional en Salud en el proceso salud-enfermedad y en la calidad de vida del profesional de salud residente. Método: se trata de un estudio cualitativo, del tipo reflexivo. Se refiere a la recolección de datos a una investigación documental y a la revisión de literatura con búsqueda en las bases de datos PUBMED/MEDLINE, LILACS, y biblioteca virtual SCIELO con 16 artículos sometidos al análisis. Resultados: se destacan las categorías "Condicionantes legislativos de la residencia y la interfaz en la salud del trabajador" y "Residencia versus calidad de vida". Conclusión: se percibe condicionantes negativos sobre la residencia que pueden influenciar la enfermedad del residente. Se espera, sin embargo, que esta investigación contribuya a generar subsidios tanto de políticas públicas sobre la residencia, como de material para perfeccionar el reglamento interno de los cursos, políticas que ofrezcan directrices que favorezcan el desarrollo de buenas prácticas en formación y salud. Descriptores: Internado no Médico; Salud Laboral; Calidad de Vida; Agotamiento Profesional; Capacitación Profesional; Especialización.

This topic of research was motivated through my extensive interaction in the development field and a key element which was recognized with numerous development assessments within the City of Cape Town, was the fact that our current legislation or standards applied in South Africa do not accurately inform commercial developments within low-income areas. It was observed that the South African standards and policies rely heavily on international standards which focus on private vehicle movement and networks planning which is geared for mobility, whereas South Africa and in particular metropolitan Cape Town has unique characteristic due to the City Planning Structure which was shaped by a flawed political system. The objective of this dissertation is therefore firstly to assess the impact which the built environment (TOD and TND) has on the modal split and trip generation for low income commercial developments, secondary to draw a comparison between the actual operation of low income developments and the accepted trip generation rates used in South Africa, thirdly, to assess the unique characteristics of low income developments within a local context. With this problem statement in mind the aim of this dissertation is therefore to, firstly, to establish a better understanding of the modal split and trip generation for low income commercial developments, secondly, to establish a trip generation rate which is more compatible with developments within low-income communities; and lastly to establish the benefits which can be attained through appropriate development form implementation within the low-income. The literature review section of this dissertation will review academic literature as well as recent policy documents which investigate the relationship between the development form and the impact on traffic patterns, trip generation and modal splits of development. The literature review also establishes common trends and understandings when investigating/reviewing complex data of this nature. It is also the aim of the literature review to set a foundation for the site investigation and analysis process which will be undertaken as part of this dissertation. A critical aspect of this research was the site selection process as this has a direct bearing on the outcomes of the analysis and the accuracy of the results. It is therefore critical to note that the three sites selected for this research were selected based on stringent criteria. With the site selection approach it was a key aspect to keep as many of externalities or external factors constant (Ceteris Paribus) and in this way the results would emphasize the impact of the development form on the trip generation, traffic patterns and the modal split of these developments (if any). The data collection process was done using two distinct survey methods based on the level of technology available at the sites investigated. The first method used was data collection using recorded camera surveillance footage obtained from the centre management. The second method was a manual survey method done by individuals employed at the sites and this was used where electronic data was not available. The survey/data collection process was also broken up into 4 phases, of which the first of these processes was a pilot survey which was undertaken at one of the sites earmarked for the investigation. The aim of this pilot survey was to identify the any shortcoming in the data collection process and it was at this point where all adjustments could be made to eliminate any future errors in the data