Suchergebnisse

Deconstructing "deviant": an introduction to the history of atypical burials and the importance of context in the bioarchaeological record / Amy B. Scott, Tracy K. Betsinger, Anastasia Tsaliki -- Bodies among fragments: non-normative inhumations among the preclassic and classic period Hohokam in the Tucson Basin / Jessica I. Cerezo-Román -- Interpreting a multiple burial in an early ancestral Pueblo village / Ann L.W. Stodder -- A young man twice burned: a deviant burial from West-Central Illinois / Della Collins Cook, Laura Gano, Kristin M. Hedman, Susan Spencer Helfrich, Andrew R. Thompson -- The odd man out in a pioneer cemetery at Seccombe Lake Park, San Bernadino, California / Patricia M. Lambert -- Defining non-normative practices in a diverse funerary record: insights from the Caribbean / Hayley L. Mickleburgh, Menno L.P. Hoogland, Jason E. Laffoon, Darlene A. Weston, Roberto Valcárcel Rojas, Anne van Duijvenbode, Angus A.A. Mol -- Good, bad, or indifferent? A unique "deviant" burial from the formative site of Aranjuez-Santa Lucía, South Central Andes / Olga U. Gabelmann, Lawrence S. Owens -- The hunchback, the contortionist, the man with the stolen identity, and the one who will be born in the afterlife: pre-Hispanic deviant burials from Huarmey Valley, Peru / Wies?aw Wi?ckowski, Mi?osz Giersz, Roberto Pimentel Nita -- What's the norm? "irregular" and "regular" burial practices of the early iron age in Central Europe / Nils Müller-Scheessel, Carola Benszin, Gisela Grupe, Annette Schwentke, Anja Staskiewicz, Thomas Tütken, Joachim Wahl -- Burial in a kiln: transgression and punishment in late antiquity / Anastasia Tsaliki -- Variation beyond the grave: contextualizing unusual burials in early medieval Bohemia / Lauren Hosek -- Theoretical and methodological approaches to non-normative burials in Finland in the eleventh-thirteenth centuries AD / Ulla Moilanen -- Atypical burials in early medieval Poland: a critical overview / Leszek Gardela -- Does health define deviancy? Non-normative burials in post-medieval Poland / Tracy K. Betsinger, Amy B. Scott -- The "vampires" of Lesbos: detecting and interpreting anti-revenant ritual in Greece / Sandra Garvie-Lok, Anastasia Tsalik -- Natural mummification as a non-normative mortuary custom of modern period Sicily (1600-1800) / Dario Piombino-Mascali, Kenneth C. Nystrom -- Out of range? Non-normative funerary practices from the neolithic to the early twentieth century at Çatalhöyük, Turkey / Scott D. Haddow, Josh W. Sadvari, Christopher J. Knüsel, Sophie V. Moore, Clark S. Larsen, Selin E. Nugent -- Deviant treatment of the body as a mortuary ritual: a case from the Middle Jomon Period in Eastern Japan / Takeshi Ishikawa -- Ancestors, conflict, and criminality in ancient China and Mongolia / Christine Lee -- Dependent deviance: castration and deviant burial / Kathryn Reusch -- Afterword / Andrew Reynolds.

