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One Culture or Multiple Cultures? The Diversity of Roma People in PolandThere are no universal criteria which would be useful to describe the diversity of all of the Roma. Their presence in given country is linked to adaptive processes to majority societies. It is the majority that creates condition and space to which minorities need to adapt somehow. The results of the above-mentioned adaptive processes also vary and depend on an external context. The attitude of given populations towards minorities and the current political and economic situation of given country, where the Roma settled had and still has significant influence on mentioned processes. The way of life of different Romani groups has also a great importance, because sedentary way of life (typical for most European Roma) and external influences especially on culture and models of lifestyle also furthered the adaptive processes. The cultural diversity among the Roma is the case not only with the groups living in different countries. It needs to be emphasized that the Roma who have lived in one country for centuries are not a homogenous group in terms of their culture. Previous migration processes and sedentary or nomadic way of life had a great influence on this internal diversity. In Poland with four distinguished Romani groups such diversity occurs between Carpathian Roma (Bergitka Roma, Polish Highlander Roma) and traditionally nomadic groups: Polska Roma, Lovara, Kelderari. This article is mainly based on available sources and dissertations on the subject. However it refers to the field research regarding the use of European Union's funds for the Roma community in Poland, which was conducted by the author in 2010 and 2011. Kultura jedna czy wieloraka? Zróżnicowanie populacji romskiej w PolsceNie istnieją uniwersalne kryteria użyteczne w opisie zróżnicowania wszystkich Romów. Ich obecność w danym kraju wiąże się z procesami adaptowania się do społeczeństw większościowych. To większość tworzy warunki i przestrzeń, do których mniejszości muszą się jakoś przystosować. Skutki wspomnianych procesów adaptacyjnych także są różne i zależą od kontekstu zewnętrznego. W znacznym stopniu wpływa na to postawa danej populacji wobec mniejszości oraz aktualna sytuacja polityczno-ekonomiczna kraju, w którym osiedlają się Romowie. Sposób życia rożnych grup romskich także ma ogromne znaczenie, ponieważ osiadły tryb życia (typowy dla większości europejskich Romów) i wpływy zewnętrzne odzwierciedlające się w kulturze i stylach życia również kształtują owe procesy. Zróżnicowanie kulturowe Romów dotyczy nie tylko grup żyjących w różnych państwach. Trzeba podkreślić, iż Romowie od stuleci zamieszkujący dane państwo również nie stanowią jednorodnej grupy w kategoriach kultury własnej. Wcześniejsze procesy migracyjne oraz osiadłby bądź wędrowny tryb życia wywierały ogromny wpływ na owo zróżnicowanie. W Polsce, przy czterech różnych grupach romskich, taka różnorodność rodzi się między Romami karpackimi (Bergitka Roma, góralscy Romowie) a tradycyjnie wędrownymi grupami: Polska Roma, Lovara, Kelderari. Niniejszy artykuł opiera się na dostępnych źródłach i dotychczasowych opracowaniach tematu, odwołując się również do badania wykorzystywania funduszy unijnych przez społeczność romską w Polsce, przeprowadzonego przez autorkę w latach 2010-2011.

This article presents a critical analysis and a historical perspective on the transboundary river basin concept. It focuses on two key moments based on an analysis of the publications on the topic on the web of science database. The first one illustrates the emergence of the concept in the early 1990s and its place in the literature which emphasizes the internationalization of the water management process. In order to demonstrate this phenomenon, the article follows an itinerary among several scientific disciplines from hard sciences (hydrology, ecology) and soft sciences (law, political sciences). The second part of the article is devoted to explaining how the territory of transboundary basins is a social and political construct that illustrates profound changes in the development of international river basins and the influence of international donors, and finally promotes the model of integrated water resources management (IWRM) at the international level. Spanish
Este artículo presenta un análisis crítico del concepto de cuenca transfronteriza (transboundary river basin) usando una perspectiva histórica. Gracias al desarrollo de un análisis cuantitativo realizado a publicaciones que abordan esta temática, disponibles en el portal Web of Science, el texto determina dos conclusiones principales. En primer lugar, a través de un análisis crítico sobre la literatura referente al proceso de internacionalización de la gestión del agua, el artículo encuentra que la emergencia del concepto tuvo su origen a principio de los años noventa. En un segundo lugar, el artículo explica el territorio de la cuenca transfronteriza como una construcción social y política mostrando así los cambios profundos en la valorización de los ríos y de las cuencas internacionales, la influencia de los organismos e instituciones y, en esta escala, la promoción del modelo de la Gestión Integrada de los Recursos Hídricos (GIRH).. French
L'article présente une analyse critique et une mise en perspective historique du concept de bassin versant transfrontalier (transboundary river basin). Il se propose de privilégier deux moments clés en s'appuyant sur une analyse quantitative des publications concernant cette thématique sur le site Web of science. Le premier temps illustre l'émergence du concept au début des années 1990 ainsi que sa place dans la littérature pour témoigner du processus d'internationalisation de la gestion de l'eau. Pour ce faire, l'article retrace son itinéraire et sa circulation entre diverses disciplines scientifiques relevant à la fois des sciences dites dures (hydrologie, écologie) et des sciences humaines et sociales (droit, sciences politique). La seconde partie se consacre à expliquer en quoi le territoire du bassin transfrontalier est une construction sociale et politique illustrant à la fois les profonds changements dans la mise en valeur des cours d'eau et des bassins, l'influence des organismes et des institutions internation aux, et enfin la promotion à cette échelle du modèle de la Gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (GIRE).

