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It is generally acknowledged that the contemporary revival of Weber's concept of charismatic authority was prompted by its utility in explaining the revolutionary movements of the first half of the twentieth century. The more recent applications of the concept to the study of leadership in the emerging non-Western states, constituted yet another revival, testifying to the analytical power of Weber's conceptual scheme.

"This cleavage, while divisive, has been a strength of Indonesia's democracy, giving meaning to political participation and allowing a degree of representation not often observed in young democracies. While the recent resurgence of radical Islam and political polarization in Indonesian politics may have contributed to democratic erosion, these factors have simultaneously clarified political alternatives and improved perceptions of representation, in turn bolstering democratic participation and satisfaction. This compelling book effectively challenges the wisdom of the role of Islam in Indonesian political life and provides a fresh analysis for debates on democratic backsliding in Indonesia and beyond. Diego Fossati is Assistant Professor in the Department of Public and International Affairs at City University of Hong Kong. Dr. Fossati studies political behaviour, accountability and representation, especially in the context of Southeast Asia"--

This article describes critiques on orientalism as well as appreciates orientalist works which have positive values in Islamic studies that requires "reassessment". This is because orientalism is a distinctive discipline that has a strong historical value between the West and the East (Islam) after the medieval European renaissance. This discipline was initially used as a Western political tool to exploit the East—both aggression and imperialism. However this discipline deserves careful attention by removing prejudices-geopolitical and historical revenge in the orientalists' objective judgments. The work produced by such orientalists cannot be solely underestimated. Some orientalists merely using a scientific or semi-scientific approach have continuously produced "magnum opus" and contributed to the development of Islamic studies such as Hadith index, Quranic dictionary, and Encyclopedia of Islam.

THE THREAT OF AN IRANIAN-STYLE ISLAMIC TAKEOVER OF THE NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES OF CENTRAL ASIA IS CURRENTLY MORE OF A POTENTIAL THAN ACTUAL THREAT TO THE SECULAR RULERS OF THESE COUNTRIES. NONETHELESS, ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND NATIONALITY PROBLEMS RENDER THESE RULERS VULNERABLE TO A FUTURE ISLAMIC POTENTIAL CHALLENGE. THE THREAT OF ISLAM HAS BEEN USED BY LOCAL LEADERS TO JUSTIFY DICTATORSHIPS AND INTERVENE IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES, WHILE FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS, SUCH AS TURKEY AND ISRAEL, HAVE SOUGHT TO EXPLOIT THE THREAT OF ISLAM IN CENTRAL ASIA TO STRENGTHEN THEIR SUPPORT FROM THE UNITED STATES. BY CONTRAST, IRAN HAS DOWNPLAYED THE ISLAMIC FACTOR IN ITS FOREIGN POLICY TOWARD THESE NEW REPUBLICS AND AS A RESULT HAS ENHANCED ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH RUSSIA, WHICH SEEKS TO ESTABLISH ITS HEGEMONY OVER THE REGION.

The media set the agenda of public discourse and define people's perception of the issues. Research shows that analysis of visual elements in the media coverage of Islam is under-represented. This study explores and compares visual agenda-setting of Islam in selected Nigerian and Malaysian newspapers. Punch and Vanguard were chosen from Nigeria while The Star and New Straits Times were chosen from Malaysia based on their online readership. The study focused on content analysis of 425 photos and 23 videos used in the selected newspapers. Sample was collected from November 2015 until September 2016. Only photos and videos used in articles directly related to Islam were collected from the respective websites of the newspapers. It was found that Nigerian newspapers used more violent photos in reporting Islam than Malaysian newspapers. Of all the photos used in the selected newspapers, 43 reflected violence blamed on Islam while 382 were non-violent. None of the videos reflected violence. Though the use of violent photos is minimal in the newspapers, their implication might be highly influential. Visual bias could be avoided through collective effort of journalists, editors, and corporate ownership of the media.

Ein markantes Merkmal der zweiten Hälfte unseres Jahrhunderts ist das Wirken großer ideologischer Systeme. Der Konflikt zwischen der "marxistischen" und der "kapitalistischen" Welt bestimmte dabei in großem Maße die Politik auf internationaler und nationaler Ebene. Religion als konkurrierendes Weltdeutungssystem oder Ideologie erschien zu Beginn dieses Zeitraums zunächst zum Untergang verurteilt, erlebte jedoch zunehmend eine Phase der "Renaissance", deren weitere Entwicklung nicht abzusehen ist. Hier sticht die in den 70er Jahren verstärkt einsetzende Berichterstattung der Medien über den Islam ins Auge. Sie ist jedoch oft durch Unkenntnis oder Vorurteile gekennzeichnet. Die empirische Studie von Detlef Thofern untersucht, basierend auf dieser Ausgangslage, den journalistischen Umgang des SPIEGEL - einer "Institution der bundesrepublikanischen Meinungsbildung" - mit der Religion des Islams. Der Autor analysiert die Berichterstattung über einen Zeitraum von 40 Jahren hinweg und präsentiert Darstellungen des Islams im Kontext der Berichterstattung zum Thema Religion überhaupt unter quantitativen und qualitativen Gesichtspunkten. So entsteht eine differenzierte und wissenschaftlich distanzierte Darstellung und Dokumentation der medialen Verarbeitung des Themas Islam durch das Nachrichtenmagazin. Zahlreiche Tabellen und Abbildungen veranschaulichen die Ergebnisse der empirischen Langzeitstudie, die notwendigerweise interdisziplinär ausgerichtet ist und relevante Ausgangspunkte der Religionswissenschaft, Sozialwissenschaft und Publizistik verbindet. Die Arbeit versteht sich als Beitrag zu einer sachlicheren Auseinandersetzung mit dem Islam und richtet sich auch an Interessierte in Politik und Gesellschaft und im Journalismus.

AbstractThis article addresses the question of how the racial habitus of Polish White female converts (PWFCs) to Islam is performed in different social settings. We draw from in-depth interviews with 35 PWFCs living in Poland and the United Kingdom. While the notion of habitus has been used to analyze socialization into Islam, racial habitus has not been analyzed in relation to White converts to Islam. We argue that White habitus is an important concept that elucidates racial positioning among White converts in multiracial Muslim settings. Whiteness, often indexed in the data as "Europeanness," is foundational for the PWFC identity. Furthermore, we extend the understanding of how Whiteness operates in Eastern Europe through the analysis of the White habitus among those who occupy non-normative places in racial and religious hierarchies. Thus, this article contributes to a growing body of scholarship on decentering Whiteness in Eastern Europe.

This paper examined the micro-finance services towards empowerment of unprivileged women in the southwestern part of Bangladesh. A sample of 300 low profile unprivileged micro-finance service receiving women equally from rural and urban areas of Khulna district were surveyed during May, 2018. Data were collected on the usage and effectiveness of micro-finance services and were analyzed using STATA 12. Multiple regression model and descriptive statistics were used to interpret data. Economic empowerment, social empowerment, interpersonal empowerment and political empowerment were considered to measure women empowerment. The study found that proper use of microcredit, marital status of women, educational status of women and their husbands, personal income and their position in the family were the main determinants of women empowerment. Women empowerment score remained higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The availability of micro-finance services improved the status of unprivileged low profile suburban women in terms of income generation, saving mobilization, the creation of household assets and overall poverty reduction of rural women. Thus, microfinance has been a useful tool for women empowerment and economic development in both areas but more effective in urban areas.