Deconstructing "deviant": an introduction to the history of atypical burials and the importance of context in the bioarchaeological record / Amy B. Scott, Tracy K. Betsinger, Anastasia Tsaliki -- Bodies among fragments: non-normative inhumations among the preclassic and classic period Hohokam in the Tucson Basin / Jessica I. Cerezo-Román -- Interpreting a multiple burial in an early ancestral Pueblo village / Ann L. W. Stodder -- A young man twice burned: a deviant burial from West-Central Illinois / Della Collins Cook, Laura Gano, Kristin M. Hedman, Susan Spencer Helfrich, Andrew R. Thompson -- The odd man out in a pioneer cemetery at Seccombe Lake Park, San Bernadino, California / Patricia M. Lambert -- Defining non-normative practices in a diverse funerary record: insights from the Caribbean / Hayley L. Mickleburgh, Menno L. P. Hoogland, Jason E. Laffoon, Darlene A. Weston, Roberto Valcárcel Rojas, Anne van Duijvenbode, Angus A. A. Mol -- Good, bad, or indifferent? A unique "deviant" burial from the formative site of Aranjuez-Santa Lucía, South Central Andes / Olga U. Gabelmann, Lawrence S. Owens -- The hunchback, the contortionist, the man with the stolen identity, and the one who will be born in the afterlife: pre-Hispanic deviant burials from Huarmey Valley, Peru / Wies?aw Wi?ckowski, Mi?osz Giersz, Roberto Pimentel Nita -- What's the norm? "irregular" and "regular" burial practices of the early iron age in Central Europe / Nils Müller-Scheessel, Carola Benszin, Gisela Grupe, Annette Schwentke, Anja Staskiewicz, Thomas Tütken, Joachim Wahl -- Burial in a kiln: transgression and punishment in late antiquity / Anastasia Tsaliki -- Variation beyond the grave: contextualizing unusual burials in early medieval Bohemia / Lauren Hosek -- Theoretical and methodological approaches to non-normative burials in Finland in the eleventh-thirteenth centuries AD / Ulla Moilanen -- Atypical burials in early medieval Poland: a critical overview / Leszek Gardela -- Does health define deviancy? Non-normative burials in post-medieval Poland / Tracy K. Betsinger, Amy B. Scott -- The "vampires" of Lesbos: detecting and interpreting anti-revenant ritual in Greece / Sandra Garvie-Lok, Anastasia Tsalik -- Natural mummification as a non-normative mortuary custom of modern period Sicily (1600-1800) / Dario Piombino-Mascali, Kenneth C. Nystrom -- Out of range? Non-normative funerary practices from the neolithic to the early twentieth century at Çatalhöyük, Turkey / Scott D. Haddow, Josh W. Sadvari, Christopher J. Knüsel, Sophie V. Moore, Clark S. Larsen, Selin E. Nugent -- Deviant treatment of the body as a mortuary ritual: a case from the Middle Jomon Period in Eastern Japan / Takeshi Ishikawa -- Ancestors, conflict, and criminality in ancient China and Mongolia / Christine Lee -- Dependent deviance: castration and deviant burial / Kathryn Reusch -- Afterword / Andrew Reynolds.

One straw from a broom cannot sweep : the ideology and practice of the joint family in rural North India / Susan S. Wadley -- Allah gives both boys and girls / Patricia Jeffery and Roger Jeffery -- "Out here in Kathmandu" : youth and the contradictions of modernity in urban Nepal / Mark Liechty -- Rethinking courtship, marriage, and divorce in an Indian call center / Cari Costanzo Kapur -- Love and aging in Bengali families / Sarah Lamb -- New light in the house : schooling girls in rural North India / Ann Grodzins Gold -- Roadwork : offstage with Special Drama actresses in Tamil Nadu, South India / Susan Seizer -- Breadwinners no more : identities in flux / Michele Ruth Gamburd -- Life on the margins : a hijra's story / Serena Nanda -- Crossing "lines" of difference : transnational movements and sexual subjectivities in Hyderabad, India / Gayatri Reddy -- Seven prevalent misconceptions about India's caste system -- God-chariots in a garden of castes : hierarchy and festival in a Hindu city / Steven M. Parish -- High and low castes in Karani / Viramma, with Josiane Racine and Jean-Luc Racine -- Weakness, worry illness, and poverty in the slums of Dhaka / Sabina Faiz Rashid -- Anjali's alliance : class mobility in urban India / Sara Dickey -- Recasting the secular : religion and education in Kerala, India / Ritty Lukose -- The Hindu gods in a South Indian village / Diane P. Mines -- The Feast of Love / McKim Marriott -- The delusion of gender and renunciation in Buddhist Kashmir / Kim Gutschow -- Muslim village intellectuals : the life of the mind in northern Pakistan / Magnus Marsden -- In friendship : a father, a daughter, and a jinn / Naveeda Khan -- Vernacular Islam at a healing crossroads in Hyderabad / Joyce Burkhalter Flueckiger -- Voices from the partition / Urvashi Butalia -- A day in the life / Laura Ring -- Living and dying for Mother India : Hindu nationalist female renouncers and sacred duty / Kalyani Devaki Menon -- Political praise in Tamil newspapers : the poetry and iconography of democratic power / Bernard Bate -- Mala's dream : economic policies, national debates, and Sri Lankan garment workers / Caitrin Lynch -- Interviews with high school students in eastern Sri Lanka / Margaret Trawick -- Cinema in the countryside : popular Tamil film and the remaking of rural life / Anand Pandian -- Dangerous desires : erotics, public culture, and identity in late-twentieth-century India / Purnima Mankekar -- A diaspora Ramayana in Southall / Paula Richman -- British Sikh lives, lived in translation / Kathleen Hall -- Examining the "global" Indian middle class : gender and culture in the Silicon Valley/Bangalore Circuit / Smitha Radhakrishnan -- Placing lives through stories : second-generation South Asian Americans / Kirin Narayan -- Unexpected destinations / E. Valentine Daniel

My book deals for the first time comprehensively with the techniques (and methodologies) of socio-cultural research in pre-modern societies. Contrary to prevailing opinion, it holds that some form of empirical research in these domains must have been present in all human groups, and every type of society, otherwise they would not have been able to adapt to other groups and to their own Internal changes. I distinguish between three basic research techniques: (1) travel, (2) the survey, and (3) the collection and interpretation of material objects..

