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The contribution addresses the writing of the history of education as a history of the present. The history of the present is seen as a style of reason conceived, both, as a methodological and theoretical gesture. It seeks, through a questioning of blind zones in the present, to trace its origins. It is not simply a question of returning to the past in search of truth. On the contrary, what Michel Foucault's work allows us is to perceive the contingencies, arbitrariness, fragilities and, so often, violence enclosed in a set of presuppositions, ways of saying, seeing and thinking that we do act in the educational field. In a more concrete way, I will focus on the basic arts education curriculum in Portugal, to show how these are constructed not from a relationship with the arts, but through successive historical layers in which representations of the child, of the methods and processes of learning feed on the psychopedagogical languages with the aim of governing who the child should be and also who should not be that child. Thomas Popkewitz refers to these curricular alchemies as the translation process that transforms a given knowledge into a curricular subject, according to grids of rationality coming from psychology. Arts education is not about the arts but is a translation of psychological principles of the child into schooling. With this alchemical process there also come the rules of how children are supposed to learn, which stages of development they are supposed to go through, how knowledge should be divided and provided, and how the arts mirror the child's inner life. The production of psychopedagogical knowledge about the child would produce images about what the child is and about what it should become.The government of childhood finds its genealogical lines in the process of governing the social body, in which to the power of governing would always correspond a meticulous gesture of knowledge production about those to be governed. Thus, a look at the curricula from this theoretical approach allows us to analyze not only the structure of the school, but also the grammars that put it into operation, and to problematize the ahistorical child of the arts education curriculum as a larger project that has in the government of the child (and simultaneously the teacher, parents, families, society) their purpose. Today, languages acquire different nuances, the categories multiply, but the rationality presented in the arts education curricula remains the same. ; Esta contribución aborda la escritura de la historia de la educación como una historia del presente. La historia del presente es vista como un estilo de razón concebido, a la vez, como un gesto metodológico y teórico. Busca, a través de un cuestionamiento de las zonas ciegas del presente, rastrear sus orígenes. No se trata simplemente de volver al pasado en busca de la verdad. Por el contrario, lo que la obra de Michel Foucault nos permite es percibir las contingencias, las arbitrariedades, las fragilidades y, tantas veces, la violencia que encierra un conjunto de presupuestos, de formas de decir, de ver y de pensar que utilizamos en el ámbito educativo. De forma más concreta, me centraré en el currículo de la educación artística básica en Portugal, para mostrar cómo se construye no a partir de una relación con las artes, sino a través de sucesivas capas históricas en las que las representaciones del niño, de los métodos y de los procesos de aprendizaje se alimentan de los lenguajes psicopedagógicos con el objetivo de gobernar quién debe ser el niño y también quién no debe ser ese niño. Thomas Popkewitz se refiere a estas alquimias curriculares como el proceso de traducción que transforma un determinado conocimiento en una materia curricular, según las retículas de racionalidad procedentes de la psicología. La educación artística no tiene que ver con las artes, sino que es una traducción de los principios psicológicos del niño a la escuela. Con este proceso alquímico vienen también las reglas de cómo se supone que los niños aprenden, qué etapas del desarrollo deben atravesar, cómo se debe dividir y proporcionar el conocimiento y cómo las artes reflejan la vida interior del niño. La producción de conocimiento psicopedagógico sobre el niño produciría imágenes sobre lo que el niño es y sobre lo que debería llegar a ser.El gobierno de la infancia encuentra sus líneas genealógicas en el proceso de gobierno del cuerpo social, en el que al poder de gobernar correspondería siempre un gesto minucioso de producción de conocimiento sobre los gobernados. Así, una mirada a los currículos desde este enfoque teórico nos permite analizar no solo la estructura de la escuela, sino también las gramáticas que la ponen en funcionamiento, y problematizar el niño ahistórico del currículo de educación artística como un proyecto mayor que tiene en el gobierno del niño (y simultáneamente del maestro, de los padres, de las familias, de la sociedad) su finalidad. Hoy, los lenguajes adquieren diferentes matices, las categorías se multiplican, pero la racionalidad presentada en los currículos de educación artística sigue siendo la misma.

Additive manufacturing (AM), e.g., laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique, has become a powerful manufacturing process for producing metallic components with the advantages of design freedom, net-shape-forming flexibility, product customization, and reduced lead time to market. Nickel-based superalloys is one of the most significant alloy families used at elevated temperatures. Nickel-based superalloys commonly contain up to 10 more alloying elements like chromium, aluminum, cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, and so on. The great capacity of the nickel-based superalloys for high-temperature operation is ensured by the well-tailored microstructures with the assistance of carefully doped alloying elements, and the intently developed corresponding manufacturing processes. However, high-performance nickel-based superalloys generally suffer from structural integrity issues during AM process, i.e., this class of superalloys is highly susceptible to crack. Therefore, new nickel-based superalloys adapted to AM process with tailored chemical composition are under the urgent call. Meanwhile, high-temperature performance is another prioritized target for the new superalloys.The first topic is the chemical composition-dependent cracking mechanisms. The interdendritic region formed at the last-stage solidification has been found as the cracked spaces. Owing to the suppression of precipitate formation, the cracking mechanism is generalized as (1) the large mismatch of the solidification steps accounting for the crack initiation, and (2) the large mismatch of load-bearing capacity accounting for the crack propagation, between the dendritic and interdendritic regions. To quantitatively formulate the additive manufacturability of nickel-based superalloys, herein a two-parameter-based, heat resistance, and deformation resistance (HR-DR) model, has been successfully proposed to predict the printability on accounting for the relation between chemical composition (both major and minor elements) and cracking susceptibility. The concept of this model is formulated as that if the interdendritic region obtains both higher heat and deformation resistances than the rest dendritic region, this alloy is expected to be crack resistant. Validated by the experimental results and hitherto reported literature data, the HR-DR model provides an excellent sound prediction on the crack susceptibility of nickel-based superalloy during AM process. By considering the combination of additive manufacturability and high-temperature performance, a novel high-strength nickel-based superalloy, MAD542 has been developed based on the materials selection procedure from 921,600 candidate compositions. In addition, another precipitation-strengthened nickel-based superalloy, Alloy738+ has been developed based on the modification of the composition of heritage superalloy IN738LC, aiming for improving the additive manufacturability, creep, and oxidation resistance. The second topic is the post-processing treatments related to microstructural evolution and mechanical properties. Owing to the thermal history during the LPBF process, the as-built microstructure commonly consists of columnar grains nearly parallel to the building direction with strong crystallographic texture. Subjected to the post-processing treatments, the solution treatment is the key to controlling the grain evolution. It has been shown for both LPBF MAD542 and heritage LPBF CM247 superalloys, the high crystallographic texture is maintained at the sub-γ′-solvus temperatures because of the grain boundary pinning effect from grain boundary precipitates. Whilst the crystal anisotropy is highly reduced by the treatment at super-γ′-solvus temperatures driven by the means of recrystallization. However, fully recrystallized microstructure with low texture largely reduced the mechanical properties by the embrittlement manner at elevated temperatures accordingly. The third topic is the examination of creep and oxidation performance of various LPBF superalloys. A strong building direction-dependent creep performance is found for an LPBF IN738LC superalloy fabricated by the vertical and horizontal build. Vertically built samples show 7-40 times longer rupture life and approximately 2 times longer elongation at fracture than the horizontally produced samples, for the creep at 150-300 MPa at 850 °C. To evaluate the short-term creep performance, constant displacement rate-controlled slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) testing was carried out. The constant load-controlled creep and SSRT are correlated by deformation rate-based power-law type analysis. The new superalloy LPBF MAD542 generally displays a 5 times slower deformation rate than the LPBF IN738LC superalloy at 850 °C. The new superalloy Alloy738+ shows a comparable creep performance to LPBF IN738LC. Oxidation tests were conducted at 850/950/1050 °C. The new superalloy Alloy738+ presents an excellent oxidation resistance at 850 and 950 °C. By comparison, for example, Alloy738+ has 3 times slower oxidation kinetics than IN738LC at 950 °C. The several investigations associated with the composition/processing/property in multiple precipitation-strengthened nickel-based superalloys fabricated by AM in this thesis have proven that the materials development requires comprehensive in-depth considerations. The presented results can contribute to the fundamental understanding and/or serve as the reference data for other superalloys by AM from the properties perspective. ; Funding agencies: The Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (Vinnova) MADAM (grant 2018-00804), MAGDA (grant 2021-01005) projects, and the Vinnova Competence Center for Additive Manufacturing - metal (CAM 2 )