set. The pilot survey also indicated whether or not the relevant data could be extracted from the camera angles available. The second critical phase of the survey process was that a full week survey was done, this was done to establish the critical peak day which would eventually be used to calculate the critical peak hour for the centres analysed as well as the peak hour factors. The aim of establishing a peak day for the various centres was to eliminate unnecessary data collection and cost, also to focus the study on peak data which will later be compared against prescribed peak rates for these types of developments. Once the peak day was established, phase three was to undertake the final surveys for each individual site and phase four was implemented in order to strengthen the outcomes of the data set, the approach of a repetitive assessment approach (three separate surveys at each site) was used. Based on the weekly peak analysis done, it is evident that the Saturday peak is to be considered the critical/maximum peak for the week. A further conclusion of the weekly peak analysis is that the weekend (Saturday and Sunday) traffic pattern differs from the weekday pattern as it is structured around a single critical morning to midday peak, with the no secondary peaks encountered as with the weekday traffic patterns. The analysis done indicates that TND development principals have a greater impact on the modal split (or preferred mode choice) than TOD as the number of pedestrian trips far exceeds the number of public transport trips generated. This trend was conclusive for all 3 sites used as part of the investigation. A firm conclusion can be drawn from modal split analysis when assessing these developments. When the development form is adequately structured around a pedestrian movement and accessibility (TND type developments), one of the main benefits are increased pedestrian traffic. The outcomes of the modal split analysis also show a positive trend when using the TOD design approach, with the benefits of increased public transport trips. When assessing all the results achieved in the trip generation comparative analysis, it can be concluded that the COTO rate is an accurate prediction for low income shopping centre developments which are built along a transport corridor (TOD design element) and which are pedestrian friendly developments (TND design element). The NDoT calculated rates are not considered appropriate for these developments as they are way in excess of the actual rates recorded.

ABSTRAK Dampak Program Kampung Unggulan di Kampung Tempe, Kelurahan Tenggilis Mejoyo, Kecamatan Tenggilis Mejoyo, Kota Surabaya Nama : Ayu Purwaningsih NIM : 14040674048 Program Studi : S1 Administrasi Negara Jurusan : Administrasi Publik Fakultas : Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Hukum Nama Lembaga : Universitas Negeri Surabaya Pembimbing : Hj. Weni Rosdiana, S.Sos., M.AP. Program Kampung Unggulan merupakan program yang dibuat oleh Pemerintah Kota Surabaya melalui Dinas Perdagangan dan Perindustrian Kota Surabaya dari tahun 2010 yaitu dilakukan kegiatan pembinaan Industri Kecil Menengah (IKM) di 10 kampung unggulan yang akan dijadikan sentra IKM. Program ini bertujuan untuk memberdayakan rakyat kecil melalui usahanya. Salah satu kampung unggulan tersebut adalah kampung tempe yang terletak di Kelurahan Tenggilis Mejoyo, Kecamatan Tenggilis Mejoyo, Kota Surabaya. Kampung tempe merupakan suatu kampung yang hanya memproduksi tempe setelah ada campur tangan dari dinas, kampung tersebut dapat membuat varian olahan tempe. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendeskripsikan dampak Program Kampung Unggulan di Kampung Tempe, Kelurahan Tenggilis Mejoyo, Kecamatan Tenggilis Mejoyo, Kota Surabaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Fokus penelitian ini dilihat dari unit-unit sosial pendampak yaitu: Dampak Individual, Dampak Organisasional, Dampak Masyarakat dan Dampak Lembaga dan Sistem Sosial. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara dan sedangkan teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis kualitatif meliputi reduksi, data, penyajian data, penarikan kesimpulan. Dampak individual, Program Kampung Unggulan telah memberikan dampak aspek psikologi, ekonomi, dan sosial. Pada aspek psikologi, pengrajin tempe termotivasi untuk mengembangkan usahanya meskipun belum memiliki koperasi. Pada aspek ekonomi, pengrajin tempe mendapatkan penambahan pendapatan melalui pembinaan, memiliki jaringan pemasaran lebih luas tetapi ada kendala dalam mendapatkan label halal. Pada aspek sosial, pengrajin tempe dikenal oleh masyarakat luas sehingga dijadikan sebagai wisata industri. Pada dampak