Chapters I-III follow the development of these techniques from primitive societies via the early civilizations (exemplified by the Ancient near East, Egypt, Israel and the Greco-Roman world) and the Middle Ages to Early Modern Western Society. The mainstay of the book is the period from late humanism to the "scientific revolution" (circa 1570-1660),when all the techniques were refined and two of them (travel and collecting) were methodized. In that period also the age-old barriers against the accumulation of the research results and thus the development of socio-cultural sciences, namely secrecy and topicality, began to break down. I hold that all this contributed decisively to the hegemony of the west over all other World civilizations.

Chapters IV-VIII deal with some special problems of the following period from the "scientific revolution" to the onset of Modernity (circa 1660-1800). They are closely interconnected and add some significant and lively details to the generalizations of chapters I-III. - Mein Buch behandelt zum erstenmal zusammenfassend die Techniken (und Methodologien) der Sozial- und Kulturforschung vormoderner gesellschaften. Im Unterschied zur vorherrschenden meinung geht es davon aus, dass es irgendeine Form empirischer Forschung auf diesen gebieten in allen menschlichen Gruppen und Gesellschaftsformen gegeben haben muss, da diese sich ansonsten nicht an andere gruppen sowie an die eigenen inneren Wandlungen hätten anpassen können. Ich unterscheide drei grundlegende Forschungstechniken: (1 ) das reisen, (2) die Umfrage und (3) das Sammeln und Interpretieren konkreter Objekte.

Kapitel I-III folgen der Entwicklung dieser Techniken von den archaischen Gesellschaften über die frühen Hochkulturen (exemplifiziert durch den Alten Orient, Ägypten, Israel und die griechisch-römische Welt) und das Mittelalter bis zum Europa der Frühen Neuzeit. Das Zentrum des Buches bildet die Periode vom Späthumanismus bis wir "wissenschaftlichen revolution" (ca. 1570-1660), als alle drei Techniken verfeinert und zwei von ihnen, das Reisen und das Sammeln, zu formalen Kunstlehren wurden. In dieser Periode begannen auch die traditionellen Hemmnisse der Akkumulation der Resultate empirischer Sozial- und Kulturforschung und damit der Herausbildung der Sozial- und Kulturwissenschaften, nämlich die Geheimhaltung und der Aktualismus, nachzugeben. Dies hat meiner Ansicht nach wesentlich zur Vorherrschaft des Westens über die anderen Weltkulturen beigetragen.

Kapitel IV-VIII behandeln Einzelprobleme der darauffolgenden Periode von der "wissenschaftlichen Revolution" bis zur Epochenschwelle der Moderne (ca. 1660-1800). Sie hängen untereinander eng zusammen und fügen den Allgemeinaussagen der Kapitel I-III signifikante und lebensnahe Details hinzu.

Some formulations on the prehistory of West Africa / B.K. Swartz, Jr. -- Processes of coastal evolution in West Africa during the Quaternary / Bassey W. Andah -- The status of Guinea coast paleoarchaeological knowledge as seen from Legon / B.K. Swartz, Jr. -- Excavations at Rim, north-central Upper Volta : a paleoecological study / Bassey W. Andah -- The origins and domestication of yams in Africa / D.G. Coursey -- The Kintampo culture and its place in the economic prehistory of West Africa / Colin Flight -- Archaeological data on the origins of cultivation in the southwestern Sahara and their implications for West Africa / Patrick J. Munson -- Comments on the advent of plant cultivation in West Africa / David V. Ellis -- History of crops and peoples in North Cameroon to A.D. 1900 / Nicholas David -- The Sahara as a center of ceramic dispersion in northern Africa / T.R. Hays -- Archaeology east of the Niger : a review of cultural-historical developments / Donald D. Hartle -- The Ntereso culture in Ghana / Oliver Davies -- The emergence of iron technology in West Africa, with special emphasis on the Nok culture of Nigeria / John A. Rustad -- The geographic distribution of footed bowls in the Upper and Middle Niger region / R.M.A. Bedaux -- Speculations on functions of some prehistoric archaeological materials from Sierra Leone / John H. Atherton -- Research trends in West African history / Raymond E. Dumett -- Prolegomena to the study of the culture history of the Igbo-speaking peoples of Nigeria / A.E. Afigbo -- An ethnohistorical reconstruction of traditional Igbo society / S.J.S. Cookey -- Old Akyem and the origins of Akyems Abuakwa and Kotuku 1675-1775 / Ronald R. Atkinson -- Administration and trade in the Akwamu empire, 1681-1730 / Ray A. Kea -- The dynamics and symbolism of Idoma kingship / Robert G. Armstrong -- Gao and the Almoravids : a hypothesis / J.O. Hunwick -- Timbuktu : a case study of the role of legend in history / Eugenia Herbert -- The Julas in western Sudanese history : long-distance traders and developers of resources / B. Marie Perinbam -- Slave acquisition and delivery in precolonial Hausaland / Jan S. Hogendorn -- Accommodation and assimilation in the landlord-stranger relationship / Bruce L. Mouser -- Some paradoxes of pacification : Senegal and France in the 1850's and 1860's / Leland C. Barrows -- Changing perspectives on African resistance movements and the case of the Baule peoples / Timothy C. Weiskel -- Nation building, ethnicity, and the new imperialism : dilemmas of political development in Liberia / Henry S. Wilson -- Long-term structural change in the economy of Central Niger / Stephen Baier

