As in many other countries, the profile of the Australian ageing population is changing. The experience of this 'greying' Australian population is a result of falling fertility, increasing life expectancy, the effect of the 'baby boomer' cohort moving through older age groups and the immigration of working age people. As the demographic of the general population changes, it is also reflected in the correctional population especially in developed countries where general life expectancy is increasing. Certain policies such as a hardening of sentencing practices, the increased use of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole, and more prisoners being convicted of offences that attract long sentence periods such as sexual offences have led to the expectation of a continued growth in the cohort of ageing offenders in many countries. Almost all prisoners as well as ageing sex offenders will eventually be released into the community. Previous studies showed that prisoners experienced numerous problems once allowed to return into a community. However, little is known about the problems and needs that older people convicted of a sexual offence will face as they are released from prison. Consequently, this study aimed to explore the experience of ageing sex offenders' transition from prison to community in Victoria, Australia. This study adopted a qualitative approach in exploring the problems and needs of ageing sex offenders as they re-enter the community. Data have been collected using semi-structured interviews with nine older sex offenders and seven correctional officers and professionals. Transcripts of the interviews have been analysed by using some principles of the grounded theory method. This study noticed several reintegration barriers experienced by offender participants: accommodation, physical health, emotional and psychological difficulties, financial problems, unemployment, and relationship issues. In addition, support services for ageing sex offenders are limited. Further, this group of released offenders struggled to adjust to new technology. Once released from prison, this group of ageing sex offenders struggle to live in a community, and were challenged by the post-release restrictions imposed on them. These restrictions were aimed both at preventing the offender from re-offending, and at protecting the community. However, such restrictions as were imposed on these ageing sex offenders appeared based more on a need to manage risk factors associated with recidivism rather than to promote reintegration. This group of ageing offenders will continue to be neglected by policy and supports unless a less punitive and more rehabilitative approach is adopted by community and government. All these findings contribute to the knowledge about the problems and needs of ageing sex offenders and provide a base for further research. This study suggests that ageing sex offenders are facing myriad challenges upon release back into mainstream society. This study, contributes to the existing literature about sex offenders after their release to the community. When considered alongside the existing literature it can inform pre-release planning and post release support for sex offenders. It has also raised a number of issues which, in the tradition of qualitative research, might provide hypotheses for further research.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, killing nearly two million adults annually, the majority of whom live in developing countries. Research has shown that multiple factors— individuals, misunderstandings of TB, economic hardship of patients, the fragmentation of health services, gender, and stigma all influence transmission, detection and treatment of TB. After a decade of implementation of the international TB control strategy centred on the Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS), TB incidence and prevalence in Cambodia remains among the highest in the world, with a considerable number of cases remaining undetected. However, little is known about the factors hindering the success of the TB control programs efforts. This thesis is based on ethnographic research conducted in Kampong Speu province, Cambodia, aiming to describe TB patients' pathways to the DOTS programs, and factors determining the pathways and treatment adherence. Methods used included in-depth interviews with TB patients, family members, health providers, community health volunteers and Kru Khmer (traditional healers); focus group discussions with community members; a community survey; participation in meetings and workshops aimed at health workers; and observation of daily activities at participating health facilities. The two most important challenges for TB control in rural Cambodia were delayed presentation for TB diagnosis and non-adherence to TB treatment programs. Both contributed to persistent TB infection within the community, and were influenced by the interaction and combination of individual, institutional (related to the health system), and socio-economic factors. TB patients and community members had limited understanding of TB symptoms, causation, and treatment; therefore they did not respond appropriately, and present with early symptoms for timely diagnosis and treatment. Lay explanations of these early symptoms were mostly influenced by folk information shared within community networks. Despite this, community members chose providers of western medicine as their first choice, and only used Kru Khmer when western medicine did not resolve their symptoms. Access to public health service presented significant barriers for obtaining early TB diagnosis, and was critically undermined by the interaction between the five dimensions: accommodation, availability, accessibility, affordability and acceptability. Low government salaries and shortages of health staff, limited supplies, and dual job practices of health staff all significantly impacted on public service delivery. This under-performance increased people's reliance on the private health sector which, due to the lack of collaboration between the two health sectors, contributed to delayed TB diagnosis and increased health care costs. Ineffective monitoring of the private health providers further exacerbated diagnostic delays. TB patients experienced prolonged pathways, consulted multiple providers, and spent substantial time and money before reaching DOTS. Large differences in delay were influenced by patients' ability to afford private treatment, TB diagnostics errors, and denial of the possibility of TB. Presentation to DOTS was resultant from social disruption, intervention by significant others and/or self-suspicion about TB. Patients usually enrolled in a directly observed treatment (DOT) promptly after TB diagnosis, however, although this required TB treatment to be taken under DOT by health worker or a community member, all patients self-administered TB medicines without observation. Thus treatment non-adherence was commonly reported, and discontinuation of treatment occurred mainly among vulnerable groups (elderly and poor) for two reasons: feeling better and side-effects. This study raised concerns related to the treatment of re-infection TB cases, as many such people return to treatment but are not correctly registered and treated. Socio-economic factors played an important role in TB treatment-seeking and shaped available family support, ability to pay and stigma associated with TB. Stigma played a considerable role in delaying TB diagnosis, and affected the psychological well-being of patients. It was derived from fears of contagion and the dangers presented by TB, the perceived association between HIV and TB, misunderstanding about TB causation, and attitudes of health staff. Rejection of TB patients was associated with perceptions that TB patients lacked a sense of moral responsibility to protect others from contracting TB; their extremely low social status was also significant. Although TB diagnosis and treatment was within reach of most of the population, obtaining timely diagnosis and compliance with TB treatment remained difficult, particularly for those who were most in need. Although challenges were caused by individual and socio-cultural factors, institutional factors related to the public health facilities created significant barriers for people in accessing the services. Improving TB patient outcomes requires effort and commitment to not only address individual and socio-cultural factors, but to redress shortcomings in health supply and staffing through effective public health system strengthening.