The Baltic Sea area is often quoted as the archetype of a transnational space achieved through networks. Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, local and European stakeholders have frequently relied on the fantasized history of the Hanseatic League, a mediaeval association of merchants created in the 12th century, in order to foster the idea of a unified region. Rather than a desire to bring together territories that are essentially rivals, the existence of numerous Baltic forums suggests the difficulty local stakeholders have in adapting to the new dynamics of economic globalization and political Europeanization. Since the 1980s, a period that was characterized by a change in the role of States, city authorities have been able to launch more autonomous international policies and extend the scope of their actions to unprecedented levels, the condition being that the cities in question have a sufficient critical mass and enjoy an attractive location. City networks make up an intermediary space allowing the territories bordering the Baltic Sea to develop strategies within and together with various geographical levels. With its many disparities, the Baltic Sea area exemplifies not one single model of rescaling, but a vast number of inter-territorial strategies and approaches. Beyond classical geopolitics based on inter-state relations, the study of the cities bordering the Baltic Sea leads to the idea that there is a great variety of ways in which they participate in both global and European dynamics that are not linear or monolithic processes. ; L'espace baltique est souvent cité comme l'archétype d'un espace transnational construit par des réseaux. Depuis la chute du Rideau de fer, les acteurs locaux et européens ont régulièrement convoqué le passé fantasmé de la Hanse médiévale, une association de marchands créée au XIIe siècle, afin d'établir une prétendue unité de la région. Davantage que la volonté de rapprocher des territoires avant tout concurrents, l'existence d'une multitude de forums baltiques traduit surtout la difficile adaptation des acteurs locaux à de nouvelles dynamiques relevant de la mondialisation économique et de l'européanisation politique. Depuis les années 1980, marquées par une recomposition du rôle des États, les autorités municipales ont la possibilité de mener une politique internationale plus autonome et de porter leurs actions à des niveaux inédits. Encore faut-il que les municipalités concernées disposent d'une masse critique suffisante et d'une localisation avantageuse. Les réseaux de villes forment un espace intermédiaire permettant aux territoires périphériques de l'espace baltique de développer des stratégies dans et avec les niveaux géographiques. Il n'existe pas un seul modèle de recomposition interterritoriale mais une multitude de stratégies et de parcours, dont l'espace baltique, traversé de nombreuses discontinuités, peut témoigner. Au-delà d'une géopolitique classique centrée sur les relations interétatiques, l'étude des municipalités riveraines invite à considérer la diversité des modèles d'inscription dans des dynamiques mondiales et européennes qui ne constituent pas des processus linéaires et monolithiques.

The image of a "double-edged sword" or "double-mouthed sword", seems to first appear in the Bible, to indicate that the truth of God is all-permeating, bringing to light the real thoughts and intents of the heart with a devouring, sharp power. Literally, a "double-edged sword" is a weapon which cuts either way and over the time, it has assumed the metaphoric meaning of something that "applied to an argument… makes both for and against the person employing it". Nowadays, more and more countries ratify human rights treaties and submit themselves to the enforcement mechanisms attached thereto, therefore taking on great sovereignty costs. According to scholars, this is used by developing countries and emerging democracies as a sign, to the rest of the world, of their willingness to lock-in liberal policies and to show their commitment to consolidate the rule of law, in an attempt to attract foreign investments and make their capital flow. Investors' choice of trusting host States' signing of human rights treaties may well become a double-edged weapon against them: if on the one hand, developing countries' adherence to human rights regimes is a guarantee that they will abide by international standards, on the other hand, human rights norms can be invoked by host States to justify breaches of the Bilateral Investment Treaty and be, therefore, detrimental to foreign investors. Many define this phenomenon as a "tension" between the investment law and the human rights realms. This study demonstrates that, from a theoretical perspective, there is no actual tension, nor threat of fragmentation of international law. The case law of arbitral tribunals has also shown a positive trend in taking into consideration human rights arguments in resolving investment disputes, although the system is far from being perfect. To this end, while international investment arbitration is a powerful and effective tool to resolve investment disputes, when the core issues deviate from traditional economic arguments, investment tribunals may not be the perfect fit. In an attempt to identify a suitable mechanism that would offer stronger guarantees for human rights arguments to be taken into consideration in investment proceedings, this study claims that a review of an award limited to national or international ordre public grounds, available at the stage of enforcement or annulment of the investment award is the least invasive and most reasonable solution to give host States a second chance against an award disregarding the host State's human rights obligations owed to the population under its jurisdiction. Ultimately, to avoid any sort of warfare and metaphors attached thereto, investors and States, taking cognizance of today's new legal order based on the global governance model, should begin a dialogue that would craft in the agreements new rules insuring that foreign investments support the public interest.