The decrease in the average age of marriage and the increase in loneliness among women in Algeria is a phenomenon that is becoming increasingly visible in society. In the coming years, the number of single people will increase. This article analyses the factors leading to increased loneliness among women aged 40 and over in Algeria based on data from the MICS6/2019 survey. The minimum age threshold was chosen because it corresponds to the age after which the probability of first marriage is almost zero based on Algerian statistics. The methodology of this study is stepwise Wald logistic regression. The paper built regression models based on two samples: the first (24,681 women aged 40 and over) and the second (4,329 women aged 50-54). For an empirical study of loneliness among women, it is proposed to analyze the following determinants: type of employment, type of social protection, place of residence, level of education, and age. Based on the results of the research, four main conclusions were formed. First, the odds of being single are 14.1 times and 4.23 times higher among job-seeking and working women, respectively, compared to non-working women. Due to the loss of hope to get married, women choose career development instead of building a family union. Under these conditions, women integrate into the labor market late. Since most of this category is unemployed and not of retirement age, they have low health insurance coverage. Based on this, to create decent living conditions for single women aged 40 and older, it is advisable to launch a program to improve the qualifications of these women, find ways to integrate them into the working environment and provide them with health insurance. Secondly, the long-term trend indicates that loneliness as a psychological phenomenon will increase every year in society, which will, accordingly, contribute to the strengthening of the imbalance in the marriage market. Late marriage and declining fertility are indicators of new patterns of behavior brought about by economic and social change. Thirdly, the level of well-being is also a statistically significant factor influencing the loneliness of women. Middle-class women are 1.27 times more likely to be single than upper-class women. Fourth, the survey revealed significant regional differences. Women in Algeria's north-eastern and north-central regions are more likely to remain single. These results can be further explored through qualitative research.

На современном этапе происходит переосмысление понятия «варварства» и его роли в мировой истории. Как наиболее коварная форма деструкции оно особенно ярко проявляется в гендерном ракурсе. Половые роли в традиционных обществах определены с самого рождения человека: мужское — активное, прямое, открытое, агрессивное начало, публичная сфера, женское — пассивное, опосредованное, скрытое, подчиненное, частная сфера: семья, брак, домашнее хозяйство. Однако они не являются застывшими, приобретая вcë бoлee пpoизвoльный xapaктep по мере развития общества. Статья посвящена теме гендерных парадоксов варварства в мировой истории, отраженных в литературе. О том, как мужчины прибегают к «женскому» инструментарию насилия для получения власти и богатства, идёт речь в этой статье на примере «Сказки o зoлoтoм пeтyшкe» А.С. Пушкина и связанных с ней аллюзий, знаков и символов. Особое внимание в этом контексте автор уделяет месту и роли религиозного скопчества. Автор заключает, что по мере усложнения цивилизационного развития гендерное варварство тоже усложняется и может приобретать такие изощренные формы, когда происходит латентный обмен половыми ролями в рамках традиционных ценностей.
Our age happens to reconceptualize "barbarism" and its role in the history of the world. It reveals itself as most insidiously destructive from a gender perspective. Traditional societies define gender roles from the moment of one's birth: the male role is seen as being active, straightforward, open, and aggressive, with a focus on the public sphere, whereas the female role is presented as passive, indirect, concealed, subordinate, and consigned to the private sphere, including the family, married life, and the household. These roles, however, are not set in stone, and they acquire a more and more arbitrary character with the development of society. This article examines barbarism's gender paradoxes as reflected in literary works, focusing on the male use of the "female" toolkit of violence for procuring power and wealth based on allusions, signs, and symbols in the text of "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel" by A.S. Pushkin. In this context, the author pays particular attention to the place and role of the sect of the Skoptsy. The author concludes that the mounting complexity of human development triggers the rising complexity of gender barbarism, whose more and more sophisticated forms include a latent exchange of gender roles within the traditional system of values. Keywords: gender barbarism, the sect of the Khlysty, the sect of the Skoptsy, a "female" toolkit, the Shamakhi Queen, A.S. Pushkin, "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel", the ancient East, Antiquity, the Middle Ages, Russia in the 18th –20th centuries.