Введение. В статье описаны разработка и внедрение адаптационных методик для иностранных студентов в российском вузе. Целью работы является обосновать и практически доказать эффективность применения целенаправленного цифрового чтения как метода адаптации иностранных студентов к условиям обучения в российском вузе. Материалы и методы. Психолого-педагогический эксперимент проводился в три этапа. Диагностический этап включает в себя выявление уровня сформированности личностных ресурсов для оценки готовности испытуемых к адаптации в новых условиях жизнедеятельности, а также оценку адаптантами университетской среды. Формирующий этап заключается в проведении адаптационных занятий с применением специально подобранной цифровой литературы, воздействующей на психологическую, эмоциональную и социальную сферы, а также на интеллектуальное развитие и коммуникативные способности. Контрольный этап позволяет собрать повторные сведения об отношении адаптантов к университетской среде вуза и сравнить полученные данные. Результаты. Разработана программа адаптации иностранных студентов в российском вузе на основе метода целенаправленного цифрового чтения. В статье представлены результаты внедрения данной программы. Графическое изображение наглядно демонстрирует отличие данных, полученных до и после проведения формирующего этапа эксперимента. Сравнение данных проводилось по средним значениям. Согласно методике, чем выше значение, тем ниже степень принятия адаптантами окружающей действительности. После проведения адаптационных мероприятий напряженность респондентов в отношении университетской среды значительно снизилась. Обсуждение. Применение адаптационной методики на основе целенаправленного цифрового чтения способствует принятию иностранными студентами компонентов университетской среды: биологического, культурного, финансового, бытового, организационного, культурного, академического, языкового и коммуникативного. Согласно данным, полученным во время проведения контрольного этапа эксперимента, иностранные студенты проявляют социальную активность, принимают условия обучения, демонстрируют развитие личностных ресурсов, вырабатывают продуктивные механизмы адаптации и интегрируются в университетскую среду. Заключение. Делается вывод о том, что в результате применения целенаправленного цифрового чтения оказывается положительное воздействие на эмоциональную и психологическую сферы личности. Как следствие, происходит развитие личностных ресурсов, необходимых для преодоления адаптационных барьеров и установления социальных связей. Это позволяет говорить о целенаправленном цифровом чтении как об эффективном методе адаптации иностранных студентов в российском вузе. Ключевые слова: целенаправленное цифровое чтение; адаптация иностранных студентов; личностные ресурсы; университетская среда. Основные положения: – определены критерии подбора цифровых литературных произведений для проведения адаптационных занятий с иностранными студентами; – выделены компоненты университетской среды, принятие которых обеспечивается с помощью чтения специально подобранной цифровой литературы; – представлена работающая практика по применению целенаправленного цифрового чтения как метода адаптации иностранных студентов к условиям обучения в российском вузе. Introduction. The article explains the development and implementation of adaptation techniques for international students at Russian universities. The research aims to prove the effectiveness of targeted digital reading as a method of adaptation Of international students at a Russian university. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out in three stages. The diagnostic stage identifies the level of personal resources needed to assess the readiness of the students to adapt to new living conditions. The university environment is assessed in terms of adaptive situations. The formative stage consists of adaptive classes by means of specially selected digital literature that affects the psychological, emotional, and social spheres, as well as intellectual development and communicative abilities. At the control stage, the collection of data about the university environment is repeated and compared. Results. A program for the adaptation of international students at a Russian university based on the method of targeted digital reading has been developed. The article presents the results of the implementation of this program. The graphic image demonstrates the difference between the data obtained before and after the formative stage of the experiment. The data were compared by means of averages. According to the methodology, the higher the value, the lower the degree of acceptance by adaptants of the surrounding reality. After the adaptation measures, the respondents' tension regarding the university environment decreased significantly. Discussion. The application of adaptive methods based on targeted digital reading contributes to the socialization of international students with the components of the university environment: biological, social, financial, household, organizational, cultural, academic, linguistic, and communicative. According to the data obtained during the control stage of the experiment, international students demonstrate social activity, accept learning conditions, show the development of personal resources, apply productive adaptation mechanisms, and integrate into the university environment. Conclusion. It is concluded that a positive impact on the emotional and psychological spheres of personality is considered to be the result of the use of targeted digital reading. There is a development of personal resources necessary to overcome adaptation barriers and establish social ties. This allows us to talk about targeted digital reading as an effective method of adaptation of foreign students at a Russian university. Keywords: Bibliotherapy; Adaptation of international students; Personal resources; University environment. Highlights: The criteria for the selection of literature for adaptive classes with international students have been determined. The components of the university environment are defined, the adaptation to them is ensured by reading specially selected digital literature. The research reviewed the existing practice of applying targeted digital reading as a method of adaptation of international students to Russian universities.
On the basis of analysis of criteria and indicators of communicative competence of specialists of different profile and on the basis of these researches and features of activity of border guard officer the criteria of the latter are distinguished: motivational, cognitive, activity. The indicators of each of these criteria are described. Indicators of motivational criterion are: communicative; organizational skills and ability to handle conflict situations, emotional comfort in communication. Indicators of cognitive criteria are defined: knowledge of border guards officers about the main types of professional communication, features of professional etiquette, nature and stages of conversation with subordinates; understanding of the rules of business negotiations; knowledge of norms of non-verbal and verbal behavior. Indicators of activity criterion are defined ability: to build logically correct and reasoned statements, to conduct dialogue; correctly using the strategy and tactics of conversation; overcome communication barriers; listen and defend your position, as well as the skills of a verbal and non-verbal communication culture. Three levels of development of this personal phenomenon are characterized – high, sufficient, satisfactory, methods and means of diagnostics. The analyzed indicators, criteria and levels will help to determine the current state and predict dynamics of development of communicative competence. The development of competence in the conditions of modern master's education is analyzed. A master's degree is a deepening, systematization, updating of professional knowledge, development of practical skills in connection with the increase of requirements to the level of qualification and the need to master new ways of solving professional problems. The effectiveness of the professional work of a border guard depends on many components. Among them is a special competence in communication, which is the core of the professionalism of the future master – graduate master and provides the ability to solve the language problem of communication in specific, typical for professional language situations. Communication objectives are defined by the goals of the joint activity. The content of communicative competence is determined by the purpose of its development and the requirements of professional training of future military leaders. Thus, an important place in the process of professional psychological and pedagogical preparation of the future career is the development of communicative competence, which is the core of professional and interpersonal and other competencies. The modern leader should have a high level of communication skills, as well as perceptual and organizational skills, flexibility and tolerance in communication, be empathetic and reflective. Key words: communicative competence, criteria, indicators and levels of development, future manager, off-border guard, master's degree. ; Проблема розвитку комунікативної компетентності як основи взаєморозуміння і взаємодії сьогодні набуває все більшої актуальності. Особливі вимоги до володіння означено юкомпетентністю висуваються до офіцерів-прикордонників. У статті висвітлено та обґрунтовано наукові підходи у з'ясуванні критеріїв, показників і рівнів розвитку досліджуваного феномена. Визначено такі критерії: мотиваційний, когнітивний, діяльнісний, які безпосередньо співвідносяться зі структурними компонентами. Для вказаних критеріїв установлені відповідні показники, що їх характеризують, рівні розвитку (високий, достатній̆, задовільний), а також методи та засоби діагностики, що надасть змогу визначити сучасний̆ стан та передбачити динаміку розвитку комунікативної компетентності. Проаналізовано розвиток комунікативної компетентності офіцерів-прикордонників в умовах сучасної магістерської освіти. Ключові слова: комунікативна компетентність; критерії, показники та рівні розвитку; офіцер-прикордонник; магістратура.
The article identifies the features of intercultural communication in the context of European regulations. Based on an analytical review of scientific research of European and domestic scientists, the authors have identified the essence of the concept of "intercultural communication" in the European educational space and European documents in particular; clarification of the difference between the concepts of intercultural and cultural communication. The set of theoretical methods made it possible to identify the leading trends in European policy in the field of intercultural communication, ways to implement the main tasks and provisions of such policy and outline its main priorities and difficulties in modern socio-political conditions characterized by instability and uncertainty.It is established that intercultural communication in the European scientific and educational dimension is understood as a way of cooperation and cultural exchange, which provides for the establishment of understanding between representatives of different countries, nationalities, religions, etc.The priority goals of intercultural communication according to the provisions of European documents in this direction are: to foster intercultural understanding, tolerance, mutual respect and ethics of global citizenship and shared responsibility; development of intercultural empathy and education, training of representatives of different nations, ethnic groups and peoples to consider, analyze and solve problems related to cultural differences; to cultivate in the representatives of different states intercultural attitudes, including the manifestation of tolerance, respect, curiosity and receptivity to other cultures; to ensure the acquisition by representatives of different cultures and states of cultural knowledge, both general and specific to a particular culture, paying special attention to contextual and subtextual cultural elements; to recognize the natural and cultural diversity of the world, to recognize that all cultures and civilizations can contribute to sustainable development and are its decisive factors.Analysis of the functioning of various structural organizations of the EU revealed that their professional and social activities are directed in two directions: conceptual (dissemination of information on new laws and regulations of the European Union in the field of intercultural communication), which ensures the implementation of the value component of intercultural communication; functional (organization of various cultural events, events aimed at cooperation between representatives of different nations, ethnic groups, social strata, etc.), which ensures the implementation of basic tasks by means of direct communication and various forms of intercultural communication (festivals, creative weeks, days of European culture in education and public cultural institutions, thematic exhibitions in museums, various choreographic and theatrical performances for children and adults, etc.).It is determined that the most relevant trends in the development of European educational policy in the field of intercultural communication are: the establishment of broad communication and partnership in various spheres of life, especially - education, culture, politics and economics; expansion of public interaction and partnership for peace with the countries of the Eastern region; search for permanent means of influencing public opinion on the rule of human rights and freedoms in relation to the will, cultural affiliation, recognition and acceptance of intercultural diversity; establishing cooperation between the Ministries of Culture, Education and Science, the Ministries of Foreign Affairs; development of the existing network of cultural, public and public organizations for the dissemination of knowledge and competencies in intercultural communication; further financial assistance and encouragement of exchange between scientific circles and practices in the field of international cultural relations.Among the barriers to the implementation of intercultural communication, the authors distinguish: creating and maintaining a comfortable psychological atmosphere for each representative of different cultures; ensuring tolerant interaction and cooperation; optimal organization of group cooperation and ensuring the implementation of the principle of diversity.