PurposeIn general, Muslims consider Islamic consumption to be a religious obligation. Previous research, however, suggests that various socio-psychological factors may influence Islamic consumption. Failure to comprehend the true motivations for purchasing Islamic products may lead to marketing myopia. This research investigates the less explored motivational factors of religious compensatory consumption, namely religious hypocrisy, religious social control and religious guilt.Design/methodology/approachThis research relied on an online questionnaire. Purposive sampling yielded a total of 238 Muslim respondents. The authors employed PLS-SEM analysis with the ADANCO software to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe results reveal the following: (1) Higher religious hypocrisy leads to higher religious social control. (2) Higher religious hypocrisy leads to higher religious guilt. (3) Higher religious social control leads to higher religious guilt. (4) Higher religious hypocrisy leads to higher religious compensatory consumption. (5) Higher religious social control leads to higher religious compensatory consumption. (6) Religious social control partially mediates the relationship between religious hypocrisy and religious compensatory consumption. (7) Higher religious guilt leads to higher religious compensatory consumption. (8) Religious guilt partially mediates the relationship between religious hypocrisy and religious compensatory consumption.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, religious compensatory consumption in this research is limited to Muslim consumers. Future research may investigate compensatory consumption in different contexts, such as Judaism and Christianity, which have some common religious tenets. Second, compensatory consumption is a complex concept. The authors' religious compensatory consumption scale only incorporated a few aspects of compensatory consumption. Future studies may retest the authors' measurement scale for reliability. Lastly, the samples were dominated by the younger generation of Muslims (e.g. generation Z). Future studies may investigate older Muslim generations.Practical implicationsFirst, this research illustrates how religiosity, guilt and social control may contribute to Islamic compensatory consumption. Islamic business practitioners and retailers targeting Muslim consumers can benefit from this research by knowing that Islamic consumption may be driven by socio-psychological factors, such as religious hypocrisy and guilt. As a result, businesses targeting Muslim consumers can develop marketing strategies that incorporate these religious elements while also addressing their socio-psychological issues in order to promote Islamic products. Second, Islamic business practitioners and retailers may consider the social environments in which Muslims are raised. The authors' findings show that religious social control has direct and indirect effects on Muslims' preferences for Islamic products as a form of compensatory strategy. Islamic business practitioners may design marketing programs that revolve around Muslim families and their Islamic values. It is in line with the previous studies that suggest the connections between religions, local cultures and buying behaviours (Ng et al., 2020; Batra et al., 2021). In some ways, Islamic products can be promoted to improve the well-being and cohesion of family members and Muslim society in general. In this research, the authors argue that businesses' failures to understand the socio-psychological motives of Islamic consumption may lead to marketing myopia.Social implicationsAs previously stated, religion (i.e. Islam) may be a source of well-being and a stable relationship among Muslims. Nevertheless, it may also become a source of negative emotions, such as guilt, because of one's inability to fulfil religious values, ideals or standards. According to the authors' findings, Islamic products can be used to compensate for a perceived lack of religiosity. At the same time, these products may improve Muslims' well-being. The creations of products and services that revolve around Islamic values are expected to improve Muslims' economic conditions and strengthen their faith and love toward Islam in the globalized world. Moreover, Muslims, both as majority and minority groups, face increasing social pressures. On one hand there is the (in-group) pressure to uphold Islamic values and on the other hand there is the (out-group) pressure to preserve the local values and cultures. Indeed, living in the globalized world may require certain compromises. This research calls for various institutions and policymakers to work out solutions that enable all religious groups to work and live in harmony.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this research is the first to study religious compensatory consumption quantitatively. This research operationalized variables previously discussed using a qualitative approach, namely religious hypocrisy, social control, guilt and compensatory consumption. The authors designed and adapted their measurement scales to fit this context, paving the way for future research in this field. Second, this research provides new empirical evidence by examining the relationships among less explored variables. For instance, this research has proven that several aspects of religiosity (e.g. hypocrisy, social control and guilt) may influence compensatory consumption in the Islamic context. This research also reveals the mediation roles of religious social control and religious guilt that were less explored in the previous studies. To the best of their knowledge, previous studies had not addressed social control as a predictor of compensatory consumption. Therefore, the theoretical model presented in this research and the empirical findings extend the theory of compensatory consumption. Third, Muslims are underrepresented in the compensatory consumption research; therefore, this research fills the population gap. Finally, this research focuses on Islamic compensatory behaviour as the future direction of Islamic marketing. Previous Islamic marketing research had not addressed the sensitive motives of Islamic consumption, which have now been highlighted in this research.

La Unión Europea ha sentado las bases para la mejora de la eficiencia energética del parque construido con objetivos de descarbonización del 80-95% en 2050, avanzando hacia edificios de consumo energético casi nulo (nZEB). La planificación a escala estatal existente, como la ERESEE 2020, tiene que derivar en una planificación a escala urbana y metropolitana, pues esta es la escala apropiada para realizar diagnósticos acertados, planificar estrategias efectivas, y ejecutar las acciones necesarias de la mano del tejido social y productivo. A esta escala se ha desarrollado el proyecto urbanZEB, que engloba estrategias de rehabilitación energética desde escala municipal hasta escala regional. UrbanZEB es una herramienta de planificación capacitada para diagnosticar y realizar un plan de acción global para un área urbana, evaluando y representando su estado actual, definiendo objetivos ambientales en el tiempo, y generando una hoja de ruta de transición a escala urbana. La herramienta dispone de un innovador software basado en técnicas Big Data capaz de determinar las características específicas de cada edificio, realizar una simulación energética y valorar los efectos energéticos y económicos de una rehabilitación particularizada del inmueble. Los resultados proporcionados a nivel arquitectónico, energético y económico, así como los criterios de intervención, son consultables edificio a edificio y, de forma agregada, para unidades superiores -sección censal, barrio, municipio-, a través de una plataforma on-line dirigida a la ciudadanía, a profesionales e investigadores, y a técnicos de la administración y equipos políticos. ; La Unió Europea ha establert les bases per a la millora de l'eficiència energètica del parc construït amb objectius de descarbonització del 80-95% el 2050, avançant cap a edificis de consum energètic gairebé nul (nZEB). La planificació a escala estatal existent, com la ERESEE 2020, ha de derivar en una planificació a escala urbana i metropolitana, ja que aquesta és l'escala apropiada per realitzar diagnòstics encertats, planificar estratègies efectives, i executar les accions necessàries de la mà de el teixit social i productiu. A aquesta escala s'ha desenvolupat el projecte urbanZEB, que engloba estratègies de rehabilitació energètica des escala municipal fins escala regional. UrbanZEB és una eina de planificació capacitada per diagnosticar i realitzar un pla d'acció global per a una àrea urbana, avaluant i representant seu estat actual, definint objectius ambientals en el temps, i generant un full de ruta de transició a escala urbana. L'eina disposa d'un innovador programari basat en tècniques Big Data capaç de determinar les característiques específiques de cada edifici, realitzar una simulació energètica i valorar els efectes energètics i econòmics d'una rehabilitació particularitzada de l'immoble. Els resultats proporcionats a nivell arquitectònic, energètic i econòmic, així com els criteris d'intervenció, són consultables edifici a edifici i, de forma agregada, per a unitats superiors -secció censal, barri, municipi-, a través d'una plataforma on-line dirigida a la ciutadania, a professionals i investigadors, i a tècnics de l'administració i equips polítics. ; The European Union has laid the foundations for the improvement of the energy efficiency of its building stock with decarbonisation targets of 80-95%, transforming existing into near-zero energy consumption buildings (nZEB). The existing state planning, such as ERESEE 2020 (the Spanish LTRS), has to lead to planning at the urban and metropolitan scale because this is the appropriate scale for making accurate diagnoses, planning effective strategies, and executing the necessary actions together with the social and productive network. This is the scale on which urbanZEB project has been developed, encompassing energy renovation strategies from local to regional scale. urbanZEB is a planning tool developed to diagnose and carry out a global action plan for urban areas, evaluating and representing their current situation, defining environmental objectives over time, and generating a transition roadmap at urban scale that specifies where, when and which actions need to be implemented as well as which monitoring indicators need to be established. The tool includes an innovative software based on Big Data techniques able to determine the specific characteristics of each building, perform an hour-by-hour energy simulation from a multi-zone thermal model, and assess the energy and economic effects of a specific building renovation. The results provided at the architectural, energetic, and economic level, as well as the intervention criteria, can be consulted building by building as well as in an aggregate way, for higher units -census section, neighborhood, municipality-, through an online platform addressed to citizens, professionals and researchers, technicians of the administration and political teams. ; Este proyecto ha sido desarrollado gracias a la implicación de un amplio grupo de personas, entre las cuales queremos destacar a Albert Cuchí, Doctor Arquitecto y profesor de la Escola d'Arquitectura del Vallès de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya(ETSAV-UPC), y al equipo de programación y GIS de Cíclica [space · community · ecology]. También ha sido posible gracias a la subvención del programa Projectes Singulars d'Aracoop del Departament de Treball, Afers Socials i Famílies de la Generalitat de Catalunya. ; Peer Reviewed