An interview with a very famous Russian writer of the middle generation, Dmitry Bykov (born in 1967), recorded in Krosno in the Subcarpathian region in mid-May 2014, concerns the situation in Russia and in Eastern and Central Europe shortly after the annexation of Ukrainian Crimea by Putin's Russia. Dmitry Bykov is strongly against this aggression, seeing it as the source of many future misfortunes for Russia, but at the same time he sees the disastrous dimension of contemporary Ukrainian politics, also – in his opinion – too nationalist. When it comes to the assessment of President Putin who functions to this day, Bykov considers him a very mediocre manager, and generally – a man without qualities, predicting his imminent collapse and retirement in some foreign country. The most interesting fragments of the conversation, however, are not those in which the writer's, of course, unfulfilled predictions were formulated, but those about the past and present fate of Russia, which at the beginning of the 21st century again turned out to be hostile to democracy and good relations with its closer and more distant neighbours. Bykov sees in this peculiar Russian "laws of historical development," but his vision of the future history of Russia is far from fatal and we can even call it moderately optimistic. ; Rozmowa z bardzo znanym pisarzem rosyjskim średniego pokolenia Dmitrijem Bykowem (ur. w 1967), przeprowadzona w Krośnie na Podkarpaciu w połowie maja 2014 roku, dotyczy sytuacji w Rosji oraz w Europie Wschodniej i Środkowowschodniej nazajutrz po aneksji ukraińskiego Krymu przez putinowską Rosję. Dmitrij Bykow opowiada się zdecydowanie przeciwko tej agresji, widząc w niej źródło wielu przyszłych nieszczęść Rosji, ale jednocześnie dostrzega też zgubny wymiar współczesnej polityki ukraińskiej, także – jego zdaniem – zanadto nacjonalistycznej. Gdy chodzi o ocenę funkcjonującego aż do dziś prezydenta Putina, to Bykow uznaje go za menedżera bardzo średniej klasy, a ogólnie – za człowieka bez właściwości, przepowiadając mu rychły upadek i emeryturę w jakimś zagranicznym kraju. Najciekawsze fragmenty rozmowy to jednak nie te, w których zostały sformułowane nieurzeczywistnione oczywiście przepowiednie pisarza, lecz te, w których mowa o przeszłych i aktualnych losach Rosji, która na początku XXI wieku znowu okazała się nieprzyjazna dla demokracji i dobrosąsiedzkich stosunków z bliższą i dalszą okolicą. Bykow widzi w tym swoiste rosyjskie "prawa historycznego rozwoju", jednakże jego wizja przyszłych dziejów Ojczyzny jest daleka od fatalizmu i możemy ją nawet nazwać umiarkowanie optymistyczną.

The article presents the first attempt of a complete and systematic analysis of historic and theological publications of teachers and pupils of the Kyiv Theological Academy in the second half of the 19th – beginning of 20th century in the field of studying the history of relations of Catholicism and Protestantism with Orthodox on the Ukrainian lands. The specifics of Kyiv academic historians studies was determined by the social and-political circumstances in the middle of the 19th century and denoted by an attempt to comprehend this issue in the perspective of the history of interconfessional relations of two Western Christian traditions with the eastern tradition of Orthodoxy in the historical gap of the 16th – 17th centuries – the period of the largest confrontation in confessional relations in Ukraine. The author clarifies the characteristic features of researching the question of inter-confessional interaction in the 15th – 17th centuries, which are expressed in attempts to describe the coexistence of three denominations as multidimensional and provoking а variety of different interpretations. Historical studies present the attempt to show confessional interaction in the political and legal aspects and to provide historical interpretations to the ground of philosophy of history. The article proves the tendency of Kyiv academic researchers to move away from the established Russian historiography of the 19th century view at confessional relations in Ukraine through the prism of hard confrontation and outline in religious life Ukraine conditions and circumstances of inter-confessional dialogue. Also, historians in their studies repeatedly note the significant educational and outlook influence of Western Christian denominations on the formation of educational, cultural, theological, literary traditions in Ukraine. ; У статті вперше в дослідницькій літературі здійснено систематичний аналіз доробку викладачів і вихованців Київської духовної академії другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. з історії конфесійної взаємодії християнських релігійних традицій на українських землях. З'ясовано суспільно-політичну обумовленість вивчення київськими духовно-академічними істориками конфесійної історії, що полягала в злободенності «польського питання» у середині ХІХ ст. – на початку ХХ ст. Виявлено характерні особливості розгляду київськими істориками і богословами явища міжконфесійної взаємодії у XV–XVIII cт., що виражено у спробах представити багатоаспектні оповіді про співіснування трьох конфесій, всебічно розглянути феномен церковної унії, витлумачити конфесійну взаємодію у політико-правовій площині, надати історичним інтерпретаціям історіософське підґрунтя. У розвідках духовно-академічних дослідників зауважено тенденцію відійти від усталеного в офіційній російській історіографії ХІХ ст. погляду на історію міжконфесійних відносини в Україні крізь призму жорсткого протистояння та відтворити в українському релігійному житті події міжконфесійного діалогу.