organisasional, terbentuknya kelompok pengrajin tempe dan produk olahan tempe. Sentra UKM Siola mendapatkan keuntungan dari penjualan keripik tempe tetapi lokasi stand tidak mencukupi. Pada dampak masyarakat, mendapatkan manfaat pembinaan dari dinas dalam kegiatan pelatihan membuat varian olahan tempe. Pada dampak Lembaga dan Sistem Sosial, Karang Taruna ikut dilibatkan ketika ada kunjungan dari wisatawan mancanegara sedangkan untuk Ibu PKK terlibat dalam pelatihan yang diberikan oleh dinas. Peneliti menyarankan untuk Dinas Perdagangan Kota Surabaya melakukan kerja sama dengan Dinas Pariwisata Kota Surabaya agar menambah destinasi kunjungan, membatu dalam pembuatan label halal, membantu mempromosikan produk olahan tempe melalui media jual beli online. Pemerintah Kota Surabaya sebaiknya menyediakan stand bagi UKM Sentra Siola Kota Surabaya untuk tempat memamerkan barang, gudang penyimpanan barang dan mengikutkan kegiatan pameran. Karang Taruna sebaiknya membantu memasarkan produk olahan tempe secara online. Pengrajin tempe sebaiknya mendapat pelatihan untuk mampu membuat inovasi baru varian olahan bahan dasar tempe, membuat paket wisata di Dinas Pariwisata Kota Surabaya dan melebarkan jangkauan pemasaran. Kampung tempe sebaiknya membuat badan hukum yang kuat yaitu koperasi. Kata Kunci: Dampak, Program Kampung Unggulan ABSTRACT The Impact of Superior Program in Tempe Village, Tenggilis Mejoyo Village, Tenggilis Mejoyo Sub-district, Surabaya City Name : Ayu Purwaningsih NIM : 14040674048 Study Programme : S1 Science of Public Administration Departement : Public Administration Faculty : The Faculty of social and law Institution : Universitas Negeri Surabaya Lecturer : Hj. Weni Rosdiana, S.Sos., M.AP. The superior program is a program created by the Government of Surabaya City through the Department of Trade and Industry of Surabaya City from 2010 which is carried out activities of small and medium industry (IKM) development in 10 leading villages that will be used as the IKM sentra. The goal of his program is empowering the small people through their efforts. One of the leading villages is the tempe village located in Tenggilis Mejoyo Village, Tenggilis Mejoyo District, Surabaya City. Kampung tempe is a village that only produced tempe after the intervention from the service, the village can make variants of tempe processed. The purpose of this research is to describe the impact of thr superior program tempe village in tempe village, Tenggilis Mejoyo district, Surabaya City. The research used descriptive method with qualitative approach. The focus of this research is from the social impact units: Individual Impact, Organizational Impact, Community Impact and Impact of Social Institutions and Systems. Data collection technics through observation, interview and while data analysis technic in this study using qualitative approach technic which is include reduction, data, data presentation, drawing conclusions. Individual impacts, from kampung tempe program has psychological, economic and social impacts. In the aspect of psychology, tempe craftsmen are motivated to develop their business even though they do not have cooperatives yet. In the economic aspect, tempe craftsmen get additional income through coaching, have a wider marketing network but there are many obstacles in getting halal label. On the social aspect, tempe craftsmen are known by the wider community to serve as an industrial tourism. On the organizational impact, the formation of tempe craftsmen and processed products tempe. Sentra SMEs Siola benefit from the sale of tempe chips but the location of the stand is not sufficient. On the impact of the community, get the coaching benefits from the service in training activities to make tempe processed variants. On the impact of Institutions and Social System, Karang Taruna is involved when there are visits from foreign tourists while for PKK Mothers are involved in the training provided by the department. Researchers suggest Surabaya City Trade Department to cooperate with Surabaya City Tourism Office to increase the visiting destination, petrified in making halal label, helping to promote tempe processed products through online trading media. Surabaya City Government should provide a stand for SMEs Sentra Siola Surabaya City to place the exhibition of goods, warehouse and carrying goods exhibition activities. Karang Taruna should help to market tempe processed products online. Tempe artisans should get training to be able to make new innovations of processed variants of tempe basic ingredients, making tourism package at Surabaya Tourism Office and widening marketing range. Kampung tempe should create a strong legal entity that is cooperative. Keyword: Impact, The Program of Kampung Unggulan