The reform of the medical industry, the problems of medical care that arose in Ukraine in connection with the Covid-19 pandemic and led to a deterioration in the physical, psychological and social well-being of the population, sharply raised the question of the work of the medical industry and the directions for its improvement. In many countries of the world one of the ways to improve the quality of medical services is the implementation of social work in the medical industry.The article is devoted to the analysis of foreign experience of social work in the health care system, the roots of which are deeply connected with the development of modern public health in many countries of the world. Today, many social workers around the world practice health care, drawing on the historical experience of combining clinical, intermediate and population-based approaches to have a greater impact on health. However, the historical significance of this long-standing interdisciplinary collaboration and its implications remain poorly understood. The article is based on primary and modern sources of research on the history of the development of social work in the field of health care, demonstrates examples of successful cooperation between social and medical workers. The main historical stages of the development of social work in the field of health care in the USA, France, Canada, Great Britain, Bulgaria, etc. are considered. The article concludes that despite the temporal, geographical, economic, political, cultural and other differences, social work in the field of health care as an independent professional activity in different countries has common features: a focus on overcoming barriers in the environment for achieving health by individuals, their families, groups and communities; assistance in attracting resources to achieve full health of clients; perception of personality and its health as a whole; the creation of family-oriented, community-centered and consumer-driven services; the development of social work in the field of health was often facilitated by the initiative and perseverance of individuals, etc. ; Реформа медицинской отрасли, проблемы медицинского обслуживания, которые возникли в Украине в связи с пандемией Covid-19 и привели к ухудшению физического, психологического и социального самочувства населения, остро поставили вопрос о работе медицинской отрасли и направлений ее совершенствования. Во многих странах мира одним из направлений повышения качества предоставления медицинских услуг является имплементация социальной работы в медицинскую отрасль.Статья посвящена анализу зарубежного опыта социальной работы в системе здравоохранения, корни которой глубоко связано с развитием современного общественного здоровья во многих странах мира. На современном этапе многие социальные работники в различных странах мира практикуют в области здравоохранения, опираясь на исторический опыт сочетания клинического, промежуточного и популяционного подходов для оказания большего влияния на здоровье. Однако историческое значение этого давнего междисциплинарного сотрудничества и его последствия остаются недостаточно изученными. Статья базируется на первичных и современных источниках исследования истории развития социальной работы в области здравоохранения, демонстрирует примеры успешного сотрудничества социальных и медицинских работников. Рассмотрены основные исторические этапы развития социальной работы в области здравоохранения в США, Франции, Канаде, Великобритании, Болгарии и др. В статье сделан вывод о том, что несмотря на временные, географические, экономические, политические, культурные и другие различия, социальная работа в сфере здравоохранения как самостоятельная профессиональная деятельность в разных странах имеет общие черты: направленность на преодоление препятствий в среде для достижения здоровья отдельными лицами, их семьями, группами и общинами; содействие в привлечении ресурсов в достижении полного здоровья клиентами; восприятие личности и ее здоровья как целостности; создание услуг, ориентированных на семью, сосредоточенных по месту жительства и управляемых потребителями; становлению социальной работы в сфере здоровья часто способствовали инициатива и настойчивость отдельных людей и др. ; Реформа медичної галузі, проблеми медичного обслуговування, які виникли в Україні в зв'язку з пандемією Covid-19 та призвели до погіршення фізичного, психологічного та соціального самопочуття населення, гостро поставили питання щодо роботи медичної галузі та напрямів її вдосконалення. У багатьох країнах світу одним з напрямів підвищення якості надання медичних послуг є імплементація соціальної роботи в медичну галузь.Стаття присвячена аналізу зарубіжного досвіду соціальної роботи в системі охорони здоров'я, коріння якої глибоко пов'язане з розвитком сучасного громадського здоров'я в багатьох країнах світу. На сучасному етапі багато соціальних працівників в різних країнах світу практикують у галузі охорони здоров'я, спираючись на історичний досвід поєднання клінічного, проміжного та популяційного підходів щодо більшого впливу на здоров'я. Проте історичне значення цієї давньої міждисциплінарної співпраці та її наслідки залишаються недостатньо вивченими. Ця стаття базується на первинних та сучасних джерелах дослідження історії розвитку соціальної роботи в галузі охорони здоров'я, демонструє приклади успішної співпраці соціальних і медичних працівників. Розглянуто основні історичні етапи розвитку соціальної роботи в галузі охорони здоров'я в США, Франції, Канаді, Великобританії, Болгарії тощо. В статті зроблено висновок про те, що не зважаючи на часові, географічні, економічні, політичні, культурні та інші відмінності, соціальна робота у сфері охорони здоров'я як самостійна професійна діяльність у різних країнах має спільні риси: спрямованість на подолання перешкод у середовищі для досягнення здоров'я окремими особами, їх сім'ями, групами і громадами; сприяння в залученні ресурсів у досягненні повного здоров'я клієнтами; сприйняття особистості та її здоров'я як цілісності; створення послуг, зорієнтованих на сім'ю, зосереджених у громаді та керованих споживачами; становленню соціальної роботи у сфері здоров'я часто сприяли ініціатива і наполегливість окремих людей та ін.

With the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, we have been facing an unprecedented global challenge in the social sphere, and therefore, in the educational field. Various international studies reflect the consequences of closing educational institutions for students, teachers, and families. In this sense, it is more than necessary for all citizens to work together with the purpose of achieving inclusive and quality education for all people, excluding no one, which implies working with all the sectors of the population. For this reason, this work presents an analysis of the current socio educational demands, and insists on the value of pedagogy and the training of the educational community, as a right, in the field of inclusive education and technology. Some methodologies and strategies in favor of this education are highlighted with a capital letter, such as the universal design for learning, which represents a challenge to continue working for a more democratic and fair society. The analysis shows that it is necessary to project social and educational improvements, as the situation we are currently living will last for a long period and will continue to make visible the new realities and the transformations that must be made so that no group is excluded or discriminated, thus ensuring the effective fulfillment of human rights. ; Nos encontramos ante un desafío mundial sin precedentes en el ámbito social y, por tanto, educativo, con la crisis de la pandemia del COVID-19. En distintos estudios internacionales se reflejan las consecuencias que ha supuesto para el alumnado, profesorado y la familia el cierre de las instituciones educativas. En este sentido, se hace más que necesario el trabajo conjunto de toda la ciudanía para alcanzar una educación inclusiva y de calidad para todas las personas, sin excluir a nadie, lo que implica la cooperación de todos los sectores de la población. Por tal motivo, en este trabajo se presenta un análisis de las demandas socioeducativas actuales y se insiste en el valor de la pedagogía y de la formación de la comunidad educativa en el ámbito de la educación inclusiva y tecnológica como derecho. Se destacan algunas metodologías y estrategias favorecedoras de esta educación con mayúsculas, como el diseño universal para el aprendizaje, que suponen un reto para seguir trabajando por una sociedad más democrática y justa. El análisis demuestra que es necesario proyectar mejoras sociales y educativas, ya que la situación en la que nos encontramos perdurará un largo tiempo y seguirá haciendo visibles las nuevas realidades y las transformaciones necesarias que deben realizarse para que ningún colectivo quede excluido o discriminado, velando así por el cumplimiento efectivo de los derechos humanos. ; Nous sommes aujourd'hui confrontés à un défi mondial sans précédent dans le domaine social et éducatif dû à la pandémie de COVID-19. Plusieurs études internationales analysent les conséquences, pour les étudiants, leurs familles et les enseignants de la fermeture des établissements d'enseignement. En ce sens, un travail conjoint de toutes les parties prenantes est plus que nécessaire pour parvenir à une éducation inclusive et de qualité, impliquant la coopération de tous les secteurs de la population. Cet article présente une analyse des nécessités socio-éducatives actuelles et insiste sur l'importance pédagogique et formative de la communauté éducative dans le domaine de l'éducation numérique et inclusive. Les méthodologies et stratégies favorisant ce type d'éducation seront mises en exergue pour permettre une conception universelle de l'apprentissage qui pose un défi pour l'emploi dans une société plus démocratique et plus juste. L'analyse montre qu'il est nécessaire de mettre en place des améliorations sociales et éducatives dans la mesure où la pandémie que nous connaissons risque de durer et d'impacter les nouvelles réalités et transformations nécessaires devant être apportées pour qu'aucun groupe social ne soit exclu ou discriminé et ainsi assurer le respect des droits humains. ; Estamos diante de um desafio mundial sem precedentes no âmbito social e, portanto, educacional, com a crise da pandemia do COVID-19. Diferentes estudos internacionais refletem as consequências que supõem o fechamento das instituições de ensino para alunos, professores e famílias. Neste sentido, o trabalho em conjunto de todos os cidadãos é mais do que necessário para conseguir uma educação inclusiva e de qualidade para todas as pessoas, sem excluir ninguém, o que implica a cooperação de todos os setores da população. Por isso, este artigo apresenta uma análise das demandas socioeducativas atuais e insiste na valorização da pedagogia e na formação da comunidade educativa no campo da educação inclusiva e tecnológica como um direito. Algumas metodologias e estratégias que favorecem essa educação são destacadas com letras maiúsculas, como o Desenho Universal para a Aprendizagem, que representam um desafio para continuar trabalhando por uma sociedade mais democrática e justa. A análise mostra que é necessário projetar melhorias socioeducativas, já que a situação em que nos encontramos durará muito e continuará a tornar visíveis as novas realidades e as transformações necessárias que devem ser realizadas para que nenhum grupo seja excluído ou discriminado, garantindo assim um efetivo cumprimento dos direitos humanos.