In dieser Arbeit werden die Preisbildung und Preisreaktionen im Naturkosthandel (NKH) anhand eines umfangreichen Scannerdatensatzes untersucht. Dabei werden Preiselastizitäten, Preisrigiditäten und Preissynchronisation sowie die Preistransmission in der Wertschöpfungskette (WSK) bei Biomilchprodukten analysiert. Hierfür wird zuerst der Biomilchmarkt entlang der WSK beleuchtet, dann die Theorien zur Preisbildung vorgestellt und anschließend methodische und spezifische theoretische Grundlagen der einzelnen Verfahren erläutert. Nach Darstellung der Datengrundlage erfolgt die empirische Analyse, deren Ergebnisse im Folgenden zusammengefasst werden. Es zeigt sich, dass die Verbraucher auf Produktebene mit Preiselastizitäten um -1 vergleichsweise unelastisch reagieren. Dies eröffnet insoweit preispolitische Spielräume, als dass Preiserhöhungen theoretisch kurzfristig sinnvoll sind. Allerdings gibt es psychologische Preisschwellen, deren Überschreitung zu Verkaufsrückgängen führen können. Bezüglich der Rigidität sind die Preise bei langfristigen Preisänderungen im NKH hingegen sehr rigide, was auf eine zurückhaltende Preispolitik schließen lässt. Die Sonderangebotshäufigkeit in Biosupermärkten ist jedoch vergleichbar mit entsprechen-den Produkten im konventionellen LEH. Kleinere NKH-Geschäfte sind dagegen auch bei Sonderangeboten zurückhaltender, auf Tagesebene aber gibt es bei ihnen viele flexible Preisanpassungen. Die Preissynchronisationsanalyse im NKH zeigt im Vergleich zum LEH ein hohes Maß an gleichzeitigen Preisänderungen. Insbesondere in der Preiserhöhungsphase 2007 fanden die Preisänderungen zum großen Teil parallel statt. Dies kann entweder als preisfriedliches Verhalten interpretiert werden, bei dem sich die Branche bei der Preiserhöhung einig war oder aber auch als sehr starker Wettbewerb, der zu einer schnellen Preisanpassung geführt hat. Die Analyse der Gesamtsituation spricht für die erste Interpretation. Die Zusammenführung der produktbezogenen Ergebnisse in einer Schätzung zeigt die Zusammenhänge auf, die zwischen Preissynchronisation, Preiselastizitäten, Preisrigidität, Preisniveau, Handelsmarken, Marktanteilen und -kategorie bestehen. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass der NKH, vergleichbar mit dem konventionellen LEH, ein Preiseinstiegssegment mit einer Niedrigpreispolitik und starkem Wettbewerb für Eckprodukte betreibt. Die Analyse der Preistransmission ergibt, dass die Preisänderungen vom konventionellen Milchmarkt ausgehen und auf den Biomilchmarkt übertragen werden. Im Anschluss werden die Preisänderungsimpulse von der landwirtschaftlichen Ebene in einer Richtung entlang der WSK nach oben weitergegeben. Die Schätzungen stützen die Annahme, dass in der WSK mit prozentualen Aufschlägen gearbeitet wird. Hierbei steigen die Aufschläge bei Preiserhöhungen im Handel überproportional. Ein schneller Rückgang auf Verbraucherebene bei sinkendem Rohstoffpreis ist nicht zu beobachten. Zusammengefasst nimmt der NKH bei Milchprodukten in der WSK eine starke Position ein. Die Verbraucher sind relativ preisunempfindlich und das Preissetzungsverhalten erscheint preisfriedlich. ; In this thesis pricing and price reactions in organic retail stores have been studied on the basis of an extensive scanner dataset from 2005 to 2009. Therefore price elasticity, price rigidities, price synchronization and price transmission in the supply chain for milk products have been analysed. In the estimations consumers on product level react relativly inelastic with an own price elasticity of circa -1. Thus, there is a wide scope for price policy. Besides, there are psychological price barriers and exceeding results in a decline in sales. Prices in organic retail stores are very rigid especially for long-time price changes. This implies a cautious pricing policy. Organic supermarkets launch special offers of similar frequency as conventional grocery stores. Small organic stores are more cautious but, on a daily basis, they are moreflexible in their price changing strategy. The synchronisation analysis shows compared to conventional stores that price changes often occursimultaneously. Especially in times of rising prices, most of the changes take place within one week. This could either refer to peacefull pricing policies based on a common agreement on rising price tendencies or to strong competition within the sector. Overall, a peacefull pricing is more valide. The combination of product-related findings shows correlations between price synchronization, price elasticity, price rigidities, price level, market shares und trade brands. There is evidence that organic stores run a low-price product segment with a special pricing policy, comparable to conventional supermarkets. Furthermore, the analysis of price transmission shows that price changes originate from the conventional milk market and are carried over to the organic market. Then, the price impulse circulates upstream along the supply chain. The estimations support the thesis of percental margins. Thus, the trade margins of the traders rise with higher prices. However, fast decreasing of retail prices during the phase of falling row material prices could not be observed. At least, there is evidence for a strong market position in the supply chain for traders and a peaceful pricing in organic retail.
Dieser Beitrag setzt sich kritisch mit der Verwendung des Flexibilisierungs- Begriffs auseinander und erläutert am Beispiel von Teilzeitarbeit, Mehrarbeit und Kurzarbeit, daß das Steuerungsmedium Recht keineswegs nur prohibitiv Verhaltensspielräume der Arbeitsmarktakteure einengt, sondern durch seine verhaltenskoordinierende Funktion vielfach Flexibilität erst ermöglicht. Auch unter ökonomischen Gesichtspunkten ist eine durch gezielten Einsatz von Recht koordinierte Flexibilität am Arbeitsmarkt einer Deregulierungs-Strategie vorzuziehen, die lediglich individuelle Machtdurchsetzungschancen am Arbeitsmarkt erweitert. Das im internationalen Vergleich geringe Niveau der Teilzeitarbeit in der Bundesrepublik signalisiert, daß rechtliche Barrieren oder mangelnde rechtliche Koordinierungsleistungen die Ausbreitung einer für alle Seiten akzeptablen Teil zeitarbeit hindern. Steuer- und sozialrechtliche Regelungen stellen jedoch nur geringe Barrieren für ein größeres Angebot von Teilzeitarbeitsplätzen dar. Eine weitere Lockerung dieser Bedingungen, etwa eine Ermäßigung der Sozialversicherungspflicht, ist unter Gesichtspunkten von Arbeitsplatzqualität und langfristigen sozialrechtlichen Folgen nicht zu empfehlen. Mangelnde verfahrensrechtliche Regelungen sind vermutlich ein gewichtiges Hindernis, daß von der Arbeitsangebotseite ein größerer Druck auf die Schaffung qualifizierter Teilzeitarbeitsplätze ausgeübt wird. Schließlich fehlt es an materiellen oder immateriellen Regelungsangeboten, beispielsweise an Rechtsansprüchen auf Teil Zeitbeschäftigung in besonderen Lebenslagen (Eltern mit Kleinkindern oder pflegebedürftigen Personen, Personen mit besonderen physischen und psychischen Arbeitsbelastungen, ältere Erwerbspersonen) bei partieller Kompensation des Einkommensverlustes. Die im internationalen Vergleich große Zahl der gesetzlich erlaubten Überstunden im Jahr, die Mitbestimmungsregeln (Verfahrensregeln) oder auch der Mehrarbeitszuschlag von 25 Prozent stellen keine Flexibilitätsbarrieren dar, eher im Gegenteil: eine stärkere gesetzliche Begrenzung der Regelarbeitszeit, Regelungen des Freizeit- anstatt des monetären Ausgleichs und eine abgabenrechtliche Verteuerung von Überstunden wären Voraussetzung für eine beschleunigte Einführung beschäftigungswirksamer flexibler Arbeitszeitsysteme. Die Regulierung der Kurzarbeit stellt gegenüber der Regulierung von Teilzeitarbeit und Überstunden einen modernen und im Vergleich zu anderen Ländern fortgeschrittenen Typ des Arbeitsmarktrechts dar. Es ist daher zu fragen, ob aus der Konstruktion dieser Regulierungsform nicht Lehren für andere arbeitsmarktpolitische Funktionen zu ziehen sind, und ob dieses erfolgreiche Instrument zur flexiblen Anpassung an Konjunkturzyklen auch für strukturpolitische Zwecke erweitert werden könnte. ; This contribution examines critically the prevailing use of the term flexibility and explains with reference to part-time, over-time and short-time work that the function of law is not only prohibitive, i.e. restricting the behaviour of labour market participants, but also coordinative, i.e. making increased flexibility possible. Such a coordinated flexibility through regulation is also preferable to strategies of deregulation that only improve the power of some individuals on the labour market at the expense of others for purely economic reasons. The low level of part-time work in FR Germany compared to most other countries indicates legal barriers or lack of law to coordinate the expansion of part-time work in a way which is acceptable for all Partners on the labour market. Taxes or social security contributions play only a minor role in restricting the supply of part-time Jobs. A further relaxation of these conditions, e.g. a relative reduction of social security coverage is not recommended in view of its negative impact on job quality and long-term social welfare. Lack of , procedural regulation, however, might be a serious obstacle to a stronger supply oriented pressure (e.g. by trade unions), to create qualified part-time Jobs. Finally, there is a lack of regulatory provisions such as entitlements to part-time work including partial income compensation in Special life conditions (parents with small children or with persons needing care, persons with Special physical or psychological job stress, older workers). The in international comparison large number of legally permissable overtime hours, the co-determination rules with respect to overtime as well as the mandatory overtime wage rate of 25 percent are not a real barrier to labour market flexibility. On the contrary, stricter statutory regulär working time, rules for overtime compensation with paid time off instead of overtime premiums, and payroll tax variations to raise the costs of overtime work would be prerequisites to speed upthe introduction of flexible working time arrangements to create employment. In contrast to the regulation of part-time and overtime work, the regulation of short-time work represents a modern and, compared to other countries, fully developed type of labour law. It should be asked, therefore, whether not lessons for other labour market policy functions could be drawn from the design of this type of regulation, and whether this successful instrument for flexible adjustments to business cycles could be extended for structural policy objectives.