The term "parenthood" has taken on a wider sense within the political, sociological and psychological fields. If it is now agreed that the very fact of being a parent has acquired symbolic, legal, psychological and practical dimensions and can, thus, take several forms, what does this signify with regard to children? How do they define what they see as a family, and which adults do they consider to be their parents? More specifically, in complex situations, what factors do they draw upon in order to define themselves as the child of an adult or of a group? Like parenthood, infanthood is not based simply on biological affiliation, but is also built on representations, on a shared daily life, on a legal framework… Within the framework of a research activity concerning the future of children who have been the subject of socio-educational interventions, we met with twenty-three children between seven and twelve years old. Due to their specific pathways, they have gone through a range of family situations: some live with their two biological parents, others in a single-parent family, in a blended family, in the extended family, in a foster family… Their remarks underline the issues linked to the fact of belonging to more than one family and to the naming of the various players (the child, parents, step-parents, grandparents, foster parents…), and allow us to outline a model of infanthood. In some cases, it is possible to be at one and the same time the child of several parents or several families, but in different manners. ; Le terme « parentalité » connait une expansion importante dans les champs politique, sociologique et psychologique. S'il est aujourd'hui admis que le fait d'être parent engage des dimensions symbolique, juridique, psychologique et pratique, et peut donc prendre plusieurs formes, qu'en est-il des enfants? Comment définissent-ils ce qui fait famille, et quels sont les adultes qu'ils considèrent comme leurs parents? En particulier, dans des situations complexes, quelles dimensions les enfants mobilisent-ils pour se définir comme l'enfant d'un adulte ou d'un groupe? Tout comme la parentalité, l'enfantalité ne passe pas uniquement par la filiation biologique, mais également par des représentations, un quotidien partagé, un cadre juridique…Dans le cadre d'une recherche sur le devenir d'enfants ayant bénéficié d'interventions socioéducatives, nous avons rencontré vingt-trois enfants âgés de sept à douze ans. Du fait de leur parcours spécifique, ils connaissent des situations familiales variées : certains vivent avec leurs deux parents biologiques, d'autres, dans une famille monoparentale, recomposée, dans la famille élargie, dans une famille d'accueil… Leur discours met en évidence les enjeux liés à l'appartenance à plusieurs familles et à la nomination des différents protagonistes (l'enfant, ses parents, beaux-parents, grands-parents, parents d'accueil…), et permet d'esquisser un modèle de l'enfantalité. Dans certains cas, on pourrait être simultanément l'enfant de plusieurs parents ou de plusieurs familles, de différentes façons.

Das Lesetagebuch als Methode im Fachbereich Geografie & Wirtschaftskunde der AHS Unterstufe Eine modellhafte Umsetzung von offenem, kompetenz- und lerntyporientiertem Unterricht im Themenfeld Naturraumpotentiale ÖsterreichsAls LehrerIn hat man es nicht immer leicht, den Spagat zwischen den Anforderungen von Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und Staat und dem tatsächlichen Schulalltag zu schaffen. In vielen Bereichen der Schule herrscht Aufbruchsstimmung, während man im Unterricht methodisch oft hinterherhinkt und die Individualisierung des Lernens noch in weiter Ferne scheint.Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, eine Methode des Offenen Unterrichts, das "Lesetagebuch", zu beschreiben und Informationen zu seinen Vor- und Nachteilen zu erarbeiten. Da es kaum Literatur dazu in Nicht-Sprachfächern gibt, wird versucht, einige Vorschläge zu machen, wie eine Umsetzung auch in diesen Fächern durchgeführt werden könnte, um damit eine Individualisierung, eine Lerntyporientierung sowie Kompetenzorientierung in den Unterricht einfließen zu lassen. Die in dieser Arbeit überprüften Hypothesen können verifiziert werden: Die Methode Lesetagebuch bietet eine optimale Möglichkeit, kompetenzorientierte Aufgabenstellungen aufzubereiten, die gleichzeitig auf die unterschiedlichen Lerntypen abgestimmt werden können.Es wird jedoch auch festgehalten, dass das Lesetagebuch nicht "die perfekte Methode" ist, sondern auch Nachteile haben kann; ein entsprechender Methodenmix ist obligat. Letzteres kann man auch feststellen, wenn man die Methode Lesetagebuch mit den Anforderungen des Lehrplans vergleicht. Es kann viele Bereiche des Lehrplans abdecken, doch jeweils abhängig vom zugrunde liegenden Thema sowie dem Umfang der Arbeitsaufgaben.Die GewinnerInnen der Methode Lesetagebuch sind die SchülerInnen, die dadurch eine gänzlich neue Zugangsweise zum Lernen erhalten können, bei der sie nicht nur ihre Ziele kennen, sondern auch entscheiden, wie sie den Weg dorthin gehen wollen. ; The Reading Log as a Method in the Department of Geography and Economics in the lower grade of the Academic Secondary School (AHS) A model implementation of open, competence and learning style oriented teaching to the topic Potentials of physical regions in AustriaAs a teacher, it is not always easy to manage the balancing act between the needs of society, industry and government and the demands of actual school life. In many areas, schools are open for change, while methodically they often lag behind in the classroom and the praised individualization of learning still seems a distant prospect.The aim of this work is therefore to more precisely describe the open (student centered) teaching method of the "reading log" and provide information on its advantages and disadvantages. Since there is little literature on the reading diary in non-language oriented subjects, this work makes some suggestions on how an implementation could be purposefully incorporated in these subjects as well. For example how the concept of individualization, learning styles and competence orientation, can be incorporated in the classroom.The two hypotheses mentioned in this work can be checked: The method of reading log offers an ideal opportunity to prepare competency-based tasks that can be matched to the different types of learners simultaneously.However, it is also noted that the reading log is not the one "perfect method" and can still have some disadvantages; an appropriate mixture of methods is mandatory. These disadvantages can be noticed when comparing the reading log method with the requirements of the curriculum. - It can cover many areas of the curriculum, but always depends on the underlying theme and scope of work tasks.In every case, the winners in the processing of reading logs are the students. They are exposed to an entirely new way of learning through this method, in which they not are not only aware of their goals, but also can decide how to reach them. ; vorgelegt von Michaela Csar ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassungen in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2014 ; (VLID)335380