The origin of co-owned high-rise social housing has its origin in Chile in the mid-thirties. Although various housing projects have managed to sustain the maintenance of the commons under this model, in many others there has been a profound state of disrepair. Although, in many cases this is the result of poor quality in terms of the architecture and spatial quality with which they were built, a determining fact is the families often face difficulties weaving a tight-knit social fabric and understanding the rules governing the administration of public goods, resulting a complex neighborhood coexistence.Based on this reality, this article consists of a historic overview that focuses on the case of housing projects built in the eighties and nineties under a quantitative logic of economic liberalism model and their current issues, as examined under a comparative documentary study addressing the regulatory and institutional framework that shaped the co-owned, high-rise social housing model implemented in Chile, in addition to its political, social, and economic context. This overview addresses aspects relative to typological and morphological changes as well as current approaches and interventions designed under public policies aimed at resolving the disrepair and sustainability of these social housing complexes and their communities. ; La vivienda social en altura en Chile, administrada bajo el régimen de copropiedad, tiene su origen a mediados de 1930. Si bien, diversos conjuntos han logrado sostener la mantención de los bienes comunes bajo este modelo, en otros se ha evidenciado un profundo deterioro. Aunque, en algunos casos, se debe a la baja calidad arquitectónica y espacial con la que fueron construidos, un hecho determinante es la dificultad de las familias para configurar un tejido social cohesionado y entender las normas que regulan la administración de bienes comunes, desencadenando una compleja convivencia vecinal.Basados en esta realidad, el estudio se centra en las problemáticas que han surgido en los conjuntos construidos en las décadas de 1980 y 1990 bajo una lógica de producción de libre mercado. A partir de una investigación documental comparada sobre el marco normativo e institucional que ha determinado la formación de la vivienda social en altura regida por el modelo de copropiedad en Chile y su contexto político, social y económico, el articulo desarrolla un recorrido histórico por sus transformaciones tipológicas y morfológicas, exponiendo los actuales enfoques y líneas de intervención diseñados desde las políticas públicas para responder al deterioro y sostenibilidad de los denominados condominios sociales y sus comunidades. ; Les logements sociaux de grande hauteur, administrés dans le cadre du régime de copropriété, sont originaires du Chili au milieu des années 1930. Bien que divers groupes aient réussi à maintenir le maintien des biens communs dans le cadre de ce modèle, dans de nombreux autres, il y a eu une profonde crise de détérioration. Bien que cela soit dû, dans certains cas, à la faible qualité architecturale et spatiale avec laquelle ils ont été construits, un fait déterminant est la difficulté des familles à configurer un tissu social cohérent et à comprendre les normes qui régissent l'administration des biens communs, déclenchant une coexistence complexe de quartiers.Partant de cette réalité, l'étude se concentre sur les différents problèmes qui se sont posés dans les complexes construits en 1980 et 1990 dans une logique de production de marché libre. Sur la base d'une recherche documentaire comparative, autour du cadre normatif et institutionnel qui a déterminé la formation de logements sociaux de grande hauteur régi par le modèle de la copropriété au Chili et son contexte politique, social et économique, l';article développe un voyage historique à travers ses transformations typologiques etmorphologiques, exposant finalement les approches et les lignes d'intervention actuelles conçues à partir des politiques publiques répondre à la détérioration et à la durabilité des soi-disant copropriétés sociales et de leurs communautés. ; As habitação social em altura sob o conceito de co-propriedade originam-se, teve origem no Chile em meados da década de 1930. Embora vários projetos tenham conseguido sustentar a manutenção de bens comuns sob esse modelo, em muitos outros foi evidente uma profunda e complexa crise de deterioração. Embora isso se deva, em alguns casos, à baixa qualidade arquitetônica e espacial com a qual foram construídas, um fato determinante é a dificuldade das famílias em configurar um tecido social coeso e compreender as regras que regem a administração dos bens comuns, gerando uma coexistência complexa da vizinhança.Com base nessa realidade, o estudo concentra-se nos vários problemas que surgiram dos bairros construídos nas décadas de 1980 e 1990 sob uma lógica de produção do liberalismo econômico.Com base em uma pesquisa documental comparativa, em torno do marco regulatório e institucional que determina a formação da habitação social em altura sob o modelo de co-propriedade no Chile e seu contexto político, social e econômico, o artigo desenvolve uma trajetória histórica para através de suas transformações tipológicas e morfológicas, expondo finalmente as abordagens e linhas de intervenção atuais projetadas a partir de políticas públicas para responder à deterioração e sustentabilidade dos chamados condomínios sociais e de suas comunidades.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Western countries, including Canada, became increasingly aware of and responded to human rights abuses abroad. The ideological, military and economic Cold War with the Soviet Union has intensified Ottawa's focus on human rights abuses in the country. For many Canadian observers, the communist system inherently repressed a number of human rights, including the freedoms of religion, movement, and property ownership. This concern was manifested during the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). The Final Act of the CSCE was signed at Helsinki on August 1, 1975 by the heads of government of the states of Europe and of Canada and the United States. Helsinki Final Act contained far-reaching agreements on political borders, trade, and human rights norms, has often been described as the "high point of détente". It is intended to establish the basis for the development of future relations between their countries and peoples. Among other the participants promised to respect fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief. Also pledges were given to make it easier for families to unite across borders and visit one another. However, Canadian Government made less likely to press human rights concerns than might have been expected. Ottawa often felt that more could be gained in its relationship with the Soviet Union by overlooking human rights violations. Such an approach was not uniformly supported in Parliament or in nongovernmental circles, which led to ongoing negotiations about the proper place of human rights concerns in Soviet-Canadian relations throughout this period. Despite uneven attention by Canadian Government, the growing prominence of human rights issues helped to ensure their enduring salience in the years that followed. ; У статті висвітлено реакцію канадського політикуму та окремих громадських організацій на порушення прав людини в Радянському Союзі у контексті гельсінського процесу, започаткованого Заключною Нарадою з безпеки і співробітництва у Європі 1975 р. Впродовж 1960-1970-х років країни Заходу, зокрема Канада, усе більшу увагу приділяли ситуаціям з порушеннями прав людини за кордоном. "Холодна війна" сприяла загостреному сприйняттю порушень прав людини, перетворивши це питання на дражливий чинник у міждержавних відносинах. Саме в той час права людини виразно увійшли у зовнішню політику Канади, зумовивши особливу увагу до ситуації в Радянському Союзі. Причиною такої уваги стала з-поміж іншого діяльність чисельної української громади в цій країні, організації і представники якої домагалися від канадського уряду реакції на системні порушення прав людини за "залізною завісою". За океан потрапляла інформація про нехтування в Радянському Союзі такими фундаментальними правами людини, як свобода релігії, висловлювань та пересування. Ця стурбованість виявилася під час Наради з безпеки та співробітництва в Європі (НБСЄ). Заключний акт НБСЄ, підписаний в Гельсінкі 1 серпня 1975 року главами урядів держав Європи, Канади та США (Гельсінський акт), містив домовленості щодо кордонів, торгівлі та прав людини й часто сприймався за "найвищу точку розрядки міжнародної напруженості". Після тривалих дебатів учасники НБСЄ задекларували повагу до основних прав і свобод людини, включаючи свободу думки, совісті, віросповідання. Канадський уряд у той час домагався від радянської сторони полегшення процедури "з'єднання родин", розділених війною. Однак всередині країни такі зусилля вважали недостатніми, спричинивши дискусії в публічному просторі Канади навколо дієвості такої стриманої політики, як зрештою і "тихої дипломатії". Переслідування й арешти у наступні роки членів громадських груп сприяння виконанню Гельсінських угод у Радянському Союзі змусили канадський політикум зайняти різкішу позицію щодо порушень прав людини і взятих Москвою на себе зобов'язань. ; В статье освещена реакция канадского политикума и отдельных общественных организаций на нарушение прав человека в Советском Союзе в контексте Хельсинкского процесса, начатого Заключительным Совещанием по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе 1975 года. На протяжении 1960-1970-х годов страны Запада, в частности Канада, все большее внимание уделяли ситуации с нарушениями прав человека за рубежом. "Холодная война" способствовала обостренному восприятию нарушений прав человека, превратив этот вопрос в раздражающий фактор в межгосударственных отношениях. Именно в то время права человека актуализировались во внешней политике Канады, обусловив особое внимание к ситуации в Советском Союзе. Причиной такого внимания стала среди прочего деятельность многочисленной украинской общины в этой стране, организации и представители которой добивались от канадского правительства реакции на системные нарушения прав человека за "железным занавесом". За океан попадала информация об игнорировании в Советском Союзе таких фундаментальных прав человека, как свобода религии, слова и передвижения. Эта обеспокоенность сказалась во время Совещания по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе (СБСЕ). Заключительный акт СБСЕ, подписанный в Хельсинки 1 августа 1975 главами правительств государств Европы, Канады и США (Хельсинкский акт), содержал договоренности о границах, торговле и правах человека и часто воспринимался как "самая высокая точка разрядки международной напряженности». После длительных дебатов участники СБСЕ задекларировали уважение основных прав и свобод человека, включая свободу мысли, совести, вероисповедания. Канадское правительство в то время добивается от советской стороны облегчения процедуры "соединения семей", разделенных войной. Однако внутри страны такие усилия считали недостаточными, вызвав дискуссии в публичном пространстве Канады вокруг действенности такой сдержанной политики, как впрочем, и "тихой дипломатии". Преследования и аресты в последующие годы членов общественных групп содействия выполнению Хельсинских соглашений в Советском Союзе заставили канадский политикум занять резкую позицию относительно нарушений прав человека и взятых Москвой на себя обязательств.