The recent suggestion of phosphine in Venus's atmosphere has regenerated interest in the idea of life in clouds. However, such analyses usually neglect the role of water activity, which is a measure of the relative availability of water, in habitability. Here we compute the water activity within the clouds of Venus and other Solar System planets from observations of temperature and water-vapour abundance. We find water-activity values of sulfuric acid droplets, which constitute the bulk of Venus's clouds, of ≤0.004, two orders of magnitude below the 0.585 limit for known extremophiles. Considering other planets, ice formation on Mars imposes a water activity of ≤0.537, slightly below the habitable range, whereas conditions are biologically permissive (>0.585) at Jupiter's clouds (although other factors such as their composition may play a role in limiting their habitability). By way of comparison, Earth's troposphere conditions are, in general, biologically permissive, whereas the atmosphere becomes too dry for active life above the middle stratosphere. The approach used in the current study can also be applied to extrasolar planets. ; We are grateful to S. L. Clegg (University of East Anglia, England, UK) for helpful discussions on the use of the E-AIM at low water activity and the provision of some code; C. S. Cockell (University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK), D. Y. Sorokin (Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russia) and A. Ventosa (University of Seville, Spain) for providing information about thermotolerance of halophiles; M. S. Marley (NASA Ames Research Center, CA, USA) for information on Jupiter and exoplanets; A. Méndez (University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico) for inputs relating to analysis of Earth's atmosphere; J. R. Lobry (University of Lyons, France) who helped with use of the cardinal pH model; N. J. Tosca (University of Cambridge, England, UK) for discussions about thermodynamic properties of aqueous sulfuric acid solutions; and E. L. J. Watkin (Curtin University, Australia) who provided information about stress tolerance of Acidihalobacter. J.E.H. was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC, United Kingdom) project BBF003471; M.-P.Z. was supported by projects PID2019-104205GB-C21 of Ministry of Science and Innovation and MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia 'María de Maeztu'- Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA) (Spain); and O.V.G. was supported by the Centre of Environmental Biotechnology Project (grant 810280) funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Welsh Government.

An interview with a very famous Russian writer of the middle generation, Dmitry Bykov (born in 1967), recorded in Krosno in the Subcarpathian region in mid-May 2014, concerns the situation in Russia and in Eastern and Central Europe shortly after the annexation of Ukrainian Crimea by Putin's Russia. Dmitry Bykov is strongly against this aggression, seeing it as the source of many future misfortunes for Russia, but at the same time he sees the disastrous dimension of contemporary Ukrainian politics, also – in his opinion – too nationalist. When it comes to the assessment of President Putin who functions to this day, Bykov considers him a very mediocre manager, and generally – a man without qualities, predicting his imminent collapse and retirement in some foreign country. The most interesting fragments of the conversation, however, are not those in which the writer's, of course, unfulfilled predictions were formulated, but those about the past and present fate of Russia, which at the beginning of the 21st century again turned out to be hostile to democracy and good relations with its closer and more distant neighbours. Bykov sees in this peculiar Russian "laws of historical development," but his vision of the future history of Russia is far from fatal and we can even call it moderately optimistic. ; Rozmowa z bardzo znanym pisarzem rosyjskim średniego pokolenia Dmitrijem Bykowem (ur. w 1967), przeprowadzona w Krośnie na Podkarpaciu w połowie maja 2014 roku, dotyczy sytuacji w Rosji oraz w Europie Wschodniej i Środkowowschodniej nazajutrz po aneksji ukraińskiego Krymu przez putinowską Rosję. Dmitrij Bykow opowiada się zdecydowanie przeciwko tej agresji, widząc w niej źródło wielu przyszłych nieszczęść Rosji, ale jednocześnie dostrzega też zgubny wymiar współczesnej polityki ukraińskiej, także – jego zdaniem – zanadto nacjonalistycznej. Gdy chodzi o ocenę funkcjonującego aż do dziś prezydenta Putina, to Bykow uznaje go za menedżera bardzo średniej klasy, a ogólnie – za człowieka bez właściwości, przepowiadając mu rychły upadek i emeryturę w jakimś zagranicznym kraju. Najciekawsze fragmenty rozmowy to jednak nie te, w których zostały sformułowane nieurzeczywistnione oczywiście przepowiednie pisarza, lecz te, w których mowa o przeszłych i aktualnych losach Rosji, która na początku XXI wieku znowu okazała się nieprzyjazna dla demokracji i dobrosąsiedzkich stosunków z bliższą i dalszą okolicą. Bykow widzi w tym swoiste rosyjskie "prawa historycznego rozwoju", jednakże jego wizja przyszłych dziejów Ojczyzny jest daleka od fatalizmu i możemy ją nawet nazwać umiarkowanie optymistyczną.

