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While the traditional role of the First Lady has been that of hostess, some have taken on new activities involving leadership & decision making. At the same time, media coverage of the First Lady has changed. Presented here are two studies examining media coverage of three First Ladies, Nancy Reagan, Barbara Bush, & Hillary Clinton, hypothesizing that the way a First Lady is framed as being politically active or not will play a role in other aspects of media coverage, eg, valence of stories & degree of stereotyping. Content analyses of stories in the New York Times, Washington Post, & Time magazine indicate that the more politically active the First Lady, the more negative the textual coverage, & the less stereotypical the photographic coverage. The frames used to cover First Ladies have changed in both media outlets & may depend not only on political activity, but also on the medium in which the news appears. 7 Tables, 29 References. Adapted from the source document.

The paper discusses the main processes and concequenses of transfor­mation of the media system of Poland in post-socialist pertiod ; yes ; Belgorod State University

In a Requiem for Media Jean Baudrillard described the civil war in Timisoara, Romania, in 1989. He discovered that the war was to a large extent instigated by the mass media. Nowadays, the media have the possibility to decontextualize events and objectify them by placing them in a different context, alongside other decontextualized events. This could be very dangerous and lead to serious national security problems. Media could provoke social turbulence and "real" crimes. My aim in this paper is to describe this problem and show possible solutions. While following the methodology adopted, I examine case studies and analyze specific historical events.

Part I: Definitions. The media and society -- Minority art, folk art and popular art -- Popular art and mass culture -- Part II: Topics for study. Popular forms and popular artists -- Violence on the screen -- The avenging angels -- Falling in love -- Fantasy and romance -- Friends and neighbours -- The young audience -- The big bazaar -- Part III: Social themes. The institutions -- Mass society: critics and defenders -- The curriculum and the popular arts.

This book documents the journalistic career of Mohandas K. Gandhi. Known as the Mahatma and the Father of India, Gandhi was also a journalist. The book looks at other media tools Gandhi used to transmit his messages to the public, including his recorded voice for gramophone.

In the Cold War climate of the early 1960s in divided Germany the nazi past was just as much part of the ideological debate as the rivalries between the superpowers. The differing interpretations of the causes and consequences of the 12-year dictatorship were being played out in the mass media, particularly on radio. The high point of this 'broadcast war' - the Auschwitz Trial in Frankfurt in 1963-65 - is the focus of this article. Whether this ideological battle played a significant part in the Vergangenheitsbewšltigung (coming to terms with the past) is investigated by analysing some of the programmes from East and West German broadcasters.

The aim of the article is to analyze the activity of the mass media as a subject of the social problem process in order to identify the pecualiarities of the influencing practices of social problem designing in modern Ukraine on the example of the so-called "language problem". First of all, it is a practice that allows you to attract public attention to social problems. This form of media influence on the public is called the practice of setting the agenda. The potential of media influence through the practice of establishing an agenda involves the question of whether to be or not to be a social problem and reveals itself through a few moments: mass media become an important source of information about the existence of a social problem; the media declare the existence of the problem and impose the idea that something should be done with it; by filtering a large number of complex social circumstances, the media focus their attention on a few of them, thus creating an image of their "importance" and "priority" in reality.The practice of priming transfers the emphasis from the very problem to those connotations that stand behind it. Thus, priming as a media practice of challenging complex social circumstances complements the previous practice of setting the agenda and solves the question of whether a social problem willexist or not in such a way that by its being to silence the existence of all other problems, namely: activates certain schemes for assessing the controversial issue; raises the media rank of a specific social problem; sets the standard for assessing the situation around complex social circumstances, in particular, the actions or inactions of politicians; transforms a concrete social problem into a criterion for measuring the effectiveness of the political actors' functioning.Another form of media intervention in the process of social issues is framing. The main elements of the framing practice via the media are two points: narrowing of the problem field, which contributes to the greater probability that the public agenda will reflect the agenda of political elites; promotion of correct interpretations of social problems. ; У статті розглядаються питання, що стосуються методів проектування засобами масової інформації соціальних проблем, а саме практика встановлення порядку денного, праймінгу та практика фреймінгу. Кожна з наведених практик проектування соціальної проблеми розглядається в межах сучасних українських політичних реалій щодо так званої мовної проблеми. Практика впливу на процес складних соціальних обставин дає можливість не лише зафіксувати результат впливу, а й зрозуміти механізм самого впливу, який задіяний у цьому процесі.