This study is entitled: "Analysis of the Migrant Women Migrant Workers' Offer". An increase in population from year to year has several logical consequences including an increase in the number of young people and an increase in the workforce. Data from the Central Statistics Agency of Sumbawa Regency shows that from 2014 to 2017 there were an increase in the population of 427,119 people, 431,924 people, 436,599 people and 441,102 people spread in 24 sub-districts. The livelihoods of most of the population (around 52.72%) make a living from the agricultural sector (BPS Sumbawa Regency 2017). The geographical condition of the Sumbawa Regency, where fertility is uneven and rainfall is also insufficient to develop normal agriculture, difficult employment opportunities, inadequate education, minimal skills, lack of venture capital, forces residents (especially women) to choose to try looking for work to become Indonesian workers to various countries including the United Arab Emirates. The purpose of this study are: 1) What is the pattern of supply of female workers from Sumbawa Regency? 2) What factors influence the decision to leave women from Sumbawa Regency to become migrant workers abroad?This research was conducted in 4 districts out of 24 districts. Each subdistrict is taken from 2-3 villages which are the basis for migrant women workers (depending on the number of migrant workers available at the time of the survey). The four subdistricts determined as sampling locations are Sumbawa District, Plampang District, Labuan Badas District and Utan District by using descriptive methods and data collection is done by observation and interview techniques. Determination of respondents is done by purposive sampling technique. The output of this research is knowing the pattern of supply of women workers from Sumbawa Regency and the factors that influence the decision to leave women from Sumbawa Regency to migrant workers abroad, so that it can be seen how the impact of working abroad for women workers and their families and their contribution to Sumbawa Regency in general. Besides that, the output of this research is published in ISSN journals and is used as reference material for Macroeconomics courses.The TKT in this study was started by identifying how the pattern of supply of women workers from Sumbawa Regency and the factors influencing the decision to leave women from Sumbawa Regency to become migrant workers outside the interview method and distributing questionnaires. Knowing the pattern of female labor supply and the factors influencing the decision of women workers to work abroad can be input for the government what will be done to women workers who work abroad and contribute to the Regency of Sumbawa. ; Penelitian ini berjudul : "Analisis Penawaran Tenaga Kerja Wanita Migran Kabupaten Sumbawa". Peningkatan jumlah penduduk dari tahun ketahun memiliki beberapa konsekuensi logis diantaranya semakin bertambahnya jumlah penduduk berusia muda dan peningkatan jumlah angkatan kerja. Data Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Sumbawa menunjukkan bahwa selama tahun 2014 sampai tahun 2017 terjadi peningkatan jumlah penduduk berturut-turut 427.119 jiwa, 431.924 jiwa, 436.599 jiwa dan 441.102 jiwa yang tersebar pada 24 kecamatan yang ada. Mata pencarian sebagian besar penduduk (sekitar 52,72 %) mengantungkan hidup dari sektor pertanian (BPS Kabupaten Sumbawa 2017). Kondisi geografis daerah Kabupaten Sumbawa yang tingkat kesuburannya tidak merata dan curah hujan yang turun juga kurang mencukupi untuk mengembangkan pertanian secara normal, peluang kerja sulit, pendidikan tidak memadai, keterampilan (skill) minim, ketiadaan modal usaha memaksa para penduduk (khususnya wanita) memilih mencoba mencari pekerjaan menjadi tenaga kerja Indonesia ke berbagai Negara termasuk ke Uni Emirat Arab. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: 1) Bagaimana pola penawaran tenaga kerja wanita asal Kabupaten Sumbawa? 2) Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan berangkat wanita asal Kabupaten Sumbawa menjadi TKW keluar negeri? Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada 4 Kecamatan dari 24 Kecamatan yang ada. Masing-masing kecamatan diambil 2-3 desa yang menjadi basis tenaga kerja wanita migran (tergantung jumlah tenaga kerja migran yang ada saat dilakukan survey). Empat Kecamatan yang ditentukan sebagai tempat pengambilan sampel adalah Kecamatan Sumbawa, Kecamatan Plampang, Kecamatan Labuan Badas dan Kecamatan Utan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif dan pengumpulan datanya dilakukan dengan teknik observasi dan wawancara. Penentuan responden dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Keluaran penelitian ini adalah dengan diketahuinya pola penawaran tenaga kerja wanita asal Kabupaten Sumbawa dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan berangkat wanita asal Kabupaten Sumbawa menjadi TKW keluar negeri, sehingga dapat diketahui bagaimana dampak dari bekerja di luar negeri bagi tenaga kerja wanita dan keluarganya serta kontribusinya terhadap Kabupaten Sumbawa secara umum. Selain itu keluaran dari penelitian ini adalah dipublikasikan pada jurnal yang ber ISSN serta dijadikan refrensi bahan ajar pada mata kuliah Ekonomi Makro. TKT dalam penelitian ini adalah dimulai dengan mengidentifikasi bagaimana pola penawaran tenaga kerja wanita asal Kabupaten Sumbawa dan faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan berangkat wanita asal Kabupaten Sumbawa menjadi TKW ke luar yaitu dengan metode wawancara dan menyebarkan angket kuesioner. Dengan diketahuinya pola penawaran tenaga kerja wanita dan faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan tenaga kerja wanita bekerja ke luar negeri dapat menjadi masukan untuk pemerintah apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap tenaga kerja wanita yang bekerja di luar negeri dan memberikan kontribusi terhadap Kabupaten Sumbawa.