Глибинні трансформації сучасного українського суспільства торкаються всіх сфер людського життя, викликаючи різноманітні емоційно-оціночні реакції громадян на соціальні зміни та на власний статус у соціумі. Соціальне самопочуття населення є чинником, урахування якого має велике значення для розвитку всіх суспільних сфер, вибору векторів соціальних перетворень.У статті обґрунтована актуальність дослідження соціального самопочуття студентської молоді у зв'язку з її місцем у соціальній структурі суспільства, викладено методологічні засади дослідження соціального самопочуття студентства як соціальної верстви, висвітлено характеристики студентства у контексті сучасних суспільних трансформацій. Розкрита сутність основних теоретичних підходів до вивчення соціального самопочуття студентської молоді в умовах соціальних змін, висвітлені потреби студентства, які задовольняються у процесі навчання у вищому навчальному закладі, суспільній діяльності та особистісній взаємодії у студентському середовищі.Уточнено сутність понять «соціальне самопочуття», «студентська молодь», «освітні потреби». Охарактеризовано потреби студентства як специфічної верстви, приділено увагу комплексу соціальних потреб студентської молоді, які задовольняються за допомогою інституту освіти. ; Today, when the Ukrainian society is experiencing an extremely severe crisis, the problems that associated with the social well-being of people are very relevant. Social well-being of people is, on the one hand, an indicator of the attitude of people to the situation prevailing in a transformational society, and on the other hand, it is an indicator of the population's social adaptive resources, available under such conditions.The social processes that determine the social well-being of students are of particular importance as students represent the potential intellectual, political, economic, and cultural elite of society. Studying the essence and main features of the social well-being of modern student Youth helps to determine the main dominant processes of society's reforms, to create a theoretical basis for the effective prediction of various social transformations.Studying this issue requires the definition of the theoretical basis and the correct definition of concepts, related to the above-mentioned problem. This determines the choice of the topic of the article. The purpose of the research is to highlight the theoretical aspects of studying of social well-being of students as a specific social group. «Social well-being» consists of two categories («social» and «well-being»). «Social» is viewed as a kind of social life together with economic, political, ethical phenomena, and as something intermediate that exists on the verge of these forms of social life. Under the notion «social», the set of certain features and features of social relations is understood. It is integrated by individuals or communities into the process of joint activity in specific conditions, that shows itself in their relationship, attitude to their place in society, phenomena and processes of social life.The concept of «feeling» means the emotional state of a person, caused by the relation to the surrounding reality (people, their actions, certain phenomena, etc.), and also to the person itself. Social well-being is a concept that includes both physical and psychological well-being, as well as a feeling, how comfortable or uncomfortable each person feels in society. Social health, unlike physical or psychological, depends greatly on the environment in which a person lives, whom he constantly compares himself with and his own achievements. Social feelings, arising in the process of the social interaction, act as a regulator of human behavior and play a role of filter in the perception of new information.The social well-being reflects the generalized emotional and sensory reactions, assessments, thoughts and attitudes of the population of the country both as a whole and individual groups in their relation to various social phenomena, processes and institutions. This indicator makes it possible to identify the most painful and vulnerable points in the social sphere, points that bring a certain threat to the further development of society, act as barriers and brakes on the way of its further progress. Fixation and analysis of such «voltage points» is a prerequisite for timely measures taken by the authorities and non-governmental organizations, aimed at their overcoming.As a generalized productive characteristic of people's adaptation to the modern life conditions, social well-being consists of three components: the internal state of man (health, mood, sense of happiness, optimism); assessment of external conditions (perception of their own state); life in new conditions. Indicators of social well-being are: state of satisfaction by the level and quality of life, social status, the level of social adaptation to new conditions, health status and the nature of factors that caused concern to citizens. The social well-being of a person is determined by the ways of the satisfaction of social needs. These ones are derived from the system of social goods in the society, production and distribution of them. In our opinion, a significant factor that affects the social well-being is the internal reserves of a person (state of health, level of intellectual and cultural development, professional skills, communicative competence, etc.), which are a prerequisite for access to social benefits. The above-mentioned personality's characteristics are formed through the education and upbringing.The main approaches, within which the knowledge about such complex socio-psychological phenomenon as social well-being was originated, filled and improved, are: philosophical, biological, medical, economic, socio-political, socio-psychological and sociological approaches. Studying the social well-being of students requires identification of its features as a social stratum. By their characteristics, contemporary students are quite different from all other segments of the population. First of all, they differ by their ideological formation, mobility of influence and their kinds of needs, that determine their social well-being heavily.Students form the full-fledged and independent socio-cultural community, which, being active due their education and functioning in the system of higher education, acts as an object of such kind of production, the subject of which is not a thing, but a person. Therefore, the main function of this production is educational activity. Student Youth is a very intense projection, a focus group of the future society as a whole. An essential feature of the student, related to his social well-being, is the availability of educational needs.Educational need is such kind of need that arises from the contradiction between the available and the required (desired) level of education and induces the subject to eliminate this contradiction. Educational needs are the complex of social needs of the subject (person, group, society), which are satisfied through the system of education. Educational needs are not identical to needs for knowledge, although they are directly related to it. They relate to such social needs as the need for growth, self-expression, recognition, promotion, and other social needs that characterize the desirable social status.In our opinion, educational needs can be defined as the needs for the formation of those personal qualities that contribute to personal self-realization and the formation of such personal qualities in the field of education, which make it possible to obtain the desired social benefits and to improve the social well-being of the individual. These qualities can be formed by means of education and are as follows: high level of intellectual development; theoretical knowledge and practical skills, necessary for the professional activity; communicative skills and a high level of culture; personal qualities (integrity, work ability, creativity, etc.). Education is a factor which allows forming and accumulating such socially significant qualities in the personal arsenal of individuality that enable people to receive the benefits, satisfy the urgent needs and, thus, to improve their social well-being. ; Глубинные трансформации современного украинского общества касаются всех областей человеческой жизни, вызывая разнообразные эмоционально-оценочные реакции граждан на социальные изменения и на собственный статус в обществе. Социальное самочувствие населения является фактором, который играет большую роль в развитии всех сфер общества, в выборе векторов социальных преобразований. В статье обоснована актуальность исследования социального самочувствия студенческой молодежи в связи с ее местом в социальной структуре общества, изложены методологические основы исследования социального самочувствия студенчества как социальной группы, освещены характеристики студенчества в контексте современных общественных трансформаций. Раскрыта сущность основных теоретических подходов к изучению социального самочувствия студенческой молодежи в условиях социальных изменений, освещены потребности студенчества, которые удовлетворяются в процессе обучения в высшем учебном заведении, общественной деятельности и личностном взаимодействии в студенческой среде.Уточнена сущность понятий «молодежь», «студенческая молодежь», «образовательные потребности». Охарактеризованы потребности студенчества как специфического слоя, уделено внимание комплексу социальных потребностей студенческой молодежи, которые удовлетворяются при помощи института образования.