Real-estate companies became important stake holders within the city planning process. They moved to new stakes and spaces of urban planning. We suggest that one of the reasons of these new challenges is that some big real-estate companies are focused the themes of innovation and experimentation and are more and more characterized by their involvement within the public – private organizations. This search for innovative proposals has led several organisational transformations within the mix of urban project stakeholder groups. The hegemonic tendency of the real-estate companies can be organized around several phases of urban projects: conception, construction, monitoring, management, etc. Its means that some real-estate companies are not only in charge of the construction phase of urban projects – like they use to be – because they also conquered new phases that participate to the elaboration and to the operational process of urban projects. This recent evolution is linked with strategic views, coming from these companies, on the way they think about urban planning and on the notion of quality of life. It represents, for this type of companies, a change of paradigm in the way of conceiving the production of urban space, but it also represents an evolution of the internal organization of public – private partnership. As several members of a French real-estate companies put it during our interviews, this change involves a new title: they evolve from real estate developers to "urban operators". We saw, in our fieldwork, that it has led to various developments, such as: a change of temporal perspective, from short term commitment they move towards mid or long-term outlooks. Being "urban operators" also means that they have to be very cognisant about new lifestyles, new kinds of behaviours and needs, because it affects their marketing power. Thirdly, companies are sensitive and even greedy about information that concerns how people react to their proposals. This has led to several organizational transformations with, for instance, the emergence of new kinds of "research and development" areas, specific investments funds, contracts with social science researchers, etc. We studied two contexts in particular: flagship urban projects within the urban renovation process in France and in Mexico. With two cases: Plaza Carso in Mexico and the eco neighbourhood du Fort in Issy-les-Moulineaux near Paris. The ranking of flagships projects is a strong trigger for innovation. Plaza Carso and the Fort are characterized by a very strong involvement of real-estate companies that rebuilt the relationship with the local authorities. In both situations, real-estate companies had benefitted from legal specificities, and even legal liberalization in the Mexican case, to develop the project ; Les entreprises de promotion immobilière sont devenues depuis plusieurs années des acteurs importants de l'aménagement urbain. Elles s'orientent progressivement vers de nouveaux secteurs et enjeux de la production de la ville. Ainsi seraient-elles passées de leur métier d'origine à celui « d'opérateurs urbains ». Cette évolution se situe au croisement de l'exigence d'une compréhension des évolutions du marché de l'aménagement des villes, liée au retrait ou au changement de mode d'intervention des acteurs publics, et d'une rentabilité financière qui structure l'action de ces entreprises. Cela représente un changement de paradigme, pour certaines entreprises de promotion immobilière, dans leur façon de penser et d'appréhender la production la ville ainsi que dans leur positionnement au sein des organisations qui se structurent pour aménager les villes. Dans le champ de l'aménagement urbain, ce positionnement s'organise souvent au travers de la mobilisation des notions d'innovation et d'expérimentation. Cette mobilisation peut s'élaborer dans le cadre d'organisations spécifiques de l'action collective où les promoteurs immobiliers sont régulièrement présents. C'est le cas, par exemple, des consortiums publics-privés réunissant des acteurs institutionnels, des grands groupes internationaux de promotion immobilière, des startups et des experts, entre autres. Ces organisations qui sont elles-mêmes présentées comme novatrices s'organisent pour produire un ensemble de dispositifs dits innovants, qui vont du think-tank au projet urbain. Nous nous intéressons en particulier au projet urbain, car l'investissement des promoteurs immobiliers y est singulier : il s'articule de plus en plus couramment autour de la fonction de coordinateur du projet lors de ses différentes phases. Nous avons étudié des projets