ABSTRAK Pemberdayaan potensi-potensi di sektor pertanian daerah untuk meningkatkan kemakmuranmembutuhkan kajian perwilayahan komoditas pertanian. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik kelembagaan dan merumuskan langkah-langkah strategis pemberdayaannya untuk mendukung perwilayahan komoditas pertanian. Hasil kajian mengenai kelembagaan pertanian di Kabupaten Manggarai Barat (KMB), khususnya kelembagaan pertanahan adat menunjukkan bahwa sistem kelembagaan yang berlaku di kalangan masyarakat perkotaan (urban community) dan juga masyarakat pinggiran kota (periferi) telah terjadi dualisme. Sebagian mengacu pada hukum positif sedangkan yang lain mengacu pada hukum adat. Dan di kalangan pedesaan, semuanya masih lembaga pertanahan adat. Struktur Lembaga pertanahan adat tersebut secara hirarkhis (dari atas ke bawah) terdiri dari Tua Golo, Tua Beo, dan Tua Batu. Fungsi dari masing-masing komponen, yaitu: Tua Golo merupakan kepala wilayah sebuah perbukitan (golo), pemilik tanah dan pemegang kekuasaan pemerintahan tertinggi. Dalam urusan pertanahan, TuaGolo dibantu oleh Tua Teno yang bertugas dalam pembagian tanah di wilayah kekuasaannya ini kepadawarga masyarakat yang ingin memilikinya, baik untuk pemukiman maupun untuk lahan pertanian. Tua Beo adalah kepala-kepala wilayah yang berada di bawahkekuasaan seorang Tua Golo. Wilayah pemerintahan mereka mencakup beberapa kampung. Sedangkan Tua Batu merupakan pemegang kekuasaan pemerintahan terendah yaitu pada level sebuah kampung atau komunitas pertanian, dimana warganya terdiri dari beberapa rumpun keluarga petani yang senasab, atau memiliki hubungan kekerabatan terdekat diantara sesama mereka. Masyarakat Manggarai Barathingga dewasa ini masih mengakui eksistensi kekuasaan banyak Tua Golo yang tersebar di seluruh wilayah KMB. Dalam rangka perwilayahan komoditas pertanian, maka eksistensi dari kelembagaan pertanahan adat ini merupakan modal social yang potensial. Sekurang –kurangnya ada dua hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam rangka pemberdayaannnya, yaitu :Pertama, pemetaan penyebaran Tua Golo dan Tua Teno serta wilayah kekuasaannya atas lahan pertanian yang tersebar di berbagai wilayah kecamatan,termasuk jumlah petani, luas lahan pertanian, serta kesesuaian lahan dengan jenis-jenis komoditas pertanian.Kedua, pembenahaan sistem norma pertanahan yang sesuai dengan perkembangan mutakhir, yang bertujuan untuk: mengendalikan jual-beli tanah dengan "pihak luar", serta mencegah alih fungsi lahan pertanian,mengendalikan penggunaan lahan sesuai kelas-kelas kemampuan tanah, mengkoordinasikan kegiatan petani untuk menggunakan lahan pertanian potensial dengan berusahatani jenis-jenis komoditas yang direkomendasikan. Ketiga, memberdayakan para pemangku adat dalam kelembagaan pertanahan adat agar mereka bertanggungjawab atas kelestarian sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan hidup. Kata kunci : Perwilayahan komoditas, lembaga pertanahan adat, pemberdayaan. ABSTRACT The empowerment of the region's agricultural potential sector to increase social prosperity, requires a scientific study of agricultural commodity routes. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the institution and formulate strategic steps for its empowerment to support zoning of agricultural commodities. The results of a study on agricultural institutions in West Manggarai Regency (KMB), especially tribal agrarian institutions, shows that the institutional system prevailing in urban communities (urban communities) and also suburban communities (periphery) has occurred dualism. Some of them refer to positive law while others refer to customary/traditional law. Meanwhile, among rural areas, all of them are still refer to customary/traditional land institutions. This tribal agrarian institution hierarchically (from top to bottom) consists of Tua Golo, Tua Beo, and Tua Batu. The function of each component, namely: Tua Golo is the head of a hilly area (golo), the owner of the land and the holder of the highest power. In land affairs, Tua Golo, assisted by Tua Teno, who distributes land in his territory to residents who want to own it, both for settlement and for agricultural land. Tua Beo are regional heads who are under the control of an Tua Golo. Their administrative area includes several villages. While Tua Batu is the holder of the lowest governmental power, namely at the level of a village or agricultural community, where the residents consist of several clumps of peasant families who are similar, or have the closest kinship among themselves. The people of West Manggarai (KMB) until now are willing to acknowledge the existence of the power of many Tua Golo who are well known throughout the KMB area. In the framework of zoning agricultural commodities, the existence of this tribal agrarian institutionis a potential social capital. There are at least two things that need to be considered in the framework of their empowerment, namely: First, mapping the distribution of Tua Golo and Tua Teno and their territory over agricultural land which is scattered in various sub-districts, including the number of farmers, the area of agricultural land, and the suitability of land according to types of agricultural commodities. Second, reforming the land norm system in accordance with the latest developments, which aims to: control the sale and purchase of land with "outsiders", as well as prevent the conversion of agricultural land functions, control land use according to land capability classes, coordinate farmer activities to use land agricultural potential by cultivating the recommended types of commodities. Third, empowering tribal stakeholders in tribal agrarian institutions so that they are responsible for the preservation of natural resources and the environment. Keywords : Commodity zoning, tribal agrarian institution, empowerment

This report is about how three different groups of people with disabilities perceive their relationship to the Norwegian habilitation- and rehabilitation services, both at the municipal level and at the regional specialist level. Based on the experiences of 32 parents with disabled children, 6 immigrant families in the same situation, and 5 young adults with disabilities, the report highlights the habilitation- and rehabilitation services from three different perspectives. Although the three groups' experiences may be understood as interpersonal encounters, through our empirical data we render these encounters as between service-recipients and a public system. The report concerns the three groups' encounters with public bodies that are governed by a particular ideology and regulations. Our data was collected over the course of 2011. The participants' experiences are thus discussed in reference to the regulations and guidelines that were in operation until January 1 2012, when a new healthcare law came into effect. Yet, in analyzing the participants' experiences, particular aspects come to life, which ought to be addressed within the framework of the new healthcare law. The report is organized thematically. In the first chapter we present the report's focus and key issues. The following questions are important: How was contact established with the service system? What information did participants have about services prior to established contact? What are the participants' concrete experiences with coordination tools, such as responsibility groups and individual plans? In chapter two, we outline the political and ideological backdrop of the report from a historical perspective. Focus here is primarily lent to the relationship between policy developments and the practice field. Chapter three presents the three participant groups and the data collection methods. Chapter four and five are empirically oriented. In the fourth chapter, we discus aspects related to the participants' first contact with the habilitation system. In chapter five, we analyze the three groups' specific experiences with the habilitation services. Focus is on the relationship between service utilization and satisfaction. We also discuss the coordination tools, responsibility groups and individual plans. In the concluding chapter, we present our final thoughts. The cues, accessibility, visibility, and continuity can be said to sum up our findings. The accessibility dimension can be understood, not only in terms of service availability, but also in terms of how contact was established and whether information had been attainable prior to the contact. Considering that the service system is fragmented, and that local authorities can organize services in their own right, the coordination tools such as individual plans and responsibility groups appear as important. Yet, our data indicate that many of the participants were without individual plans, indicating that many municipalities have fuzzy practices when it comes to informing about and initiating plans. Many of the participants had responsibility groups, but significant shortcomings in their function were commonly reported. A problematic aspect in this regard is that the Coordinating Units, which are responsible for individual plans, can take on different forms and can be variably located within the respective municipalities. We also so found that the service apparatus is lacking in visibility. This was reflected in the fact that close to none of the study's participants reported having any knowledge about the habilitation services prior to an established contact. Our data also showed that contact with the habilitation services in many cases was established late in the children's lives. In analyzing our participants' responses about how they were absorbed by the system, we were unable to identify any systematic pattern in terms of where referrals or information about service were likely to be provided from. Nevertheless, our findings indicate that the visibility and information situation could be improved through fixed contact points. Finally, continuity appears as significant, particularly for the young adult informants. An important aspect brought to our attention in the interviews, was that the transition from the children's habilitation to the adult habilitation when reaching the age of 18 sometimes resulted in broken ties with service providers. Continuity therefore pertains to uninterrupted access to services and supplementary fulfillment of new needs arising in relation to education and work. Based on our informants' experiences, however, there seems to be a need for improved transitional arrangements that can ensure the continuation of services. For instance, arrangements are needed for direct transfers of responsibility from the child habilitation services, to corresponding arrangements for adults. In light of the informants' stories, it could be an expedient and reassuring asset to have access to fixed contact points also for the young adults. ; Rapporten omhandler de erfaringer foreldre til barn med nedsatt funksjonsevne og unge voksne med nedsatt funksjonsevne har med habiliteringstjenesten. Erfaringene som trekkes frem, skildrer både deltakernes møte med habiliteringstjenesten på kommunalt nivå og innenfor spesialisthelsetjenesten. Sentrale spørsmål som tas opp er hvordan den første kontakten med tjenesteapparatet blir opprettet, hvilken informasjon man har forut for kontakten, og hvordan man går frem for å opprette kontakt. I tillegg tematiseres hvordan ønsker om tjenestetiltak blir fulgt opp ikommunenes tjenestetilbud, og bruk av individuell plan og ansvarsgrupper. Undersøkelsens hovedfunn oppsummeres med stikkordene tilgjengelighet, synlighet og kontinuitet. På bakgrunn av deltakernes erfaringer er dette de områdene der det er et betydelig potensiale for bedring innenfor habiliteringstjenesten.