The aim of the article is to analyze the activity of the mass media as a subject of the social problem process in order to identify the pecualiarities of the influencing practices of social problem designing in modern Ukraine on the example of the so-called "language problem". First of all, it is a practice that allows you to attract public attention to social problems. This form of media influence on the public is called the practice of setting the agenda. The potential of media influence through the practice of establishing an agenda involves the question of whether to be or not to be a social problem and reveals itself through a few moments: mass media become an important source of information about the existence of a social problem; the media declare the existence of the problem and impose the idea that something should be done with it; by filtering a large number of complex social circumstances, the media focus their attention on a few of them, thus creating an image of their "importance" and "priority" in reality.The practice of priming transfers the emphasis from the very problem to those connotations that stand behind it. Thus, priming as a media practice of challenging complex social circumstances complements the previous practice of setting the agenda and solves the question of whether a social problem willexist or not in such a way that by its being to silence the existence of all other problems, namely: activates certain schemes for assessing the controversial issue; raises the media rank of a specific social problem; sets the standard for assessing the situation around complex social circumstances, in particular, the actions or inactions of politicians; transforms a concrete social problem into a criterion for measuring the effectiveness of the political actors' functioning.Another form of media intervention in the process of social issues is framing. The main elements of the framing practice via the media are two points: narrowing of the problem field, which contributes to the greater probability that the public agenda will reflect the agenda of political elites; promotion of correct interpretations of social problems. ; У статті розглядаються питання, що стосуються методів проектування засобами масової інформації соціальних проблем, а саме практика встановлення порядку денного, праймінгу та практика фреймінгу. Кожна з наведених практик проектування соціальної проблеми розглядається в межах сучасних українських політичних реалій щодо так званої мовної проблеми. Практика впливу на процес складних соціальних обставин дає можливість не лише зафіксувати результат впливу, а й зрозуміти механізм самого впливу, який задіяний у цьому процесі.

Drawing on the findings of news recall & comprehension research (Frank, R., & Greenberg, M., The Public's Use of Television, Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1980), viewer traits & characteristics that increase the agenda-setting influence of TV news programs are assessed. Data from interviews with 1,204 national news viewers in the US suggest that effects are greater when viewers have prior awareness of news topics through print media exposure or have some Coll education. Watching news programs attentively & viewing them in color also contribute to agenda setting. 3 Tables, 15 References. Modified HA

"The political campaign is one of the most important organizations in a democracy, and whether issue- or candidate-specific, it is one of the least understood organizations in contemporary political life. This book is a critical assessment of the role that information technologies have come to play in contemporary campaigns. With evidence from ethnographic immersion, survey data, and social network analysis, Philip Howard examines the evolving act of political campaigning and the changing organization of political campaigns over the last five election cycles, from 1996 to 2004"--Jacket

The media in democratic and nondemocratic regimes, a multilevel perspective / Anthony Mughan and Richard Gunther -- The media and politics in Spain, from dictatorship to democracy / Richard Gunther, Jos(c)Øe Ram(c)Øon Montero, and Jos(c)Øe Ignacio Wert -- Institutional incapacity, the attentive public, and media pluralism in Russia / Ellen Mickiewicz -- Democratic transformation and the mass media in Hungary, from Stalinism to democratic consolidation / Mikl(c)Øos S(c)·uk(c)·osd -- The modernization of communications, the media in the transition to democracy in Chile / Eugenio Tironi and Guillermo Sunkel -- Media influence in the Italian transition from a consensual to a majoritarian democrarcy / Carlo Marletti and Franca Roncarolo -- The United States, news in a free-market society / Thomas E. Patterson -- Japan, news and politics in a media-saturated democracy / Ellis S. Krauss -- The Netherlands, media and politics between segmented pluralism and market forces / Cees van der Eijk -- Great Britain, the end of news at ten and the changing news environment / Holli A. Semetko -- Germany, a society and a media system in transition / Max Kaase -- The political impact of ther media, a reassessment / Richard Gunther and Anthony Mughan

It is widely claimed that new technology offers great potential for expanding the horizons of political communication and overcoming some of the problems associated with traditional media in furthering the democratic process. New forms of communication, it is argued, will foster greater interest and participation in the political process which will in turn enhance and enrich democracy. However, although the inadequacies of traditional media pose serious problems for political discourse and democracy, the empirical and conceptual difficulties surrounding new media make their contribution to the political process equally problematic. While new media may offer some opportunities for elite groups at the margins, traditional mass media will continue to dominate the discourse and conduct of politics.

Applying the research in this volume, this article explores the relationship between the post-Cold War media coverage of foreign affairs, the formation of public opinion, & its influence on the state. The author strives to create a general theory & to point out directions for future theory development & research. Research in this volume highlights the tensions between theoretical generalizations & the complexity, differentiation, & explanatory completeness of research. L. A. Hoffman