urbains présentés, par les promoteurs immobiliers, comme innovants en France dans la commune d'Issy-les-Moulineaux et au Mexique au sein de la délégation Miguel Hidalgo. Les façons dont l'innovation et l'expérimentation sont mobilisées, au sein de ces contextes, traduit des ambitions et des perspectives tout à fait différentes. À Issy-les-Moulineaux, le discours de la collectivité territoriale et des promoteurs immobiliers de l'écoquartier du Fort s'articule plutôt autour de la référence aux multiples variantes de la ville intelligente et des nouvelles technologies alors qu'à Miguel Hidalgo, il s'agit avec le projet Plaza Carso, d'un renouvellement de la rhétorique sécuritaire autour du concept, déjà bien connu, du « all included ». Ce que nous avons également pu observer, en France comme au Mexique, c'est que ces projets ont le plus souvent vocation à être positionnés sur le segment de marché du haut de gamme afin, entre autres, d'amortir les investissements qu'ils ont engendré. Ainsi, nous les identifions comme des « projets urbains de standing ». Il s'agit d'opérations qui, au travers de leurs ambitions, de leur médiatisation et des moyens financiers mobilisés par les acteurs du projet, se distinguent des autres modalités d'intervention sur le territoire. Nos questions de recherche reposent sur l'idée que les projets urbains de standing sont des analyseurs des transformations à l'œuvre dans la façon de concevoir et de gérer la ville, car ils reposent sur un investissement important des grandes entreprises de promotion immobilière, sur une évolution de leurs relations avec les responsables politiques locaux et, plus généralement, sur l'ambition de capter des comportements émergents et de commercialiser des produits innovants. On assiste à un processus qui relève en même temps d'un phénomène marketing et d'une évolution des enjeux et des normes de la production du projet urbain. Celui-ci, envisagé comme un laboratoire in vivo, participe, en France comme au Mexique, du développement d'un urbanisme dérogatoire dont l'une des finalités et de libérer l'action de certains opérateurs privés de l'aménagement urbain

The article describes the role of directors, teachers and officers-educators in the training of future military personnel in the cadet corps located on Ukrainian lands in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. During the history of activity in the Ukrainian lands, cadet corps made a significant contribution to the training of officer personnel. Almost all representatives of the middle and high command of the Russian imperial army received secondary education precisely in these educational institutions. It is substantiated that in the middle in the XIX th – at the beginning of the XX th century cadet education was considered as the only integral state pedagogical system of military personnel training. Its purpose was to to prepare an educated, able-bodied, faithful military oath of an officer who could continue to serve military-scientific self-education. It has been proved that first of all, personal qualities, pedagogical experience and a personal example of directors of cadet corps had a significant impact on the formation of a true military man. The article has presented portraits of the best of them – V. Simashko, V. Svyatlovsky, P. Yushchenov, L. Kublitsky-Piotuh, A. Saranchov, who headed the corps from year to year. It was found that the Military Department and the Head Department of Military Educational Institutions paid much attention to the instructional staff of the corps (teachers and officers-educators); the preference was given to highly skilled ones, having experience in pedagogical work. It was determined that solely persons from the military unit who were characterized as responsible, patriotic, moral, disciplined, competent specialists were appointed to the post of officers-educators. It was identified that teachers of civilian high schools, professors of higher educational establishments, including well-known Ukrainian civil activists and scientists I. Pavlovsky, F. Simashko, P. Yushchenko, P. Zhytetskyi, M. Vasilenko and others had been teaching at military educational institutions, which became the founders of public education during the Ukrainian years the revolution. The article concludes that, despite a number of shortcomings, cadet education contributed to the training of future officers in the spirit of fellowship and loyalty to military duties.Key words: training, directors, teaching staff, military man, cadet corps, Ukraine. ; У статті розглянуто роль директорів, викладачів та офіцерів-вихователів у підготовці майбутніх військовослужбовців у кадетських корпусах, що розташовувалися