Problem setting. The development of modern professional public administration in the EU began with simple but strategic tasks, such as ensuring the stability of public authority and regulating basic social processes. Further differentiation has led to tasks of the social service provision of public concern to clients, prevention and assistance to people in social and other risks (poverty, unemployment, illness, etc.), that is, creating an effective social work system.Recent research and publications analysis. Problems of public administration reform were investigated by foreign scientists: I. Banks, M. Buser, T. Berzel, P. Birkinshaw, G. Bouckaert, R. Foster, L. Fuller, T. Gabler, J. Ziller, M. Clark, J. Clayton, H. Margets, O. Mayers, S. Montin, M. Porter, F. Holger, K. Hood, W. Weiss, F. Schnapp, J. Schumpeter and others. Among domestic scientists should be distinguished G. Androshchuk, O. Bandurka, Y. Bytiak, B. Beschasnyi, M. Hnydiuk, O. Vlasenko, V. Yevdokimenko, L. Melnichuk, Y. Mykhailuk, I. Kolosovska, E. Legeza, M. Pukhtynskyi, G. Pisarenko, V. Tymoshchuk, H. Khachaturian and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Despite the considerable number of scientific works, the study of the of the European countries' experience on the outlined issues, as well as the aspects of theoretical and practical instruments of public administration of the social work system, is of particular importance. The purpose of the article is to analyze and identify the results of the impact of the latest of public administration concepts in EU countries on the development of social work system and identify positive practices for further implementation in the national reform of public administration in the social sphere.Paper main body. The European model of deinstitutionalization (DI) of the system of social work and support for vulnerable groups is considered to be the most balanced and effective today, especially in the first place, with orphaned children and children deprived of parental care. The development of public administration and the improvement of its mechanisms: legal, socio-economic, organizational, informational and others contributed to the development of this model. It is public administration that has played a dominant role in reforming the social work system with families with children.At the same time, social policy measures, based on the theory of the state welfare, that is, creating favorable, equal living conditions, ensuring social justice for all segments of the population were implemented at the state, regional and local levels.Simultaneously application of innovative management practices and standard procedures in public administration challenges the value of social work, transferring social services it into more regulatory practices.Therefore, modern European society wants to reduce its influence in the social sphere under the pretext of guaranteeing more individuality and self-determination to citizens. In addition, the modern state promises to keep state responsibility as the lowest, as well as to develop new forms of distribution of social services in the context of NPM – New Public Management philosophy.The author analyzes the dissemination of neoliberal political beliefs and principles of the New Public Management (NPM) in European countries from the early 1980s and up to the present day, which has significantly influenced the institutional and operational environment in the provision of social services.For social work, a new political strategy may be a growing danger. Namely, the term "social work" can be replaced by the term "social services". The European trend in this direction is clearly traced and leads to many formulations of "Service Principles" and "Service Standards" (for example, in the UK, Czech Republic, Slovakia, etc.). This can cause social work to lose its political and critical function and get positive focus in return.Thus, public and social service institutions, stimulated by the liberalization of the EU market, have been radically restructured through the corporatization, outsourcing and privatization of service provision.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Therefore, New Public Management (NPM) concept implies decentralization of public administration, in order to modernize public administration of the social work system in Ukraine, it would be positive to use certain elements: modern information technologies, social partnership principles, methods and tools of the NPM concepts. The blind copying of European public administration reforms in the field of social services should be avoided now.Thus, the organic introduction of market-based methods and principles of appropriate management has led to the definition of the main directions of adaptation to the current conditions of the existing public administration systems in the leading EU countries. It is about informatization, debureaucratization, decentralization, deconcentration (outsourcing), privatization and introduction of economic mechanisms of regulation of administrative processes and service administration, which can be introduced in the reform of the public administration of the social work system in Ukrainian society. ; Розглянуто досвід та інноваційні методи управління і стандартні процедури вдержавному управлінні країн Європейського Союзу та їх вплив на ефективність надання соціальних послуг. Зроблено аналіз розповсюдження неоліберальних політичних переконань та принципів нового державного управління (далі – NPM) у європейських країнах із початку 80-х рр. ХХ ст. і до сьогодні, що суттєво вплинуло на існуючу систему соціальної роботи. Виокремлено дієві інструменти: інформатизація, дебюрократизація, децентралізація, деінституціалізація, деконцентрація (аутсорсинг), приватизація та запровадження економічних механізмів регулювання управлінських процесів і сервісне адміністрування, які можна впровадити у реформування державного управління системою соціальної роботи в українському суспільстві.

In the article the course of the "second" repatriation of the Poles in Stanislav region during 1956-1959 has been elucidated. The materials of the Ukrainian and Polish archives became the source of the investigation. Most of these documents have been introduced into the scientific usage for the first time. The "second" repatriation was an important milestone in the history of the local Polish minority. It caused a significant reduction of the number of the Poles on the territory of Stanislav region. The article highlights that the preconditions of the "second" repatriation were in the "first" repatriation, which took place during 1944-1946, because families who were willing to reunite were divided by the boundary between Poland and the USSR. The attention was paid to the fact that a new migration became possible due to the regime liberalization in the Soviet Union and diplomatic efforts of the Polish governmental circles. It was highlighted that some of citizens of Poland called their relatives and acquaintances for repatriation and it caused dissatisfaction of the Soviet authorities. The attention was paid to the fact that the citizens of the USSR could visit their relatives in Poland and see real living conditions there. The legal basis of the "second" repatriation was analyzed. The main motives of the Poles' departure were ascertained. It was remarked that many Jews left for Poland and then for the Western countries and Israel, and it was one of the reason of the Soviet authorities' hostile attitude to repatriation. It was found out that some repatriates came back to the Soviet Union. The reasons of this phenomenon were analyzed. The repatriation of communists was investigated. Its scale and migrants' national structure were elucidated. It was found out that the majority of the Poles in Stanislav region didn't want to leave their little motherland during the "second" repatriation. The motives of such behavior were analyzed. It was remarked that not all who were willing could use the right for repatriation. The approximate number of the Poles who migrated from Stanislav region to Poland was calculated. ; У статті висвітлено перебіг «другої» репатріації поляків на Станіславщині в 1956-1959 рр. Джерельною базою дослідження стали матеріали українських і польських архівів. Більшість із цих документів вперше введено до наукового обігу. «Друга» репатріація була важливою віхою в історії місцевої польської меншини. Вона призвела до значного скорочення чисельності поляків на території Станіславської області. У статті зазначено, що передумови «другої» репатріації були закладені «першою», котра відбулась в 1944-1946 рр., оскільки з'явилися сім'ї, розділені кордоном між Польщею і СРСР, які прагнули возз'єднатися. Звернено увагу на те, що нове переселення стало можливим завдяки лібералізації режиму в Радянському Союзі та дипломатичним старанням польських урядових кіл. Зазначено, що деякі громадяни Польщі закликали своїх родичів і знайомих до репатріації й це викликало незадоволення в радянської влади. Звернено увагу на той факт, що громадяни СРСР могли відвідати своїх рідних у Польщі й побачити на власні очі тамтешні умови життя. Проаналізовано нормативно-правову базу «другої» репатріації. Встановлено основні мотиви виїзду поляків. Зауважено, що багато євреїв виїжджали в Польщу, а звідти - в країни Заходу та Ізраїль, і це було однією з причин часто неприязного ставлення радянської влади до репатріації. З'ясовано, що окремі репатріанти повертались назад у Радянський Союз. Проаналізовано причини цього явища. Досліджено репатріацію комуністів. Висвітлено її масштаби та національний склад переселенців. З'ясовано, що більшість поляків Станіславщини не захотіли покинути малу батьківщину під час «другої» репатріації. Проаналізовано мотиви такої поведінки. Зауважено, що не всі охочі змогли скористатись правом на репатріацію. Підраховано приблизну кількість поляків, які переселилися з території Станіславської області в Польщу. ; В статье проанализированы обстоятельства «второй» репатриации поляков на Станиславщине в 1956-1959 гг. Ключевой базой исследования стали материалы украинских и польских архивов. Большая часть этих документов впервые введены в научный оборот. «Вторая» репатриация была важной вехой в истории местной польской общины. Она привела к значительному сокращению численности поляков на территории Станиславской области. В статье указано, что предпосылки «второй» репатриации были заложены «первой», которая состоялась в 1944-1946 гг., поскольку семьи, разделенные границей между Польшей и СССР, стремились воссоединиться. Обращено внимание на то, что новое переселение стало возможным благодаря либерализации режима в Советском Союзе и дипломатическим стараниям польских правительственных кругов. Отмечено, что некоторые граждане Польши призвали своих родственников и знакомых к репатриации и это вызвало недовольство у советской власти. Акцентировано внимание, что граждане СССР могли посетить своих родных в Польше и увидеть воочию условия жизни в этой стране. Проанализирована нормативно-правовая база «второй» репатриации. Установлены основные мотивы выезда поляков. Отмечено, что многие евреи выезжали в Польшу, а оттуда - в страны Запада и Израиль, и это было одной из причин неприязненного отношения советской власти к репатриации. Выявлено, что отдельные репатрианты возвращались обратно в Советский Союз. Проанализированы причины этого явления. Исследована репатриация коммунистов. Освещены ее масштабы и национальный состав переселенцев. Сделан вывод, что большинство поляков Станиславщины не захотели покинуть малую родину во время «второй» репатриации. Проанализированы мотивы такого поведения. Отмечено также, что не все желающие смогли воспользоваться правом на репатриацию. Подсчитано примерное количество поляков, которые переселились с территории Станиславской области в Польшу.