Background: There are significant psychological challenges faced by people throughout their lives and many of these challenges can be readily understood from a contextual behavioural science perspective, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) shows promise as a theoretically and practically relevant intervention. Some problems faced in delivering such an intervention are volume and access to healthcare. A potential solution to this is to design theoretically driven interventions which can be delivered through technology. These need to be interactive, individually shaped and will combine mindfulness, acceptance and values. Such interventions need to be evaluated scientifically according to acceptability, quality, safety and effectiveness. Aims: This thesis has two sections. Firstly, a systematic review aiming to assess the acceptability and effectiveness of using technology to deliver ACT. Secondly, an empirical research study aiming to analyse the experiences of using an ACT based app for young people with type 1 diabetes (TD1). Methods: The review searched 11 databases, and a related website. Included studies were required to use a form of technology to deliver ACT, with no real-time therapist. Two independent researchers determined inclusion of articles into the review and rated the studies according to the quality criteria. Where there was uncertainty a third reviewer was used. For the empirical study, individual interviews of 9 young people aged 13-22 years with TD1 were asked about their experiences of using the ACT based app. Framework analysis was used to determine themes. Results: The review search yielded 18 studies which met inclusion criteria. Findings highlighted that generally these interventions were seen as acceptable and satisfactory. All of these interventions were conducted in an adult population, and qualitative data was not robustly accounted for. The empirical research found two main themes: 'Desire for apps to represent my needs' and 'How diabetes impacts me and how this could potentially be addressed in an app'. Discussion: Both the review and empirical study found that participants were positive about the use of technology to deliver ACT. Developmental progress needs to be made in the app to truly represent the needs of young people with TD1. These interventions could enhance the availability of psychological therapies. This has been highlighted as a government objective in several countries. Methodological weaknesses limit conclusions, such as underpowered studies. As this is a fast growing body of research it is hoped that future studies could be more similar methodologically. It would still be interesting to determine whether asynchronous contact enhances the cost-effectiveness of this form treatment. This thesis has provided me with the opportunity to design an ACT protocol for young people with type 1 diabetes (TD1). It has helped me to fully understand the undertaking which goes into designing apps and the scope of how responsive apps can be. It has given me the chance to communicate with people from different professional backgrounds to create a shared language, an opportunity to lead and manage a project and much more. With the help of my supervisor in my first year of training, we established links with the informatics department to see if students would be able to help with the programming of such an app. We had to create a synopsis of the proposed study to entice students to undertake the project as part of their degree. An interested student was assigned the project and meetings were held to determine our expectations and to establish the scope of what could be created. A second student took on the project during my second year or training. During this time my supervisor and I created a protocol of the content for the app. This was based on previous ACT protocols and tools we were aware of, which we thought might be helpful. A lot of thought had to go into trying to keep the content concise, including different modes of delivery (MP3s, video, animation etc), making the content applicable to young people with TD1 based on previous literature, and thinking about how interactive the app could be. Friends were also relied on to create graphics for the app. I went to different health boards across Scotland to meet with Diabetes teams to inform them about the project and to gather advice on the appropriateness of the diabetes information within the content of the app, and to determine whether they were interested in taking part in the study. I tested the initial prototype and glitches were ironed out. The next stage was to test the app on professionals working in the field, and to gather their feedback through focus groups. Adaptations to the app were made based on this. The app was initially made for Android phone devices based on general market research indicating that there was little evidence that one platform was more popular in adolescents. The diabetes teams and I tried to recruit young people with TD1 from their usual diabetes clinics. Initial barriers to recruitment were that at least 50% of young people had iPhones so could not download the app, and others did not seem interested in downloading the app to take part in the study. Funding of 10 Android tablets was agreed by the University. I attended the usual diabetes clinics in NHS Lothian and young people with TD1 started to volunteer to take part in the study. Originally it was hoped a trial of the effectiveness of the app would be carried out, but the difficulties in recruitment meant that instead I decided to use a qualitative methodology to explore young people's experiences of using the app.
Kredibilitas adalah seperangkat persepsi komunikasi tentang sifat-sifat komunikator. Dalam hal ini terkandung dua hal: pertama kredibilitas merupakan persepsi khalayak, jadi tidak melekat dalam diri komunikator, kedua kredibilitas berkenaan dengan sifat-sifat komunikator.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan kredibilitas komunikasi petugas penyuluhKB terhadap minat ber KB Pasangan Usia Subur (PUS) di Desa Manunggal, menganalisis kredibilitas komunikasi petugas penyuluh KBdi Desa Manunggal, menganalisis minat ber KB Pasangan Usia Subur (PUS) di Desa Manunggal. Peneliti menggunakan paradigma positivisme sebagai suatu proses komunikasi linier yang mencminkan komunikator untuk mengubah pengetahuan (sikap atau perilaku) komunikan yang pasif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hubungan kredibilitas komunikasi petugas penyuluh KB terhadap minat ber KB Pasangan Usia Subur (PUS) di Desa Manunggal memiliki hubungan signifikan. Nilaikorelasi Karl Spearman sebesar 0,042 dinyatakan hubungan kedua variabel terdapat hubungan kredibilitas petugas penyuluh KB terhadap minat ber KB Pasangan Usia Subur (PUS) di Desa Manunggal. Kredibilitas komunikasi petugas penyuluh KB Desa Manunggalberdasarkan pada fase AIDCDA(Attention, Interest, Desire, Conviction, Decision, Action)dalam melakukan penyuluhan terhadap minat ber KB Pasangan Usia Subur yang telah dilaksanakan berjalan cukup baik walaupun masih ada kekurangan dalam pelaksanaannya.Dalam hal ini fase yang paling banyak memenuhi kriteria adalah Attention dimana hampir secara keseluruhan responden fokus memperhatikan ke arah komunikator. Sedangkan yang berada di posisi paling sedikit adalah Conviction dimana sebagian responden memilih berbincang kepada rekan sekitar sesama responden mengenai keyakinan untuk memilih jenis KB yang cocok untuk kondisi saat ini. Adapun yang menjadi faktor penghambat yang dialami dalam pelaksanaan sosialisasi yaitu hambatan psikologis, teknis, dan kurangnya komunikator. Minat ber KB Pasangan Usia Subur (PUS) di Desa Manunggalakan dapat ditangani secara baik oleh PLKB dan Pemerintah setempat sesuai dengan perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pelaksanaan, pengawasan dan evaluasi program KB. ; ABSTRACT Credibility is a set of communication perceptions about the traits of a communicator. In this case, there are two things: first, credibility is the perception of the audience, so it is not inherent in the communicator, the second is credibility with regard to the characteristics of the communicator. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the communication credibility of the counselor and the interest in family planning for fertile age couples (PUS) in Manunggal Village, analyzed the communication credibility of KB extension officers in Manunggal Village, analyzed their interest in family planning for fertile age couples (PUS) in Manunggal Village. Researchers use the positivism paradigm as a linear communication process that reflects the communicator to change the knowledge (attitude or behavior) of the passive communicant. The results showed that the relationship between the communication credibility of the family planning extension officers on the interest in family planning for fertile age couples (PUS) in Manunggal Village had a significant relationship. The Karl Spearman correlation value was 0.042, it was stated that the relationship between the two variables had a credibility relationship between family planning extension officers and the interest in family planning for fertile age couples (PUS) in Manunggal Village. The credibility of the communication of the Manunggal Village Family Planning extension officers is based on the AIDCDA phase (Attention, Interest, Desire, Conviction, Decision, Action) in conducting counseling on the interest in FP for the Fertile Age Couples which has been implemented quite well even though there are still deficiencies in its implementation. The one who met the most criteria was Attention, where almost all respondents focused on paying attention to the communicator. Meanwhile, those who are in the least position are Conviction, where some respondents choose to talk to their colleagues around their fellow respondents about their belief in choosing the type of family planning that is suitable for current conditions. As for the inhibiting factors experienced in the implementation of socialization, namely psychological, technical barriers and lack of communicators. The interest in FP for Fertile Age Couples (PUS) in Manunggal will be handled properly by PLKB and the local government according to planning, organizing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating the family planning program.