У статті досліджено особливості прояву взаємозв'язку політичної та правової свідомості й одночасно із цим - розвитку державотворчої ідеології як специфічного різновиду теоретично обґрунтованої практичної свідомості в античну добу. Установлено, що такий взаємозв'язок в умовах існування соціально неоднорідного суспільства західної цивілізації періоду античності обумовлював взаємодію двох позначених форм суспільної свідомості, що відбувалась у форматі односторонньої дії політичної свідомості на правову свідомість (перша форматна лінія взаємодії) і водночас переважно асиметричного зворотного впливу правосвідомості на політичну свідомість (друга форматна лінія), у чому й полягає найбільш загальна особливість прояву цього взаємозв'язку, а разом із тим і розвитку ідеології державотворення в античну добу. ; Статья посвящена исследованию особенностей взаимосвязи политического и правового сознания и, одновременно с этим, развития идеологии государственного строительства как специфической разновидности теоретически обоснованного практического сознания в античную эпоху. Установлено, что данная взаимосвязь в условиях существования социально-неоднородного общества западной цивилизации периода античности обуславливала взаимодействие двух обозначенных форм общественного сознания, которое проходило в формате одностороннего влияния политического сознания на правовое сознание (первая форматная линия взаимодействия) и, в то же время, преимущественно асимметричного обратного влияния правосознания на политическое сознание (вторая форматная линия), в чём и заключается наиболее общая особенность проявления этой взаимосвязи, а вместе с тем и развития идеологии государственного строительства в античную эпоху. ; Analysis of regularity of the ideology of state-building, analysis of specificity of the manifestation of this regularity at different stages of history, in particular, in antique times, - important components of research of the problem of formation of this ideology. The purpose of the article - investigate the specificity of manifestations of the interrelation political and legal consciousness, and, at the same time, the development of the ideology of state-building as a particular species of theoretically informed practical consciousness, which was used by the creators of state forms in antiquity. The study is based on the principles of materialist dialectics, historicism, formational and civilizational approaches. The obtained results of a study that summarize the scientific novelty can be formulated in the form of abstracts: a) identified two lines of ideological interaction on state building in antiquity; b) formed a theoretical model of ideological matrix of state-building of antiquity. Specificity of manifestations of the interrelation political and legal consciousness in antiquity - is the existence of two lines of ideological interaction in the field of state-building in a state-organized society: the first line - the unilateral influence of political consciousness on the legal consciousness; the second line - predominantly the asymmetric inverse influence of legal consciousness on political consciousness. These two lines of ideological interaction (the unilateral influence of political consciousness on the legal consciousness and predominantly the asymmetric inverse influence of legal consciousness on political consciousness) have created original ideological matrix of state-building. Within this ideological matrix of state-building in antiquity formed corresponding view of ideological phenomenon - the ideology of state-building of western slave state.

The Baltic Sea area is often quoted as the archetype of a transnational space achieved through networks. Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, local and European stakeholders have frequently relied on the fantasized history of the Hanseatic League, a mediaeval association of merchants created in the 12th century, in order to foster the idea of a unified region. Rather than a desire to bring together territories that are essentially rivals, the existence of numerous Baltic forums suggests the difficulty local stakeholders have in adapting to the new dynamics of economic globalization and political Europeanization. Since the 1980s, a period that was characterized by a change in the role of States, city authorities have been able to launch more autonomous international policies and extend the scope of their actions to unprecedented levels, the condition being that the cities in question have a sufficient critical mass and enjoy an attractive location. City networks make up an intermediary space allowing the territories bordering the Baltic Sea to develop strategies within and together with various geographical levels. With its many disparities, the Baltic Sea area exemplifies not one single model of rescaling, but a vast number of inter-territorial strategies and approaches. Beyond classical geopolitics based on inter-state relations, the study of the cities bordering the Baltic Sea leads to the idea that there is a great variety of ways in which they participate in both global and European dynamics that are not linear or monolithic processes. ; L'espace baltique est souvent cité comme l'archétype d'un espace transnational construit par des réseaux. Depuis la chute du Rideau de fer, les acteurs locaux et européens ont régulièrement convoqué le passé fantasmé de la Hanse médiévale, une association de marchands créée au XIIe siècle, afin d'établir une prétendue unité de la région. Davantage que la volonté de rapprocher des territoires avant tout concurrents, l'existence d'une multitude de forums baltiques traduit surtout la difficile adaptation des acteurs locaux à de nouvelles dynamiques relevant de la mondialisation économique et de l'européanisation politique. Depuis les années 1980, marquées par une recomposition du rôle des États, les autorités municipales ont la possibilité de mener une politique internationale plus autonome et de porter leurs actions à des niveaux inédits. Encore faut-il que les municipalités concernées disposent d'une masse critique suffisante et d'une localisation avantageuse. Les réseaux de villes forment un espace intermédiaire permettant aux territoires périphériques de l'espace baltique de développer des stratégies dans et avec les niveaux géographiques. Il n'existe pas un seul modèle de recomposition interterritoriale mais une multitude de stratégies et de parcours, dont l'espace baltique, traversé de nombreuses discontinuités, peut témoigner. Au-delà d'une géopolitique classique centrée sur les relations interétatiques, l'étude des municipalités riveraines invite à considérer la diversité des modèles d'inscription dans des dynamiques mondiales et européennes qui ne constituent pas des processus linéaires et monolithiques.

