Suchergebnisse

La intención principal de esta investigación es encontrar las claves que se utilizan a diario en los medios de comunicación para crear, de cara a la opinión pública, héroes y antihéroes en periodos de crisis internacional como los que se vienen viendo desde el pasado 11 de septiembre. Para plantear esta investigación partimos de dos ideas. La primera de ellas es que en un mundo globalizado como el actual las ideas transmitidas a través de los periódicos de referencia son muy similares a pesar de las fronteras. La segunda de nuestras hipótesis es que los medios de comunicación impresos pueden crear personajes ficticios que jueguen los roles tradicionales que desde tiempos ancestrales han venido jugando de un modo antagónico los protagonistas de los conflictos bélicos. El método de investigación utilizado será el cualitativo, de manera que se realizará un estudio previo de los distintos usos del lenguaje posibles para la creación de personajes y de los mecanismos de la propaganda política utilizados en otros conflictos con idénticos fines. La muestra sobre la que se aplicará este marco teórico será la formada por aquellos textos publicados por el diario El País sobre la persona del actual presidente durante las últimas elecciones en EEUU y todos aquellos que han visto la luz desde entonces y hasta el 8 de octubre, fecha en la que se iniciaron los ataques norteamericanos sobre Afganistán. De este modo podrá observarse cual es la proyección que ha seguido la figura de George W. Bush desde que ganara la presidencia de un modo más que cuestionado hasta alcanzar los índices de popularidad más altos para un presidente de los EEUU. Por otra parte, se realizará el mismo trabajo para la figura de Osama Ben Laden. De este modo podremos obtener las claves para la creación de héroes y antihéroes en los medios impresos. Considero que este tipo de trabajos puede ser útil para dos colectivos. En primer lugar es importante para aquellos gabinetes de comunicación encargados de la imagen de los políticos porque de algún modo pueden valorar el éxito o fracaso de su trabajo. En segundo lugar considero que es importante facilitar a la opinión pública las claves para entender la intencionalidad que subyace en los medios de comunicación y los mecanismos que rigen la elaboración y transmisión de noticias ; The main intention of this research is to find out the keys thast are used in the newspaper to create in the public opinion the idea of heroes and anti-heroes in periods of international crisis like which those we are living since September the 11th. In order to raise this investigation we used two ideas. First of them it is that in a globalizado world as present the ideas transmitted through reference newspapers are very similar in spite of the borders between countries. Second of our hypotheses it is that the printed mass media can create fictitious personages who play the traditional rolls that from ancestral times have come playing as antagonistic protagonists of the warlicke conflicts. The method of research will be the quealitative one, so I will made a previous study of the different possible uses of the lenguage for the creation of personages and the mechanisms of the political propaganda used in other conflicts with identical aims. The sample on which this teoretical frame will be applied will be formed by the those texts published by the newspaper El País on the person of the present president during the last selections in the USA an all those that have seen the light since then and until October the 8th, date in wich Washington attacks began on Afghanistan. This way it will be able to be observed how is the projection that has followed the figure of Georges W. Bush since it gained the presidency of a way more than questioned until reaching the higher indices of popularity of a president of the USA. On the other hand, the same work will be made for the figura of Osama Ben Laden. So will be able to obtain the keys for the creation of heroes and anti-heroes in average forms. I consider that this type of research can be useful for two groups of people. First it is important for those cabinets of communication in charge of the image of the politicians becouse it is the way they can value the success or failure of his work. Secondly I consider that it is important to facilitate to the public opinion the keys to understand the intentionality that sublie in mass media and the mechanisms that gobern the processing and transmission of the news.