AbstractInspired by the Nobel Lecture of the 2018 Laureate in Literature, the Polish novelist Olga Tokarczuk,the paper discusses the keynote notion of Tokarczuk's text, rendered by the Polish word czułość, as a complexof principles that jointly constitute the commitment of the translator. The author claims that the tender translatorshould work on the premise that in translation "foreignness" is taken to imply difference, without implyinglack of understanding or empathy.RésuméThe paper, inspired by the Nobel Lecture delivered by last year's laureate, the Polish novelist OlgaTokarczuk, is an attempt to adapt the key notion of the lecture to the position and role of the translator.The title of Tokarczuk's speech is Czuły narrator – 'The tender translator', which means much morethan the English tenderness, which Tokarczuk's translators used as the translation equivalent.The paper argues that the many meanings of the Polish word, when taken together, describe whatare the translator's commitments. Contemporary translation theories focus upon translation seenas a process rather than a final product. It is precisely the process-sensitive analysis that makesit possible to reveal the competencies of the tender translator. Crucially, when translating texts produced by 'the other', they should be sensitive to the fundamental distinction between 'otherness'and 'foreignness'. While the former calls for understanding, the latter does not imply the wishto overcome the barriers – historical, political, social or cultural.In his/her search for meanings, the tender translator should be aware that all translationmeans interpretation, and that all interpretation is subjective by definition. The paper claims thata significant contribution to translation studies could come from philosophical hermeneutics,especially the theory of translation-as-interpretation as presented by the German philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer.While translation studies focus upon cultural sensitivity of individual culturemes, the paperargues – in agreement with cognitive theories of language – that cultural values are encoded in andtransferred by grammatical structures. It claims that some grammatical items, traditionally classifiedby grammarians as 'optional', do in fact carry meanings that only the tender attitude makes it possibleto fully grasp. Two illustrations of this point are provided: the use of proximal and distal deicticpronouns (tu and tam) to imply emotional distance of the speaker, and the singular dative reflexivepronoun sobie used as an artistic device to render psychological experiences of characters in a theatreplay. In conclusion, the author claims that the competence of the tender translator requires that theystrive to reunite what is familiar with the non-hostile strangeness of the other. ; Стаття, написана під впливом лекції Нобелівського лауреата минулого року – польськоїписьменниці Ольги Токарчук, є спробою адаптації ключового поняття (Czuіy narrator) лекціїдо ролі перекладача у відтворенні лінгвокультурних особливостей художнього тексту в перекладі.У назві Czuły narrator О. Токарчук уживає прикметник сzuły (чутливий), що має набагато більшезначень, ніж англійське слово tenderness. У статті акцентується на тому, що польське словосzuły є багатозначним і серед інших включає значення певних професійних здібностейперекладача. Автор дотримується позиції, що сучасні перекладознавчі теорії концентруютьувагу на перекладі як процесі, а не як кінцевому продукті. З огляду на це, у ході перекладацькогопроцесу перекладач повинен мати найчутливішу інтуїцію щодо відтворення того чи іншогофеномена або явища в перекладі. Така якість перекладача як tenderness виявляє його компетентніздібності. Важливо відзначити, що при відтворенні в перекладі художнього тексту, створеногопредставниками іншої культури, перекладачі повинні враховувати фундаментальні відмінностіміж інакшістю і чужістю. Тоді як перше вимагає розуміння, друге не передбачає бажанняподолати бар'єри – історичні, політичні, соціальні, культурні.У своєму пошуку смислів чутливий перекладач повинен усвідомлювати, що будь-якийпереклад означає інтерпретацію і що будь-яка інтерпретація суб'єктивна за визначенням.У статті йдеться про те, що значний внесок у перекладознавство могла б зробити філософськагерменевтика, особливо теорія перекладу, запропонована німецьким філософом Гансом-Георгом Гадамером.Незважаючи на те, що перекладознавство зосереджується на культурній чутливостідо окремих культурем, у статті стверджується (згідно з когнітивними теоріями мови),що культурні цінності кодуються і передаються граматичними структурами. Деякі граматичніелементи, традиційно класифіковані граматиками як необов'язкові, насправді є носіями смислів,які можливо зрозуміти тільки чутливому перекладачеві. У роботі наведено дві ілюстраціїцього погляду: використання проксимальних і дистальних дейктичних займенників (tu і tam)на позначення емоційної дистанції мовця і рефлексивного займенника sobie в давальномувідмінку однини, що вжито як художній прийом для передачі психологічних переживаньперсонажів театральної п'єси.