The Baltic Sea area is often quoted as the archetype of a transnational space achieved through networks. Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, local and European stakeholders have frequently relied on the fantasized history of the Hanseatic League, a mediaeval association of merchants created in the 12th century, in order to foster the idea of a unified region. Rather than a desire to bring together territories that are essentially rivals, the existence of numerous Baltic forums suggests the difficulty local stakeholders have in adapting to the new dynamics of economic globalization and political Europeanization. Since the 1980s, a period that was characterized by a change in the role of States, city authorities have been able to launch more autonomous international policies and extend the scope of their actions to unprecedented levels, the condition being that the cities in question have a sufficient critical mass and enjoy an attractive location. City networks make up an intermediary space allowing the territories bordering the Baltic Sea to develop strategies within and together with various geographical levels. With its many disparities, the Baltic Sea area exemplifies not one single model of rescaling, but a vast number of inter-territorial strategies and approaches. Beyond classical geopolitics based on inter-state relations, the study of the cities bordering the Baltic Sea leads to the idea that there is a great variety of ways in which they participate in both global and European dynamics that are not linear or monolithic processes. ; L'espace baltique est souvent cité comme l'archétype d'un espace transnational construit par des réseaux. Depuis la chute du Rideau de fer, les acteurs locaux et européens ont régulièrement convoqué le passé fantasmé de la Hanse médiévale, une association de marchands créée au XIIe siècle, afin d'établir une prétendue unité de la région. Davantage que la volonté de rapprocher des territoires avant tout concurrents, l'existence d'une multitude de forums baltiques traduit surtout la difficile adaptation des acteurs locaux à de nouvelles dynamiques relevant de la mondialisation économique et de l'européanisation politique. Depuis les années 1980, marquées par une recomposition du rôle des États, les autorités municipales ont la possibilité de mener une politique internationale plus autonome et de porter leurs actions à des niveaux inédits. Encore faut-il que les municipalités concernées disposent d'une masse critique suffisante et d'une localisation avantageuse. Les réseaux de villes forment un espace intermédiaire permettant aux territoires périphériques de l'espace baltique de développer des stratégies dans et avec les niveaux géographiques. Il n'existe pas un seul modèle de recomposition interterritoriale mais une multitude de stratégies et de parcours, dont l'espace baltique, traversé de nombreuses discontinuités, peut témoigner. Au-delà d'une géopolitique classique centrée sur les relations interétatiques, l'étude des municipalités riveraines invite à considérer la diversité des modèles d'inscription dans des dynamiques mondiales et européennes qui ne constituent pas des processus linéaires et monolithiques.

The Baltic Sea area is often quoted as the archetype of a transnational space achieved through networks. Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, local and European stakeholders have frequently relied on the fantasized history of the Hanseatic League, a mediaeval association of merchants created in the 12th century, in order to foster the idea of a unified region. Rather than a desire to bring together territories that are essentially rivals, the existence of numerous Baltic forums suggests the difficulty local stakeholders have in adapting to the new dynamics of economic globalization and political Europeanization. Since the 1980s, a period that was characterized by a change in the role of States, city authorities have been able to launch more autonomous international policies and extend the scope of their actions to unprecedented levels, the condition being that the cities in question have a sufficient critical mass and enjoy an attractive location. City networks make up an intermediary space allowing the territories bordering the Baltic Sea to develop strategies within and together with various geographical levels. With its many disparities, the Baltic Sea area exemplifies not one single model of rescaling, but a vast number of inter-territorial strategies and approaches. Beyond classical geopolitics based on inter-state relations, the study of the cities bordering the Baltic Sea leads to the idea that there is a great variety of ways in which they participate in both global and European dynamics that are not linear or monolithic processes. ; L'espace baltique est souvent cité comme l'archétype d'un espace transnational construit par des réseaux. Depuis la chute du Rideau de fer, les acteurs locaux et européens ont régulièrement convoqué le passé fantasmé de la Hanse médiévale, une association de marchands créée au XIIe siècle, afin d'établir une prétendue unité de la région. Davantage que la volonté de rapprocher des territoires avant tout concurrents, l'existence d'une multitude de forums baltiques traduit surtout la difficile adaptation des acteurs locaux à de nouvelles dynamiques relevant de la mondialisation économique et de l'européanisation politique. Depuis les années 1980, marquées par une recomposition du rôle des États, les autorités municipales ont la possibilité de mener une politique internationale plus autonome et de porter leurs actions à des niveaux inédits. Encore faut-il que les municipalités concernées disposent d'une masse critique suffisante et d'une localisation avantageuse. Les réseaux de villes forment un espace intermédiaire permettant aux territoires périphériques de l'espace baltique de développer des stratégies dans et avec les niveaux géographiques. Il n'existe pas un seul modèle de recomposition interterritoriale mais une multitude de stratégies et de parcours, dont l'espace baltique, traversé de nombreuses discontinuités, peut témoigner. Au-delà d'une géopolitique classique centrée sur les relations interétatiques, l'étude des municipalités riveraines invite à considérer la diversité des modèles d'inscription dans des dynamiques mondiales et européennes qui ne constituent pas des processus linéaires et monolithiques.