Magistrsko delo obravnava problematiko poslovnih pogajanj v podjetju Metal Ravne, d.o.o., natančneje pogajanja med domačimi in ruskimi poslovnimi partnerji. Pogajanja so pomembna sestavina poslovnega delovanja in posebna dejavnost menedžerjev v organizacijah. So večsmeren proces sporazumevanja za usklajevanje interesov, v katerem več udeležencev vpliva medsebojno pri nastajanju skupnih odločitev. Dobra pogajanja morajo usklajevati interese in hkrati obvladovati nasprotja med udeleženci organizacije, ki so lahko notranji ali zunanji. Nasprotja v pogajanjih so gonilo napredka, usklajeni interesi kot rezultat pogajanj pa pogoj za uspešnost organizacije. Nasprotno pa se neusklajeni interesi lahko izrodijo v škodljive spore, ki nikomur ne koristijo. Dober pogajalec se ne rodi, ampak so dosego stopnje dobrega pogajalca potrebne večletne izkušnje. Izkušenost pa posledično prinese tudi izkušnje v načinu priprave za pogajanje, načinu komuniciranja in v pripravi strategije. Vse to je potrebno, saj zaradi vedno večjega odpiranja tujim trgom in povezovanja držav, poslovna pogajanja potekajo med pogajalci iz različnih kulturnih okolij, s specifičnim sistemom vrednot in pričakovanj. Te razlike v stališčih, prepričanju in percepciji so skupaj z mnogimi drugimi značilnostmi kulture temeljnega pomena za dobra mednarodna pogajanja in imajo velik vpliv na sam potek pogajanj. Poznavanje kulture nasprotne strani pomeni določeno prednost v pogajanjih, saj se z dobro pripravo na sama pogajanja skrajša čas pogajanj in hkrati pripomore k sklenitvi sporazuma, ki je za obe pogajalski strani najbolj zaželjen. Priprave na pogajanja s tujimi poslovnimi partnerji igrajo pomembno vlogo, kajti pri sami pripravi pogajanj izkušen pogajalec dobro spozna kulturo pogajalskega partnerja, strategijo pozna, stil, nebesedno komunikacijo in ostale dejavnike, ki vplivajo na potek in rezultat pogajanj. Neizkušeni pogajalci pogosto delajo omenjene napake, popolnoma ignorirajo kulturne razlike nasprotne strani itn. V magistrski nalogi smo želeli na konkretnem primeru pokazati, kakšne so razlike med slovenskimi in ruskimi pogajalci, kakšna je razlika v pogajalskem stilu in slogu, pogajalski strategiji, poslovnih običajih in poslovnem bontonu. Leta 2007 je namreč rusko podjetje KOKS postalo večinski lastnik Metala Ravne kot tudi večinski lastnik Slovenske industrije jekla. Kot večinski lastniki podjetja Metal Rusi odločajo o vlaganju v investicije. In prav to področje je temeljno pri pogajalski dejavnosti podjetja. Ob obravnavi problematike v podjetju Metal smo ugotovili, da so pogajanja podjetja Metal z ruskimi partnerji še v povojih. ; Master's thesis deals with the issue of business negotiations in the company Metal Ravne, d.o.o., concentrating on negotiations between the Slovenian and Russian business partners. Negotiations are an important element of business activity and a specific activity of managers in organisations. They are a multi-way process of communication for a coordination of different interests, in which several participants interact in the formation of joint decisions. Successful negotiations coordinate interests and manage conflicts between participants, which may be internal or external. Conflicts in negotiations are the driving power of progress while adjusted interests as a result of negotiations are the precondition for a successful organisation. On the other side, unadjusted interests may deteriorate into detrimental misunderstandings and disputes which is of no use to anyone. A negotiator is not born. It takes many years of experience to develop the skills necessary to become a successful negotiator. This eventually also brings experience in the way how we prepare ourseself best for negotiations, in the way how we communicate and how we prepare our strategy. All this is necessary as - due to an increasing opening of foreign markets and bonding among countries - business negotiations run between negotiatiors from a different cultural background, each with a specific system of values and expectations. These differences in attitudes, beliefs and perceptions, along with many other characteristics of culture, are essential for successful international negotiations and they have a major influence on the negotiation process itself. Knowing the culture of the opposite negotiating partner represents a certain advantage since good preparations for the negotiation itself reduce the time of negotiations, simultaneously contributing to the conclusion of the agreement most desired by both negotiating partners. Preparations for negotiations with foreign business partners play an important role since – already before negotiations - an experienced negotiator learns the culture of the opposite negotiating partner, his strategy, style, non-verbal communication and