AbstractInspired by the Nobel Lecture of the 2018 Laureate in Literature, the Polish novelist Olga Tokarczuk,the paper discusses the keynote notion of Tokarczuk's text, rendered by the Polish word czułość, as a complexof principles that jointly constitute the commitment of the translator. The author claims that the tender translatorshould work on the premise that in translation "foreignness" is taken to imply difference, without implyinglack of understanding or empathy.RésuméThe paper, inspired by the Nobel Lecture delivered by last year's laureate, the Polish novelist OlgaTokarczuk, is an attempt to adapt the key notion of the lecture to the position and role of the translator.The title of Tokarczuk's speech is Czuły narrator – 'The tender translator', which means much morethan the English tenderness, which Tokarczuk's translators used as the translation equivalent.The paper argues that the many meanings of the Polish word, when taken together, describe whatare the translator's commitments. Contemporary translation theories focus upon translation seenas a process rather than a final product. It is precisely the process-sensitive analysis that makesit possible to reveal the competencies of the tender translator. Crucially, when translating texts produced by 'the other', they should be sensitive to the fundamental distinction between 'otherness'and 'foreignness'. While the former calls for understanding, the latter does not imply the wishto overcome the barriers – historical, political, social or cultural.In his/her search for meanings, the tender translator should be aware that all translationmeans interpretation, and that all interpretation is subjective by definition. The paper claims thata significant contribution to translation studies could come from philosophical hermeneutics,especially the theory of translation-as-interpretation as presented by the German philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer.While translation studies focus upon cultural sensitivity of individual culturemes, the paperargues – in agreement with cognitive theories of language – that cultural values are encoded in andtransferred by grammatical structures. It claims that some grammatical items, traditionally classifiedby grammarians as 'optional', do in fact carry meanings that only the tender attitude makes it possibleto fully grasp. Two illustrations of this point are provided: the use of proximal and distal deicticpronouns (tu and tam) to imply emotional distance of the speaker, and the singular dative reflexivepronoun sobie used as an artistic device to render psychological experiences of characters in a theatreplay. In conclusion, the author claims that the competence of the tender translator requires that theystrive to reunite what is familiar with the non-hostile strangeness of the other. ; Стаття, написана під впливом лекції Нобелівського лауреата минулого року – польськоїписьменниці Ольги Токарчук, є спробою адаптації ключового поняття (Czuіy narrator) лекціїдо ролі перекладача у відтворенні лінгвокультурних особливостей художнього тексту в перекладі.У назві Czuły narrator О. Токарчук уживає прикметник сzuły (чутливий), що має набагато більшезначень, ніж англійське слово tenderness. У статті акцентується на тому, що польське словосzuły є багатозначним і серед інших включає значення певних професійних здібностейперекладача. Автор дотримується позиції, що сучасні перекладознавчі теорії концентруютьувагу на перекладі як процесі, а не як кінцевому продукті. З огляду на це, у ході перекладацькогопроцесу перекладач повинен мати найчутливішу інтуїцію щодо відтворення того чи іншогофеномена або явища в перекладі. Така якість перекладача як tenderness виявляє його компетентніздібності. Важливо відзначити, що при відтворенні в перекладі художнього тексту, створеногопредставниками іншої культури, перекладачі повинні враховувати фундаментальні відмінностіміж інакшістю і чужістю. Тоді як перше вимагає розуміння, друге не передбачає бажанняподолати бар'єри – історичні, політичні, соціальні, культурні.У своєму пошуку смислів чутливий перекладач повинен усвідомлювати, що будь-якийпереклад означає інтерпретацію і що будь-яка інтерпретація суб'єктивна за визначенням.У статті йдеться про те, що значний внесок у перекладознавство могла б зробити філософськагерменевтика, особливо теорія перекладу, запропонована німецьким філософом Гансом-Георгом Гадамером.Незважаючи на те, що перекладознавство зосереджується на культурній чутливостідо окремих культурем, у статті стверджується (згідно з когнітивними теоріями мови),що культурні цінності кодуються і передаються граматичними структурами. Деякі граматичніелементи, традиційно класифіковані граматиками як необов'язкові, насправді є носіями смислів,які можливо зрозуміти тільки чутливому перекладачеві. У роботі наведено дві ілюстраціїцього погляду: використання проксимальних і дистальних дейктичних займенників (tu і tam)на позначення емоційної дистанції мовця і рефлексивного займенника sobie в давальномувідмінку однини, що вжито як художній прийом для передачі психологічних переживаньперсонажів театральної п'єси.
Today in Ukraine people are quite acute experiencing different social, political and economic changes. One of the negative consequences of global and local crises in our country is the growth of social inequality and insecurity of the population. Therefore, social exclusion as the process applies to all layers of the population. But in this article we want to focus on the youth. Because young people are the fulcrum and the formation of the country. In connection with a variety of problems and needs of the modern world, young people are not always able to independently overcome their own difficulties. The article considers stages of formation of the process of social exclusion, comparing foreign and domestic establishment. Although the first attempts to identify the concept of "social exclusion" began in the 40s of the twentieth century, but the term 'exclusion' emerged in French sociology in the 60-ies of XX century, which was explained from the economic point of view. And in Ukraine, consideration of this concept was not defined until 2002 in the study of poverty. This indicates the imperfection and the relevance of the study of our state in this matter. Substantiated scientific approaches of domestic and foreign scientists to the definition of "social exclusion", "excluded person", "youth", "socially excluded youth". Determined by the eccentricity of providing definitions to the terms on the one hand, and pereplyunet opinions of scientists on the other. Primarily, this is due to the conditions, time and problems in the study of concepts. So, social exclusion – the exclusion of individuals or social groups the social structure of society and social processes, the creation of conditions that do not allow these individuals or groups play in society, a significant role (according to N. In. Thick, 2003); socially excluded person is the object of social work, which, through economic, political, religious, social, psychological and medical barriers completely or partially lost touch with society (actually the author's definition, 2017); youth are persons aged 14 to 28 years (in Ukraine, the official age of youth as of 2018); socially excluded young people as identical to the concept of socially excluded persons, but within 14-28 years. On the basis of research, we have proposed a classification of socially excluded young people over the biological, social and individual characteristics, which gives the opportunity to identify the factors and the ability to prevent the spread of this phenomenon. ; . Сьогодні в Україні люди досить гостро переживають різні соціальні, політичні та економічні зміни. Одним з негативних наслідків глобальних та локальних криз у нашій державі є зростання соціальної нерівності та незахищеності населення. Тому соціальне виключення як процес торкається всіх верств населення, особливо молодь. Молоді люди є точкою опори та становлення країни. Проте, при виникненні різноманітних проблем і потреб сучасного світу не завжди можуть самостійно з ними справитися. У статті розглянуто становлення процесу соціального виключення; обґрунтовано наукові підходи вітчизняних і зарубіжних вчених до визначення понять "соціальне виключення", "соціально виключена особа", "молодь", "соціально виключена молодь". Встановлено, що перші спроби пояснити суть поняття "соціальне виключення" пов'язують із 40-ми роками ХХ століття; сам термін з'явився у французькій соціології в 60-тих роках ХХ століття. В Україні – у 2002 року в межах дослідження бідності. Досліджено, що соціальне виключення трактується як вилучення індивідів чи соціальних груп із соціальної структури суспільства й суспільних процесів, створення умов, які не дозволяють цим індивідам чи групам відігравати в суспільстві значущу роль (за Н.В. Толстих, 2003); соціально виключена особа – це об'єкт соціальної роботи, який через економічні, політичні, релігійні, соціальні, психологічні та медичні бар'єри повністю або частково втратив зв'язки з суспільством (власне авторське визначення, 2017); молодь – це особи віком від 14 до 28 років (в Україні офіційний вік молоді станом на 2018 рік); соціально виключена молодь як тотожне поняття соціально виключеної особи, але в рамках 14-28 років. На підставі дослідженого, нами була запропонована класифікація соціально виключеної молоді за біологічними, суспільними та індивідуальними ознаками, що дає можливість ототожнити чинники та можливість запобігання розповсюдження даного явища.