This thesis discuss the theme of integration and articulation between urban and transportation planning, with the aim of evaluate and studyi the sense and potentialities of the application of a Regional Plan for Transit Oriented Development (TOD) in Nord-Pas-de-Calais. In this regard we have chosen to use the tool of land use and transport integrated modeling (LUTI), and in particular the integrated simulation software Tranus, to implement a model which could answer to several research questions.We propose in this paper an integrated, inclusive and interactive perspective about problems and issues concerning land-use and transport policies at a regional level. A multidisciplinary and multi-scalar approach, following the principles of interdependence between all different elements of the territory, which is found in the concept of "networked city" of Dupuy. The aim is to address the themes of mobility and transport, according to a new paradigm, based on the concepts of accessibility, connectivity and multi-modality and therefore according to the idea of an urbanism and a development oriented to transit and non-motorized transport, rather than car-oriented. The thesis is part of a phd research in urban and transportation planning, held at the University of Science and Technology of Lille 1, through a joint supervision between the Laboratoire Ville Mobilité et Transport (LVMT - IFSTTAR) and the University of Calabria (Italy) and a scientific collaboration with Venezuelan engineering firm Modelistica. ; Dans cette thèse sera traité le thème de l'intégration et de l'articulation entre urbanisme et transport, avec le but d'évaluer et étudier le sens de l'application d'un plan régional de Transit Oriented Development (TOD) ou d'urbanisme des transports en commun en Nord-Pas-de-Calais. À cet égard nous avons fait le choix d'utiliser l'outil de la modélisation intégrée d'usage du sol et transport et notamment le logiciel de simulation Tranus, pour implémenter un modèle de simulation capable de répondre aux plusieurs questionnements à la base de cette recherche.On propose dans ce texte une perspective intégrée, inclusive et interactive sur les problématiques et les enjeux qui concernent les politiques d'usage du sol et des transports à l'échelle d'une région. Selon une approche multidisciplinaire et multi-échelle, qui suit les principes d'interdépendances entre les nombreux éléments du territoire, que l'on retrouve dans l'urbanisme des réseaux. Il s'agit d'aborder les thématiques de la mobilité et des transports, selon un nouveau paradigme, basé sur les concepts d'accessibilité, de connectivité et de multi-modalité et donc selon l'idée de concevoir un urbanisme et un développement non plus auto-centré, mais orientés vers l'usage des transports en commun et des modes de transport non motorisés. La thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un travail de recherche doctorale en aménagement et transport, déroulé à l'Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille 1 à travers une cotutelle entre le Laboratoire Ville Mobilité et Transport (LVMT – IFSTTAR) et l'Université de Calabre (Italie) et une collaboration scientifique avec le bureau d'étude d'ingénierie Vénézuélien Modelistica.

Die Bekämpfung der Ursachen des anthropogenen Klimawandels ist eine globale Aufgabe. Konkretes Handeln im Klimaschutz muss allerdings vor Ort geschehen, getragen von engagierten Menschen und Institutionen, unterstützt und koordiniert von einer wesentlichen lokalen Schnittstelle zwischen Politik und Gesellschaft - der Kommune. Um für die lokalen Klimaschutzaktivitäten einen strategischen Rahmen und eine perspektivische Handlungsgrundlage zu schaffen, sind bereits zahlreiche integrierte Klimaschutzkonzepte in deutschen Kommunen erstellt worden, welche über die Richtlinie zur Förderung von Klimaschutzprojekten in sozialen, kulturellen und öffentlichen Einrichtungen (sog. Kommunalrichtlinie) der Nationalen Klimaschutzinitiative des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit gefördert werden. Doch auch ohne explizite Erstellung eines Klimaschutzkonzeptes werden in vielen Kommunen Konzepte erarbeitet und Maßnahmen durchgeführt, welche gleichwohl dem Klimaschutz dienen - wenngleich diese Begrifflichkeit nicht immer strategischer bzw. normativer Leitsatz ist: So setzen sich die unteren Naturschutzbehörden beispielsweise im Rahmen des Bundesnaturschutzgesetzes im Bereich der Stadtklimatologie ein, Hochbauämter sorgen sich um die Energieeffizienz in kommunalen Liegenschaften und lokale Stadtwerke nehmen den Ausbau der Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung der eigenen Heizkraftwerke in Angriff. In Anbetracht der mannigfaltigen Aktivitäten im kommunalen Klimaschutz wird in vorliegender Arbeit untersucht, ob und inwieweit integrierte Klimaschutzkonzepte zur Erreichung der lokalen Klimaschutzziele einen zusätzlichen Beitrag leisten - einen Beitrag für den Klimaschutz, welcher ohne die Erstellung eines lokalspezifischen, exklusiven Klimaschutzkonzeptes nicht generiert worden wäre. Die Untersuchung zusätzlich generierter Effekte erfolgt anhand einer qualitativ-interpretativen Analyse dreier deutscher Kommunen unter Zuhilfenahme eines kommunalen Klimaschutzstrukturmodells. Neben der Beschreibung der gewonnenen empirischen Erkenntnisse werden ebenso potenzielle Erfolgskriterien identifiziert, welche das eigene Klimaschutzkonzept zu einem durchsetzungsstarken und unverzichtbaren Instrument des kommunalen Klimaschutzes werden lassen. ; The mitigation