other factors which have influence on the course and on the outcome of negotiations. Inexperienced negotiators often make mistakes, completely ignoring cultural differences of the opposite partner and similar. This Master's thesis concentrates on revealing differences between the Slovenian and Russian negotiators, on differences in their negotiation style, strategies, business practices and business etiquette. In 2007, the Russian company KOKS became the majority owner of Metal Ravne, d.o.o. and also the majority owner of the Slovenian Steel Group, d.d. In this capacity, the Russians now make decisions on investments. And this is exactly the area which is essential in the negotiatiation business of the company. When analysing this issue in the company Metal Ravne, d.o.o., it was established that negotiations between Metal Ravne, d.o.o. and the Russian partners are still in the early stages of development

Αυτή η διπλωματική εργασία ερευνά τη σημαντικότητα της ποιότητας στην ναυτιλιακή βιομηχανία σε συνδυασμό με την απαραίτητη ασφάλεια και την προστασία του θαλάσσιου περιβάλλοντος. Η ποιότητα στο χώρο της ναυτιλίας δεν αφορά μόνο το προϊόν αλλά και τις υπηρεσίες, τις διαδικασίες, το προσωπικό και γενικά με οτιδήποτε εμπλέκεται για τη σωστή διεξαγωγή των επιθυμητών αποτελεσμάτων. Προκειμένου να υπάρξουν επικερδή αποτελέσματα και επίτευξη των στόχων, θα πρέπει κάθε ενέργεια, σύστημα και υλικά να διακατέχονται από ποιότητα. Μέσα από μία αναλυτική περιγραφή γίνεται σαφές πόση σημαντική είναι η ποιότητα στο χώρο της ναυτιλίας. Ένα ενδιαφέρον ζήτημα που έρχεται πολλές φορές σε σύγκρουση με τη ζητούμενη ποιότητα στη ναυτιλία είναι αυτό της ασφάλειας. Προκείμενου να επιτευχθεί η απαραίτητη ασφάλεια, αυτό αυτομάτως συνεπάγεται σε αύξηση των κόστων. Η ασφάλεια απαιτεί συνεχής εκπαίδευση και ενημέρωση του προσωπικού (εν πλω και στις εταιρείες), σύγχρονα συστήματα πλοήγησης και τεχνολογίας καθώς και πολλά άλλα σημαντικά θέματα ασφάλειας που αναλύονται εκτενώς στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία. Πολλές ναυτιλιακές εταιρείες επιλέγουν να μειώσουν την ασφάλεια προκειμένου να ανταποκριθούν όσο το δυνατόν καλύτερα στην ποιότητα. Όταν τίθενται ζητήματα ασφάλειας τότε οι διαδικασίες είναι πιο χρονοβόρες και πολυέξοδες. Παρατηρήθηκε όμως ότι όταν αμελείται η ασφάλεια, δημιουργούνται ατυχήματα. Γι αυτό το λόγο δημιουργήθηκαν κανόνες και νόμοι από τον Διεθνή Οργανισμό Ναυτιλίας και πολλούς άλλους οργανισμούς οι οποίοι υποχρεώνουν τις ναυτιλιακές εταιρείες να τηρούν και να εφαρμόζουν συγκεκριμένα μέτρα ασφάλειας. Ο Διεθνής Κώδικας Διαχείρισης Ασφάλειας, το Σύστημα Διαχείρισης Ασφάλειας και ο Διεθνής Οργανισμός Τυποποίησης περιγράφουν λεπτομερώς τις υποχρεώσεις κάθε ναυτιλιακής εταιρείας. Τα τελευταία χρόνια, έχει δοθεί έμφαση στην προστασία του περιβάλλοντος. Τα θαλάσσια ύδατα χρήζουν άμεσης αντιμετώπισης μιας και η ρύπανση τους είναι μεγάλη και επικίνδυνη για πολλά ζώα, φυτά και ακόμη και για τον άνθρωπο. Ως γνωστόν, τα ναυτικά ατυχήματα προκαλούν τεράστιες οικολογικές καταστροφές, αυτό όμως δεν σημαίνει ότι η διέλευση των πλοίων στους ωκεανούς γίνεται χωρίς επιπτώσεις για το θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον. Σε αυτό το σημείο, γίνεται μεγάλη αναφορά στις οικολογικές καταστροφές που προκαλεί η ναυτιλία με σκοπό να γίνει αντιληπτό η σοβαρότητα της κατάστασης όπως και οι τρόποι αντιμετώπισης τους. Και σε αυτό το θέμα έχουν καθιερωθεί σχετικές νομοθεσίες που επιβάλλουν στις ναυτιλιακές εταιρείες να λαμβάνουν μέτρα για την προστασία του θαλάσσιου οικοσυστήματος. Αυτά τα ζητήματα είναι ιδιαίτερα σημαντικά για πολλούς λόγους. Αρχικά, για μια ναυτιλιακή εταιρεία καθώς καθορίζουν την ανταγωνιστικότητά της στο χώρο αλλά και την επιβίωση της. Ύστερα, για την ασφάλεια του προσωπικού και του εμπορεύματος και τέλος για την προστασία του θαλάσσιου περιβάλλοντος το οποίο επηρεάζει άμεσα και έμμεσα όλον τον κόσμο. ; This paper serves as an enquiry into the importance of quality in the shipping industry in combination with the necessary safety and protection of the marine environment. Quality in the field of shipping is not only about the product but also the services, the procedures, the staff and in general with everything involved for the correct execution of the desired results. In order to have profitable results and achieve the goals, each action, system and materials must be possessed by quality. Through a detailed description it becomes clear how important quality is in the field of shipping. An interesting issue that often comes into conflict with the required quality in shipping is that of safety. In order to achieve the necessary safety, this automatically entails an increase in costs. Safety requires continuous training and information of staff (on board and in companies), modern navigation systems and technology