Private Eigenvorsorge wird als Schlüsselfaktor gesehen, um die Resilienz hochwassergefährdeter Haushalte gegen derzeitige und zukünftige Hochwässer zu erhöhen. Um mögliche Hochwasserschäden zu verringern, können private Haushalte Schutzmaßnahmen auf Gebäudeebene setzen oder als Kollektiv gemeinsam gegen Hochwasserrisiken vorsorgen.Trotz der Wirksamkeit solcher Maßnahmen ist die Eigenvorsorge unter Haushalten gering. Dies hat dazu geführt, dass sich ein neuer Forschungsstrang mit den fördernden und hemmenden Faktoren von Schutzverhalten vor Hochwasser beschäftigt. In der Literatur herrscht dennoch Unklarheit über diese Faktoren, außerdem blieben wichtige soziale Einflussgrößen unberücksichtigt. Auf der kollektiven Ebene sind Bottom-up-Initiativen ein neues Phänomen, dessen Rolle in hochwassergefährdeten Gemeinden noch kaum erforscht ist.Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Forschungslücken verfolgt diese Arbeit das Ziel, die Einflussfaktoren auf das Vorsorgeverhalten hochwassergefährdeter Haushalte zu ermitteln, und die Rolle kollektiven Handelns im Hochwasserrisikomanagement zu beleuchten. Um die individuellen und sozialen Faktoren, die Schutzverhalten bestimmen, zu identifizieren, wurden einschlägige sozial-psychologische Theorien auf Daten aus zwei Haushaltsbefragungen (n=226 und n=2.007) angewandt. Einblicke in kollektives Handeln konnten durch eine Analyse von Bottom-up-Initiativen und Experteninterviews mit ausgewählten Akteuren in der Hochwasservorsorge gewonnen werden.Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das wahrgenommene Hochwasserrisiko Haushalte nicht dazu veranlasst, Schutzmaßnahmen zu setzen, sondern lediglich zu Rechtfertigungen für Nicht-Handeln führt. Die Einschätzung der Wirksamkeit und der Kosten von Schutzmaßnahmen wurde als die relevanteste individuelle Einflussgröße auf das Vorsorgeverhalten identifiziert. In Bezug auf die sozialen Faktoren stellte sich heraus, dass Haushalte mit engeren sozialen Verbindungen ihr eigenes Hochwasserrisiko geringer, und gleichzeitig ihre Fähigkeit, mit Hochwassergefahren umzugehen, besser einschätzen. Außerdem wurde gezeigt, dass Hochwasseropfer im Ereignisfall dank ihres Sozialkapitals umfassende soziale Unterstützung mobilisieren können. Vertrauen in soziale Akteure etwa in Regionalpolitiker, freiwillige Einsatzkräfte und Nachbarn erwies sich darüber hinaus als bedeutsame Einflussgröße auf die Eigenvorsorge. Frustration, Hochwasserkatastrophen und öffentliche Anreize können zur Gründung von Bottom-up-Initiativen führen, die eine große Bandbreite von risikomindernden Aktivitäten setzen und deren Zusammenarbeit mit lokalen Interessensgruppen unterschiedliche Formen annehmen kann.Diese Dissertation liefert einen wichtigen Beitrag für die Hochwasserrisikoforschung, indem sie die Einflussgrößen auf das Schutzverhalten hochwassergefährdeter Haushalte identifiziert und bisherige Forschungserkenntnisse durch die Berücksichtigung sozialer Einflussgrößen erweitert. In der Praxis können diese Ergebnisse der Risikokommunikation wertvolle Hinweise darauf geben, welche Faktoren angesprochen werden müssen, um Haushalte dazu zu bewegen, Vorsorgemaßnahmen zu treffen. Die Erkenntnisse über Bottom-up-Initiativen können Risikomanager außerdem dabei unterstützen, das kollektive Potenzial Betroffener als zusätzliche Möglichkeit zu nutzen, um die Resilienz gegen Hochwasser zu stärken. ; Flood preparedness of private households is considered key to enhancing resilience to present and future flood risk. Households can prepare for flooding by taking property level measures, or by engaging in collective action aimed at increasing community-wide resilience. Most households, however, are reluctant to take action, which has stimulated a new line of research on the drivers of and barriers to flood protective behaviour. Despite this increasing interest, flood preparedness is still poorly understood, and far too little attention has been paid to social determinants. At the collective level, bottom up initiatives are a recent development, although little is known about the actual role of these initiatives in flood-prone communities.In the light of these gaps, the objectives of this dissertation are to (i) understand the determinants that influence household flood preparedness and (ii) provide insights into collective action in flood risk governance. Based on two household surveys (n=226 and n=2,007), social-psychological theories were applied to identify the individual and social determinants of protective behaviour. Insights into collective action were derived by a screening of bottom up initiatives and expert interviews with selected actors in flood risk governance.Instead of leading to protective behaviour, households perceived flood risk was found to trigger justifications for inaction. Judgments about the effectiveness and costs of mitigation measures were identified as the two main individual determinants of flood preparedness. With respect to the social determinants, households with strong social ties tend to feel less threatened by flooding and have stronger beliefs in their own capacities to cope with flood risk; moreover, it was shown that social capital allows flood victims to mobilise social support during a flood. Trust in social groups, including local governments, volunteers in emergency services and neighbours, was also found to significantly impact preparedness. The formation of bottom up initiatives is driven by frustration, catastrophic floods and public incentives. Flood initiatives were found to cover a wide range of risk-reducing activities and operate in different partnership arrangements with local stakeholders.This dissertation significantly contributes to flood risk research as it pinpoints influential factors of protective behaviour and extends the scope of existing research to include social determinants. With respect to practical implications, the results can help inform risk communication strategies as to which factors need to be addressed to encourage the uptake of private flood mitigation measures; moreover, the insights into bottom up initiatives can help risk managers to leverage the collective potential of communities as an additional route to enhanced flood resilience. ; Babcicky Philipp ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Dissertation, 2018 ; OeBB ; (VLID)2791825
Today in Ukraine people are quite acute experiencing different social, political and economic changes. One of the negative consequences of global and local crises in our country is the growth of social inequality and insecurity of the population. Therefore, social exclusion as the process applies to all layers of the population. But in this article we want to focus on the youth. Because young people are the fulcrum and the formation of the country. In connection with a variety of problems and needs of the modern world, young people are not always able to independently overcome their own difficulties. The article considers stages of formation of the process of social exclusion, comparing foreign and domestic establishment. Although the first attempts to identify the concept of "social exclusion" began in the 40s of the twentieth century, but the term 'exclusion' emerged in French sociology in the 60-ies of XX century, which was explained from the economic point of view. And in Ukraine, consideration of this concept was not defined until 2002 in the study of poverty. This indicates the imperfection and the relevance of the study of our state in this matter. Substantiated scientific approaches of domestic and foreign scientists to the definition of "social exclusion", "excluded person", "youth", "socially excluded youth". Determined by the eccentricity of providing definitions to the terms on the one hand, and pereplyunet opinions of scientists on the other. Primarily, this is due to the conditions, time and problems in the study of concepts. So, social exclusion – the exclusion of individuals or social groups the social structure of society and social processes, the creation of conditions that do not allow these individuals or groups play in society, a significant role (according to N. In. Thick, 2003); socially excluded person is the object of social work, which, through economic, political, religious, social, psychological and medical barriers completely or partially lost touch with society (actually the author's definition, 2017); youth are persons aged 14 to 28 years (in Ukraine, the official age of youth as of 2018); socially excluded young people as identical to the concept of socially excluded persons, but within 14-28 years. On the basis of research, we have proposed a classification of socially excluded young people over the biological, social and individual characteristics, which gives the opportunity to identify the factors and the ability to prevent the spread of this phenomenon. ; . Сьогодні в Україні люди досить гостро переживають різні соціальні, політичні та економічні зміни. Одним з негативних наслідків глобальних та локальних криз у нашій державі є зростання соціальної нерівності та незахищеності населення. Тому соціальне виключення як процес торкається всіх верств населення, особливо молодь. Молоді люди є точкою опори та становлення країни. Проте, при виникненні різноманітних проблем і потреб сучасного світу не завжди можуть самостійно з ними справитися. У статті розглянуто становлення процесу соціального виключення; обґрунтовано наукові підходи вітчизняних і зарубіжних вчених до визначення понять "соціальне виключення", "соціально виключена особа", "молодь", "соціально виключена молодь". Встановлено, що перші спроби пояснити суть поняття "соціальне виключення" пов'язують із 40-ми роками ХХ століття; сам термін з'явився у французькій соціології в 60-тих роках ХХ століття. В Україні – у 2002 року в межах дослідження бідності. Досліджено, що соціальне виключення трактується як вилучення індивідів чи соціальних груп із соціальної структури суспільства й суспільних процесів, створення умов, які не дозволяють цим індивідам чи групам відігравати в суспільстві значущу роль (за Н.В. Толстих, 2003); соціально виключена особа – це об'єкт соціальної роботи, який через економічні, політичні, релігійні, соціальні, психологічні та медичні бар'єри повністю або частково втратив зв'язки з суспільством (власне авторське визначення, 2017); молодь – це особи віком від 14 до 28 років (в Україні офіційний вік молоді станом на 2018 рік); соціально виключена молодь як тотожне поняття соціально виключеної особи, але в рамках 14-28 років. На підставі дослідженого, нами була запропонована класифікація соціально виключеної молоді за біологічними, суспільними та індивідуальними ознаками, що дає можливість ототожнити чинники та можливість запобігання розповсюдження даного явища.