на українських землях у другій половині ХІХ – на початку ХХ століття. Доведено, що суттєвий вплив на формування справжнього військового мали, передусім, особистісні якості, педагогічний досвід та особистісний приклад директорів кадетських корпусів. Установлено, що Військовим відомством та Головним управлінням військово-навчальних закладів велика увага приділялася педагогічному складу корпусів (викладачів та офіцерів-вихователів); перевага надавалася висококваліфікованих, з досвідом педагогічної роботи. Визначено, що офіцерами-вихователями призначалися виключно особи з військової частини, які характеризувалися відповідальними, патріотичними, моральними, дисциплінованими, компетентними фахівцями. Виявлено, що викладали у військових закладах викладачі цивільних гімназій, професори вищих навчальних закладів, серед яких відомі українські громадянські діячі та науковці І. Павловський, Ф. Сімашко, П. Ющенов, П. Житецький, М. Василенко та інші. Ключові слова: підготовка, директори, викладацький склад, військовослужбовець, кадетські корпуси, Україна. В статье рассмотрена роль директоров, преподавателей и офицеров- воспитателей в подготовке будущих военнослужащих в кадетских корпусах, которые находились на украинских землях во второй половине XIX – начале ХХ века. Доказано, что существенное влияние на формирование настоящего военного имели, прежде всего, личностные качества, педагогический опыт и личностный пример директоров кадетских корпусов. Установлено, что Военным ведомством и Главным управлением военно- учебных заведений большое внимание уделялось педагогическому составу корпусов (преподавателям и офицерам-воспитателям); предпочтение отдавалось высококвалифицированным, с опытом педагогической работы. Определено, что офицерами-воспитателями назначались исключительно лица из воинской части, которые характеризовались ответственными, патриотическими, нравственными, дисциплинированными, компетентными специалистами. Выяснено, что преподавали в военных заведениях учителя гражданских гимназий, профессора высших учебных заведений, среди которых известные украинские общественные деятели и ученые И. Павловский, Ф. Симашко, П. Ющенов, П. Житецкий, М. Василенко и другие.Ключевые слова: подготовка, директора, преподавательский состав, военнослужащий, кадетские корпуса, Украина. The article describes the role of directors, teachers and officers-educators in the training of future military personnel in the cadet corps located on Ukrainian lands in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. During the history of activity in the Ukrainian lands, cadet corps made a significant contribution to the training of officer personnel. Almost all representatives of the middle and high command of the Russian imperial army received secondary education precisely in these educational institutions. It is substantiated that in the middle in the XIX th – at the beginning of the XX th century cadet education was considered as the only integral state pedagogical system of military personnel training. Its purpose was to to prepare an educated, able-bodied, faithful military oath of an officer who could continue to serve military-scientific self-education. It has been proved that first of all, personal qualities, pedagogical experience and a personal example of directors of cadet corps had a significant impact on the formation of a true military man. The article has presented portraits of the best of them – V. Simashko, V. Svyatlovsky, P. Yushchenov, L. Kublitsky-Piotuh, A. Saranchov, who headed the corps from year to year. It was found that the Military Department and the Head Department of Military Educational Institutions paid much attention to the instructional staff of the corps (teachers and officers-educators); the preference was given to highly skilled ones, having experience in pedagogical work. It was determined that solely persons from the military unit who were characterized as responsible, patriotic, moral, disciplined, competent specialists were appointed to the post of officers-educators. It was identified that teachers of civilian high schools, professors of higher educational establishments, including well-known Ukrainian civil activists and scientists I. Pavlovsky, F. Simashko, P. Yushchenko, P. Zhytetskyi, M. Vasilenko and others had been teaching at military educational institutions, which became the founders of public education during the Ukrainian years the revolution. The article concludes that, despite a number of shortcomings, cadet education contributed to the training of future officers in the spirit of fellowship and loyalty to military duties.Key words: training, directors, teaching staff, military man, cadet corps, Ukraine.