as well as many other important safety issues that are extensively analyzed in this dissertation. Many shipping companies choose to reduce safety in order to respond as well as possible to quality. When safety issues arise then the procedures are more time consuming and costly. However, it has been observed that when safety is neglected, accidents occur. For this reason, rules and laws were created by the International Maritime Organization and many other organizations that oblige shipping companies to comply with and implement specific safety measures. The International Safety Management Code, the Safety Management System and the International Organization for Standardization describe in detail the obligations of each shipping company. In recent years, emphasis has been placed on environmental protection. Seawater needs immediate treatment as its pollution is high and dangerous for many animals, plants and even humans. Maritime accidents are known to cause enormous ecological disasters, but this does not mean that the passage of ships in the oceans has far-reaching effects on the marine environment. At this point, great reference is made to the ecological disasters caused by shipping in order to understand the severity of the situation as well as the ways to deal with them. In this regard, relevant legislation has been established that requires shipping companies to take measures to protect the marine ecosystem. These issues are particularly important for many reasons. Initially, for a shipping company as they determine its competitiveness in the field and its survival. Then, for the safety of personnel and goods and finally for the protection of the marine environment which directly and indirectly affects the whole world.

While there is potential for conflict in Central Asia over water resources, due to the lack of full implementation of agreed arrangements, there is still very little chance of armed confrontation between countries in the region. In spite of occasional tensions, countries in the region cooperate with each other through international mediation and resolve their disagreements. However, after two decades of international efforts to revitalize the Aral Sea and implement changes to stabilize the ecological situation in the area, the problems of drying this important sea as a major drainage in the Central Asian region, and it does not seem that a proper and applicable solution in the near future in order to end the crisis. The five Central Asian leaders agree on the close proximity of the Aral Sea's drying due to overuse and water losses that enter the sea through the two main rivers of "Amu Darya" and "Syr Darya". These leaders are also aware of the catastrophic consequences of the living and health conditions of about 40 million inhabitants of the coastal area of the Sea. But the political and personal disputes between these leaders will put an end to these negotiations. Also, given that Iran and Afghanistan are common with Central Asian countries in the Aral Sea basin, these countries are also required to be present in the water talks. In order to reply to the main question of how the level of water diplomacy can be promoted in the Aral basin, the authors believe that "Participation of all stakeholders in water talks", "More active role by international organizations", "Review of inappropriate water plans" and "Use of new water resources" in the Aral Sea basin, can settlewater disputes through dialogue in the framework of water diplomacy. ; Si bien existe el potencial del conflicto en Asia Central por los recursos hídricos, debido a falta de implementación completa de los acuerdos acordados, todavía hay muy pocas posibilidades de confrontación armada entre los países de esa región. A pesar de las tensiones ocasionales, los países de la región cooperan entre sí a través de la mediación internacional y resuelven sus desacuerdos. Sin embargo, después de dos décadas de esfuerzos internacionales para revitalizar la Mar de Aral e implementar cambios para estabilizar la situación ecológica en el área, los problemas de secar este importante mar como un drenaje importante en la región de Asia Central, no parecen ser un adecuado y solución aplicable en el futuro cercano para poner fin a la crisis. Los cinco líderes de Asia Central coinciden en la proximidad de la desecación del mar de Aral debido al utilizo excesivo y las pérdidas del agua que ingresaran al mar a través de los dos ríos principales "Amu Darya" y "Syr Darya". Estos líderes también son conscientes de las consecuencias catastróficas de las condiciones de vida y salud de unos 40 millones de habitantes de la zona costera del mar. Pero las disputas políticas y personales entre estos líderes pondrán fin a estas negociaciones. Además, dado que Irán y Afganistán