of climate change by fighting against its anthropogenic causes is a task on global scale. However, concrete action has to take place on local level, realized by committed citizens and organizations, supported and coordinated by a crucial regional interface between politics and public - the municipality. To create a strategic framework and a perspective action program for the local climate protection activities, many German municipalities developed integrated climate protection concepts which are funded in the context of the guidelines on promoting climate protection projects in municipalities and in social and cultural establishments by the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. Nevertheless, even without explicitly developed climate protection concepts there have been other programmes written and measures done which are associated to the issues of climate protection - even though this terminology isn't set as the strategic or normative approach: For instance, the lower nature conservation authority supports urban climatology issues in the context of the Federal Nature Conservation Act, the building authorities look after the energy efficiency of municipal properties and the public utility companies proceed with the extension of their own combined heat and power facilities. In consideration of the various municipal climate protection activities the work in hand researches whether and to what extent integrated climate protection concepts generate an additional contribution to reach the existing local aims in climate protection - an additional contribution, which is the exclusive result of developing a unique and local-specific climate protection concept. The examination of additionally generated effects in urban climate protection is based on a qualitative-interpretive analysis of three German municipalities with the assistance of a structural model of urban climate protection. In addition to the description of the empirical findings potential success metrics are identified, which affect the assertiveness and especially show the indispensability of such a framework for the municipal climate protection activities.

Abstract : This research aims to know and analyze the effects of KURS, Government Expenditure (GE) and Gross Domestic Regional Product (GDRP) upon rateof inflation in the AcehProvince, from Q1.2005 to Q4.2013. Data used in this research are time series based-secondary data for 36 periods and the multiple regression model is used as the tool of regression in analyzing them.The result of this research shows that the increase of KURS as well as of GDRP positively and significantly induces to the rate of inflation, nevertheless the increase of GM negatively and significantly influences the decreased rate of inflation in the Province during the periods. In addition, a statistical result demonstrates that F-Statistics is 13.353, more than if compared with F-Table, namely 2.90, which means that the development of KURS, the growth of GM as well as GDRP effect significantly upon the rate of inflation, which is shown by the value of F, where F-Statistics > F Table. What's more, partially KURS as well as GDRP influence significantly to the variable of inflation, however, the variable of GM partially does not influence to inflation.The conclusion of this research is that KURS and GDRP influence positively and significantly to rate of inflation. Therefore, the Government, through monetary policy, is expected to stabilize KURS Furthermore, through fiscal policy, it is also expected to overcome discrepancy of income distribution and to avoid excessively government expenditure, and inflation could be avoided accordingly. Keywords: Inflation, KURS, Government Expenditure and Gross DomesticRegional Product (GDRP). Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh nilai tukar Rupiah terhadap US$ (KURS), pengeluaran pemerintah (GM) dan Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) terhadap inflasi di Provinsi Aceh,selama periode kuartal I.2005 – IV.2013.Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder dalam bentuk seri waktu (time series) selama 36 kuartal (I.2005-IV.2013) dengan menggunakan peralatan analisis regresi linier berganda (multiple regression).Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan Peningkatan KURS dan peningkatan PDRB secara positif dan signifikan mempengaruhi inflasi, sedangkanGM secara negatif dan signifikan menyebabkan inflasi menurun di Provinsi Aceh. HasilPengujian statistik menunjukkan nilai F hitung sebesar 13,353 lebih besar bila dibandingkan dengan nilai F tabel sebesar 2,90 dapat diartikan, secara simultan perkembangan KURS, GM dan perkembangan PDRB berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Inflasi di Provinsi Aceh yang diperlihatkan oleh F-Hitung > F-Tabel. Secara parsial, KURS dan PDRB berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap variabel Inflasi.Sedangkan GM secara parsial tidak signifikan pengaruhnya terhadap Inflasi.Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil dari penelitian ini adalahKURS dan PDRB berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap Inflasi. Oleh karena itu pemerintah melalui kebijakan moneter diharapkan dapat menstabilkanKURS dan melalui kebijakan fiskal dapat mengatasi kesenjangan pendistribusian pendapatan kepada masyarakat serta dapat menghindari GM yang berlebih-lebihan sehingga inflasi dapat dihindari. Kata Kunci : Inflasi, KURS, Pengeluaran Pemerintah dan Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB).