The Covid-19 pandemic, which is a global disaster, has had an impact on various aspects of people's lives. Housewives can be considered as those who are experiencing the most difficulties due to the pandemic because they must continue to manage and maintain their health in the middle of limitations. This community service activity is aimed at helping and empowering mothers as a form of solidarity with residents in the East Bekasi city area. The form of activity carried out is social assistance in the form of providing food and necessities regularly every Friday since December 2019 until now. All activities are carried out by implementing and implementing health protocols. The results of the activity show that there are benefits for various parties, ranging from donors, aid recipients, vegetable traders, and small grocery stores. This activity is also a form of citizen participation in helping the government to alleviate poverty and economic difficulties due to the pandemic. Assistance in the form of food and basic needs supports increasing the nutritional intake of the family so that it can maintain the immunity of the residents who get it. It is hoped that similar activities can be carried out consistently, in bulk, and evenly, in other places so that the results have a more tangible impact. ; Pandemi Covid-19 yang merupakan bencana global telah berdampak pada berbagai tatanan kehidupan masyarakat. Ibu rumah tangga dapat dianggap sebagai pihak yang paling mengalami kesulitan akibat pandemik, karena harus tetap mengelola dan menjaga kesehatan keluarganya di tengah keterbatasan. Kegiatan pengabdian pada masyarakat ini ditujukan untuk membantu dan memberdayakan kaum ibu sebagai bentuk solidaritas warga di wilayah perumahan di Bekasi Timur. Bentuk kegiatan yang dilakukan adalah bantuan sosial berupa pemberian bahan makanan dan sembako secara rutin setiap hari Jumat sejak bulan Desember 2019 hingga saat ini. Seluruh kegiatan dilaksanakan dengan tertib dan menerapkan protokol kesehatan. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan adanya manfaat bagi berbagai pihak, mulai dari pemberi donasi, penerima bantuan, para pedagang sayur-mayur dan toko kelontong kecil. Kegiatan ini pun merupakan bentuk partisipasi warga dalam membantu pemerintah untuk mengentaskan kemiskinan dan kesulitan ekonomi akibat pandemi. Bantuan berupa bahan makanan dan sembako mendukung dalam peningkatan asupan gizi keluarga, sehingga dapat mempertahankan imunitas warga yang mendapatkannya. Kegiatan rutin yang dilaksanakan secara konsisten, massif, dan merata, dapat menjadi model untuk diikuti di tempat lain sehingga hasilnya lebih berdampak nyata.

У статті на основі спогадів проаналізовано і відтворено кулінарні традиції, притаманні повсякденним практикам української інтелігенції другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХстоліття. Зазначено, що формування кулінарних смаків і звичок нового соціального прошарку відбувалося під значним впливом національної української селянської кухні. Зв'язок між містом і селом для більшості представників української інтелігенції зберігався міцним і повною мірою ніколи не переривався. Харчові практики української інтелігенції ґрунтувалися на успадкованих із дитинства гастрономічних орієнтирах, які поступово трансформувалися внаслідок отримання нового досвіду приготування і споживання їжі й напоїв. Новий досвід переважно здобувався під час закордонних поїздок, здебільшого до європейських країн. Усередовищі української інтелігенції застіллям супроводжувалися відзначення родинних подій, релігійних свят, особливо Різдва й Великодня, а також різноманітних заходів, важливих для українського суспільно-політичного життя. Гостинність, характерна для українського традиційного суспільства, повною мірою властива й українській інтелігенції. ; The article is devoted to the food consumption practices of the Ukrainian-minded educated class during the late 19th – early 20th cc. It is based mainly on the memoirs and diaries. The author considers the fact that the intelligentsia was a relatively new social stratum which came into being by the middle of the 19th c. Most of its representatives, whether they were descendants of gentry or peasants, originated from the non-urban area. The Ukrainian-minded intellectuals maintained their connections with the countryside and its culture, spending their vacations in the rural area, hiring former peasants as cook-housekeepers etc. The author assumes that this was the main reason why the tastes and food habits of Ukrainian intelligentsia were to a large extent influenced by the traditional rural cuisine. It is clearly visible in the descriptions of the Christmas and Easter celebrations when mostly traditional dishes used to be cooked. Keeping a fast was also a common practice for both Orthodox rural population and the urban intelligentsia. As the author points out, meetings of the Ukrainian-minded intellectuals in Kyiv were usually accompanied by the feasts and banquets. At these banquets, the demonstration of hospitality and largess was highly important and the dishes of people's cuisine (recognized as national and democratic) were especially popular. However, a new experience of consuming international food and drinks in the urban milieu progressively transformed tastes of the Ukrainian intelligentsia. Travelling abroad contributed significantly to the changing of domestic food practices. In general, the author comes to the conclusion that during the late 19th – early 20thcc. food consumption practices of the Ukrainian intelligentsia used to be a mixture of the Ukrainian gastronomic traditions and international (mostly European) cuisine.