son comunes en la cuenca del mar de Aral con los países de Asia Central, estos países también deben estar presentes en las conversaciones sobre el agua. Para responder a la pregunta principal de cómo se puede promover el nivel de diplomacia del agua en la cuenca del Aral, los autores creen que "Participación de todas las partes interesadas en las conversaciones sobre el agua", "Papel más activo por parte de organizaciones internacionales", "Revisión de inapropiada los planes de agua" y "Uso de nuevos recursos hídricos" en la cuenca del mar de Aral pueden resolver las disputas sobre el agua mediante el diálogo en el marco de la diplomacia del agua. ; Хотя в Центральной Азии существует вероятность конфликта по поводу водных ресурсов, из-за отсутствия полного осуществления согласованных договоренностей вероятность вооруженной конфронтации между странами региона по-прежнему весьма мала. Несмотря на эпизодическую напряженность, страны региона сотрудничают друг с другом посредством международного посредничества и урегулирования своих разногласий. Однако после двух десятилетий международных усилий по оживлению Аральского моря и осуществлению изменений в целях стабилизации экологической ситуации в этом районе, Проблемы высыхания этого важного моря как крупного дренажа в центральноазиатском регионе, И, как представляется, в ближайшем будущем не будет найдено надлежащего и применимого решения для того, чтобы положить конец кризису. Пять лидеров страны Центральной Азии сходятся во мнении о непосредственной близости высыхания Аральского моря из-за перерасхода и потерь воды, которые попадают в море через две основные реки "Аму-Дарья" и "Сыр-Дарья". Эти лидеры также осознают катастрофические последствия условий жизни и здоровья около 40 миллионов жителей прибрежной зоны Баренцева моря. Но политические и личные споры между этими лидерами положат конец этим переговорам. Также, учитывая, что Иран и Афганистан являются общими со странами Центральной Азии в бассейне Аральскогоморя, эти страны также обязаны присутствовать на водных переговорах. Для того чтобы ответить на главный вопрос о том, как можно повысить уровень водной дипломатии в Аральском бассейне, Авторы считают, что "Участие всех заинтересованных сторон в переговорах по водным ресурсам", "Более активная роль международных организаций", "Обзор ненадлежащих водных планов" и "Использование новых водных ресурсов" в бассейне Аральского моря, Может урегулировать водные споры посредством диалога в рамках водной дипломатии.

"A groundbreaking history of the ethics of war in the ancient Near East. Origins of the Just War reveals the incredible richness and complexity of ethical thought about war in the three millennia preceding the Greco-Roman period, establishing the extent to which ancient just war thought prefigured much of what we now consider to be the building blocks of the Western just war tradition.In this incisive and elegantly written book, Rory Cox traces the earliest ideas concerning the complex relationship between war, ethics, and justice. Excavating the ethical thought of three ancient Near Eastern cultures-Egyptian, Hittite, and Israelite-he demonstrates that the history of the just war is considerably more ancient and geographically diffuse than previously assumed. Cox shows how the emergence of just war thought was grounded in a desire to rationalise, sacralise, and ultimately to legitimise the violence of war. Rather than restraining or condemning warfare, the earliest ethical thought about war reflected an urge to justify state violence. Cox terms this presumption in favour of war ius pro bello-the "right for war"-characterizing it as a meeting point of both abstract and pragmatic concerns.Drawing on a diverse range of ancient sources, Origins of the Just War argues that the same imperative still underlies many of the assumptions of contemporary just war thought, and highlights the risks of applying moral absolutism to the fraught ethical arena of war"--

The article is devoted to the upcoming presidential elections in the Republic of Madagascar, the actions of the current ruling power are subjected to analysis. Special focus was made on the ongoing political situation before the elections. The possible legal field in which could be organized the upcoming elections and its possible reforms are analyzed. Forecasts about the evolution of the political situation in the Republic were given. ; Статья посвящена предстоящим президентским выборам в Республике Мадагаскар, в ней представлен анализ действий действующей власти в стране. Особый акцент сделан на текущей политической обстановке перед выборами. Анализируются возможное правовое поле, на основе которого будут проведены выборы, и возможные изменения. Даны прогнозы дальнейшего развития ситуации до, во время и после выборов.