Tese de Doutoramento em Gestão ; Este estudo estabelece uma comparação entre as guerras negociais, as quais chamamos de concorrência, e as batalhas políticas, as quais denominamos de guerra. Baseámos essa comparação na obra Surprise Attack de Kam. Kam estabelece a hipótese de que no mundo político, existe sempre a possibilidade de acontecerem ataques de surpresa e que esses ataques não são previsíveis. Contrariamente a kam, o estudo atual apresenta a possibilidade de que a maioria dos ataques nos negócios pode ser previsível. A razão para isso não acontecer, prende-se com a pobre natureza preditiva dos modelos estocásticos, pelo facto de captarem apenas o lado quantitativo de análise. Ou seja, muitas vezes nós analisamos os negócios apenas a partir de uma posição matemática e quantitativa, em vez de uma perspetiva holística. O estudo atual procura preencher esta lacuna, através da junção de um método qualitativo teórico sistematizado e que permite uma avaliação mais extensiva dos negócios, permitindo avaliar a exposição das empresas aos ataques de surpresa e aquisições hostis. O estudo procura ilustrar o tema, através de uma história financeira tipo, analisando uma empresária portuguesa do século XVI, Dona Grácia Nasi. A vida de Dona Grácia serve como pretexto para a introdução de diversas ferramentas analíticas, complementares às existentes no mundo das finanças e dos negócios. Essas ferramentas são: Teoria Q, análise literária hermenêutica e as perspetivas sociológicas. A tese procura, então, preencher uma parte da lacuna na literatura académica de finanças e negócios, apresentando uma ferramenta analítica qualitativa. ; This study addresses the similarities between two types of hostilities (business wars called competition) and physical altercations between nations called wars. We have based this study on the theoretical work of Ephraim Kam. Kam hypothesizes that in the political world there is always the potential for the surprise bellicose attack and that these attacks are not predictable. This study argues that, unlike in the political world, many attacks are predictable in business world. The study argues that the reason for past poor predictive success is that the stochastic model has been used only from the quantitative side. That is to say, scholars and practitioners have analyzed businesses from a mathematical and quantitative perspective rather than a holistic perspective. The current study fills in this gap by adding a theoretical qualitative systematized methodology that permits a more extensive business evaluation and its proclivity to be subjected to a hostile takeover. The study accomplishes this goal by means of theoretical design of one moment in financial history, the study of Portugal's leading 16th century businesswoman, Doña Gracia Nasi. Doña Gracia's life sets the stage for introducing several new analytical tools to the world of finance and business. These are: Q theory, hermeneutic literary analysis, and sociological perspectives. By means of new academic tools, the thesis seeks to fill in some of the lacunae within finance and business academic literature.

Currently, the companies are in constant change and what trends presented in a contradiction with their interests, aspirations, convictions and beliefs generating countless social-political conflicts, which keep the chances of reconciliation meeting points. Therefore, human rights, through its various international legal instruments, propose a model of multiculturalism, where all cultural forms have a right to exist and develop, to non-discrimination and to decide on them. The main objective of this research is to analyze the applicability of nonviolent political struggle as a tool for implementing necessary political culture, and the defense of human rights. The theoretical approaches were supported by the authors: Beller (2006), Braud (2006), Hernandez (2006) and Colotti (1991). The methodology used is descriptive documentary. The conclusion: the state must strengthen their participation in the search for tolerance and governance, giving up everything that individuals deviate from the path of love, peace and building a political culture based on humanism. However, differences can cause unexpected effects, depending on the influence and intensity that identifies it as a trigger for reactions with symbolic violence. In this sense, the diversity of modern society provides more resources, more opportunities to respond to the problems that occur with more ideas and different sensitivities to create a harmonious environment for healthy living. ; En la actualidad, las sociedades se encuentran en constantes cambios y tendencias, lo que las presenta en una cierta contradicción con sus intereses, aspiraciones, convicciones y creencias, generando así innumerables conflictos políticos-sociales que alejan las posibilidades de conciliación de puntos de encuentro. Por ello, los derechos humanos, por medio de sus diversos instrumentos legales internacionales, proponen un modelo de pluriculturalismo, en el que todas las formas culturales tienen derecho a existir y desarrollarse, a no ser discriminadas y a decidir sobre sí mismas. El objetivo principal de la presente investigación es analizar la aplicabilidad de la lucha política no violenta como instrumento para la necesaria implementación de una cultura política, así como para la defensa de los derechos humanos. Los planteamientos teóricos fueron sustentados por los autores: Beller (2006), Braud (2006), Hernández (2006) y Colotti (1991). La metodología empleada es descriptiva documental. Se concluye que el Estado debe fortalecer su participación en la búsqueda de la tolerancia y la gobernabilidad, renunciando a todo aquello que desvíe a los individuos del camino del amor, la paz y la construcción de una cultura política basada en el humanismo. No obstante, las diferencias pueden provocar efectos imprevistos, dependiendo de la influencia e intensidad que la identifique como un factor desencadenante de reacciones con violencia simbólica. En tal sentido, la diversidad proporciona a la sociedad moderna mayores recursos, más oportunidades de dar respuesta a los problemas que se presentan, con más ideas y diferentes sensibilidades a fin de crear un ambiente armónico para la sana convivencia.