In August 2015, there are two major Islamic organizations in Indonesia, NU and Muhammadiyah held a consultative forum which is the highest in the conference organization. 33 NU congress held in Jombang, East Java began 1 to 5 August 2015. As at August 3 to 7 held 47 Muhammadiyah congress in Makassar, South Sulawesi. One of the print media that provide accounts is Kompas. Interestingly, Kompas has a history as the founder of the mass media-founders are Catholic figures. As P. K. Ojong, Oetama, R. G. Doeriat, Frans Xaverius Seda, Polycarp Swantoro, R. Soekarsono, there are also representatives of the Supreme Council of hierarchical elements of the Indonesian Bishops (Mawi), Catholic party Union of Catholic University Students of the Republic of Indonesia (PMKRI). Kompas discourse about NU and Muhammadiyah that are the focus of research. How the two types of the news media is manufactured into a text. Because the media really is in the middle of a social reality that is loaded with a variety of interests, but has been linked with the social reality. As Aart Van Zoest once said, that a text has never been separated from ideology and have the ability to manipulate the reader toward an ideology. In the text of the media, reporters, also the editor, full power over the choice of words to beworn. He may or must select one word in between the rows of words that are quite similar yet different "flavors" of his. This research is a library (library research) with a focus on the study of print media ie newspapers Kompas, while the object to be studied is the preaching of NU and Muhammadiyah 33rd to 47th. In conducting the study, researchers used a discourse analysis approach Norman Fairclough. Fairclough focused discourse on language. Therefore, this analysis will focus on how it is formed and shaped the language of social relationships and social context. From this analysis, there are three points which were highlighted by researchers that democracy, state, and religious. Based on these three points, then the compass which in this case represented by the reporter had identified himself as part of the Muhammadiyah. In doing news about Muhammadiyah Congress, journalists tend to bring out the themes of good and using the words positive connotation. While in Congress proclaim the Nahdlatul Ulama, there was some news that gave rise to unfavorable theme of the NU and use words negative connotation.

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), also known as Napoleon I, was a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. Born on the island of Corsica, Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution (1789-1799). After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d'état, he crowned himself emperor in 1804. Shrewd, ambitious and a skilled military strategist, Napoleon successfully waged war against various coalitions of European nations and expanded his empire. However, after a disastrous French invasion of Russia in 1812, Napoleon abdicated the throne two years later and was exiled to the island of Elba. In 1815, he briefly returned to power in his Hundred Days campaign. After a crushing defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, he abdicated once again and was exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena, where he died at 51.Napoleon was responsible for spreading the values of the French Revolution to other countries, especially in legal reform and the abolition of serfdom. After the fall of Napoleon, not only was the Napoleonic Code retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec. The memory of Napoleon in Poland is favorable, for his support for independence and opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies. The social structure of France changed little under the First Empire. It remained roughly what the Revolution had made it: a great mass of peasants comprising three-fourths of the population—about half of them works owners of their farms or sharecroppers and the other half with too little land for their own subsistence and hiring themselves out as laborers. Industry, stimulated by the war and the blockade of English goods, made remarkable progress in northern and eastern France, whence exports could be sent to central Europe; but it declined in the south and west because of the closing of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. The great migrations from rural areas toward industry in the towns began only after 1815. The nobility would probably have declined more swiftly if Napoleon had not restored it, but it could never recover its former privileges. Finally we can say that many of the territories occupied by Napoleon during his Empire began to feel a new sense of nationalism.