Problem setting. The development of modern professional public administration in the EU began with simple but strategic tasks, such as ensuring the stability of public authority and regulating basic social processes. Further differentiation has led to tasks of the social service provision of public concern to clients, prevention and assistance to people in social and other risks (poverty, unemployment, illness, etc.), that is, creating an effective social work system.Recent research and publications analysis. Problems of public administration reform were investigated by foreign scientists: I. Banks, M. Buser, T. Berzel, P. Birkinshaw, G. Bouckaert, R. Foster, L. Fuller, T. Gabler, J. Ziller, M. Clark, J. Clayton, H. Margets, O. Mayers, S. Montin, M. Porter, F. Holger, K. Hood, W. Weiss, F. Schnapp, J. Schumpeter and others. Among domestic scientists should be distinguished G. Androshchuk, O. Bandurka, Y. Bytiak, B. Beschasnyi, M. Hnydiuk, O. Vlasenko, V. Yevdokimenko, L. Melnichuk, Y. Mykhailuk, I. Kolosovska, E. Legeza, M. Pukhtynskyi, G. Pisarenko, V. Tymoshchuk, H. Khachaturian and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Despite the considerable number of scientific works, the study of the of the European countries' experience on the outlined issues, as well as the aspects of theoretical and practical instruments of public administration of the social work system, is of particular importance. The purpose of the article is to analyze and identify the results of the impact of the latest of public administration concepts in EU countries on the development of social work system and identify positive practices for further implementation in the national reform of public administration in the social sphere.Paper main body. The European model of deinstitutionalization (DI) of the system of social work and support for vulnerable groups is considered to be the most balanced and effective today, especially in the first place, with orphaned children and children deprived of parental care. The development of public administration and the improvement of its mechanisms: legal, socio-economic, organizational, informational and others contributed to the development of this model. It is public administration that has played a dominant role in reforming the social work system with families with children.At the same time, social policy measures, based on the theory of the state welfare, that is, creating favorable, equal living conditions, ensuring social justice for all segments of the population were implemented at the state, regional and local levels.Simultaneously application of innovative management practices and standard procedures in public administration challenges the value of social work, transferring social services it into more regulatory practices.Therefore, modern European society wants to reduce its influence in the social sphere under the pretext of guaranteeing more individuality and self-determination to citizens. In addition, the modern state promises to keep state responsibility as the lowest, as well as to develop new forms of distribution of social services in the context of NPM – New Public Management philosophy.The author analyzes the dissemination of neoliberal political beliefs and principles of the New Public Management (NPM) in European countries from the early 1980s and up to the present day, which has significantly influenced the institutional and operational environment in the provision of social services.For social work, a new political strategy may be a growing danger. Namely, the term "social work" can be replaced by the term "social services". The European trend in this direction is clearly traced and leads to many formulations of "Service Principles" and "Service Standards" (for example, in the UK, Czech Republic, Slovakia, etc.). This can cause social work to lose its political and critical function and get positive focus in return.Thus, public and social service institutions, stimulated by the liberalization of the EU market, have been radically restructured through the corporatization, outsourcing and privatization of service provision.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Therefore, New Public Management (NPM) concept implies decentralization of public administration, in order to modernize public administration of the social work system in Ukraine, it would be positive to use certain elements: modern information technologies, social partnership principles, methods and tools of the NPM concepts. The blind copying of European public administration reforms in the field of social services should be avoided now.Thus, the organic introduction of market-based methods and principles of appropriate management has led to the definition of the main directions of adaptation to the current conditions of the existing public administration systems in the leading EU countries. It is about informatization, debureaucratization, decentralization, deconcentration (outsourcing), privatization and introduction of economic mechanisms of regulation of administrative processes and service administration, which can be introduced in the reform of the public administration of the social work system in Ukrainian society. ; Розглянуто досвід та інноваційні методи управління і стандартні процедури вдержавному управлінні країн Європейського Союзу та їх вплив на ефективність надання соціальних послуг. Зроблено аналіз розповсюдження неоліберальних політичних переконань та принципів нового державного управління (далі – NPM) у європейських країнах із початку 80-х рр. ХХ ст. і до сьогодні, що суттєво вплинуло на існуючу систему соціальної роботи. Виокремлено дієві інструменти: інформатизація, дебюрократизація, децентралізація, деінституціалізація, деконцентрація (аутсорсинг), приватизація та запровадження економічних механізмів регулювання управлінських процесів і сервісне адміністрування, які можна впровадити у реформування державного управління системою соціальної роботи в українському суспільстві.

Acercaremos al lector a la realidad de una persona migrante, sensibilizando, por medio de la narración como única protagonista, de manera que la realizadora sólo será el medio para visibilizar estas realidades en las que el sujeto se muestra desde su propia voz. Por estas razones, el testimonio como tal se desarrolla desde un análisis teórico del contexto histórico y realidades en las que se enmarca. En este sentido, no se altera la entrega del testimonio ̶ testimonio para sí ̶. Por ello se organiza en subtemas, para que nos guíe como análisis aplicado de las temáticas. Las temáticas migratorias que se abordan a lo largo del testimonio, se orientan, principalmente, en la "Teoría y enfoque de la migración internacional" (Cerdas, 2019), vista desde los factores de expulsión y atracción que determinan la migración del sujeto entrevistado. Además se toma en cuenta "La orientación identitaria del migrante: Los roles de subjetividad, aculturización, asimilación, homogenización" (Cerdas, 2019). Por último, también se parte de las implicaciones de la "Globalización, migración y espacios fronterizos: Fronteras reales y fronteras imaginarias en las migraciones en América Latina" (Cerdas, 2019), en la deconstrucción de la identidad y sentido de pertenencia del territorio. La violencia estructural traspasa todos los estratos de la vida de las sociedades. Al respecto, los Estados latinoamericanos y, en especial, los centroamericanos han sido los más lastimados en cuanto a la herencia colonial. Todos estos factores de inestabilidad política fomentan que las personas, principalmente jóvenes, que están siendo sistemáticamente violentados, perseguidos, encarcelados y asesinados, busquen cómo salvaguardar su vida y las de su familia. ; We will bring the reader closer to the reality of a migrant person, raising awareness through narration as the sole protagonist, thus the interviewer is only a means to visualize the realities that the subject shares with us from his own voice. For these reasons, the testimony as such is developed from a theoretical analysis of the historical context and realities in which it is framed. In this sense, the delivery of the testimony -testimony itself- is not altered, therefore it is organized in subtopics, to guide us as an applied analysis of the themes. Regarding the migratory themes addressed throughout the testimony, these are mainly oriented around the "Teoría y enfoque de la migración internacional" (Cerdas, 2019)(translated as "Theory and approach of international migration") seen from the factors of expulsion and attraction that determine the migration of the interviewee; through the "La orientación identitaria del migrante: los roles de subjetividad, aculturización, asimilación y homogenización" (Cerdas, 2019) (translated as "The identitarian orientation of the migrant: the roles of subjectivity, acculturation, assimilation, and homogenization"), and lastly, through the implications of "Globalización, migración y espacios fronterizos: fronteras reales y fronteras imaginarias en las migraciones en América Latina" (Cerdas, 2019) (translated as "Globalization, migration and border spaces: real borders and imaginary borders in migrations in Latin America") in the deconstruction of the identity and sense of belonging to a territory. Structural violence cuts across all strata of life in societies; Latin American states, and especially Central American countries have been the hardest hit in terms of colonial heritage. All these factors, including political instability, encourage individuals, especially the younger population who are being systematically violated, persecuted, imprisoned and murdered; to seek safeguard for their lives and that of their families. ; Aproximaremos o leitor da realidade de uma pessoa migrante, conscientizando a narrativa como o único protagonista, para que o diretor seja apenas o meio de tornar visíveis essas realidades nas quais o sujeito nos mostra com sua própria voz. Por essas razões, o testemunho como tal é desenvolvido a partir de uma análise teórica do contexto histórico e das realidades em que está enquadrado. Nesse sentido, a entrega do testemunho -testemunho por si só- não é alterado, por isso é organizado em subtemas, para nos guiar como uma análise aplicada dos temas. Sobre os temas migratórios abordados ao longo do depoimento, eles são orientados principalmente na "Teoría y enfoque de la migración internacional" (Cerdas, 2019) (traduzido como "Teoria e abordagem da migração internacional"), vista a partir dos fatores de expulsão e atração que determinam a migração do sujeito entrevistado; através de "La orientación identitaria del migrante: los roles de subjetividad, aculturización, asimilación y homogenización" (Cerdas, 2019) (traduzido como "A orientação de identidade do migrante: os papéis da subjetividade, aculturação, assimilação e homogeneização" e, finalmente, as implicações de "Globalización, migración y espacios fronterizos: fronteras reales y fronteras imaginarias en las migraciones en América Latina" (Cerdas, 2019) (traduzido como "Globalização, migração e espaços fronteiriços: fronteiras reais e fronteiras imaginárias nas migrações na América Latina") na desconstrução da identidade e do sentimento de pertinência ao território. A violência estrutural atravessa todos os estratos da vida das sociedades; estados latino-americanos e especialmente os da América Central, sendo os mais atingidos em termos de herança colonial. Todos esses fatores, incluindo instabilidade política, incentivam as pessoas, principalmente jovens, que estão sendo sistematicamente violadas, perseguidas, presas e mortas; procure como proteger sua vida e a de sua família.