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The Brexit referendum provokes speculation about the likelihood of European disintegration. This article discusses how scholarship might deal with the issue of disintegration and argues that it should be thought of as an indeterminate process rather than an identifiable outcome. Within the EU system, Brexit is likely to unleash disintegrative dynamics, which could see the EU stagnate into a suboptimal institutional equilibrium. At the same time, EU studies needs to lift its gaze beyond the internal dynamics of the EU system to consider the disintegration of the democratic capitalist compact within which European integration has been embedded historically.

The European Union's security, in the 21st century, is directly related to the position it would assume in relation to central problems of a globalized world and the role that it would decide to play within the international system. From this point of view, instead of orientating itself merely to the defense of its own interests from a classic view of security matters, it understands that to strengthen the world governance redounds in its own behalf. In this sense, the Peace Laboratories are inscribed within the logic of the European Union's foreign policy and its relations with Colombia, as they pursue the construction of alternatives options of the citizenship to face the domestic armed conflict, forced displacement, drug-trafficking economy and conditions of social marginality and poverty. As well, this program is coherent with the Euro- pean vision of fighting and preventing conflicts by attacking the structural causes that generate and dynamize them. So, this problem is approached from a global perspective, not limiting the search of solutions to the military environment. Therefore, we conclude that the European Union is consoli- dating an identity in the world scenario as a civilian power. ; La seguridad de la Unión Europea en el siglo XXI está directamente relacionada con la posición que asuma frente a problemáticas centrales del mundo globalizado y al rol que decida jugar dentro del sistema internacional. Por eso, en vez de orientarse a la defensa exclusiva de sus propios intereses desde una visión clásica de la seguridad, comprende que potenciar la gobernabilidad mundial redunda en sus propios intereses. De modo que los Laboratorios de Paz se inscriben dentro de la lógica de la política exterior de la Unión Europea en el marco de sus relaciones con Colombia, en el sentido que son una búsqueda para la construcción de opciones alternativas de la ciudadanía para enfrentar el conflicto armado interno, el desplazamiento forzado, la economía del narcotráfico y las condiciones sociales de marginalidad y pobreza. Igualmente, este programa es coherente con la visión europea de combatir y prevenir el conflicto, atacando las causas estructurales que lo generan y dinamizan. De esta forma, se aborda dicha problemática a partir de una mirada global, para no limitar únicamente la búsqueda de soluciones en el ámbito militar. Así, pues, la Unión Europea va consolidando una identidad en el escenario mundial, que la empiezan a mostrar ante el mundo como una potencia civil.

Women and politics in Hungary ; (research ideas) / Lídia Balogh, Borbála Juhász. - Budapest : Office Budapest Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, October 2023. - 15 Seiten = 490 KB, PDF-File. - (Research ideas). - (Democracy and human rights)Einheitssacht.: Keresik-e egyáltalán a nöt? . - Electronic ed.: Budapest : FES, 2023ISBN 978-615-6289-74-2

Abstract. The European Union has experienced a rule of law crisis for the past several years. As a result, the Union attached a rule of law clause into its multiannual budget of 2021–2027 that would enable suspension of funds from Member States that violate the principles of the rule of law. Hungary has been a target for rule of law related proceedings by the union, and it cast a veto on the multiannual budget because of the rule of law clause attached to it. This thesis will explore the discourse surrounding the Hungarian veto, and rule of law in general. Using the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) of Critical Discourse Analysis, this thesis will explore the different dimensions of discourse surrounding the rule of law crisis in the European Union. As materials, this study will use the 2020 Rule of Law Report by the European Commission, as well as two texts by Hungarian ministers associated with it; a statement by the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, and an opinion piece by the Hungarian Minister of Justice Judit Varga. The aim of this paper is to explore discursive strategies used by the European Commission, Viktor Orbán and Judit Varga as well as how they construct rule of law as a term in the materials. Additionally, this paper will examine how their discursive strategies have evolved over time. Ultimately, this thesis attempts to describe the discourse about rule of law in the discursive spaces of the European Commission and the Hungarian Government.Oikeusvaltioperiaatteen kriisi : Euroopan Komission ja Unkarin välisen poliittisen diskurssin ulottuvuudet. Tiivistelmä. Euroopan Unioni on ollut keskellä oikeusvaltioperiaatteen kriisiä jo monen vuoden ajan. Tämän seurauksena EU liitti oikeusvaltioperiaatetta koskevan ehdollisuusasetuksen vuosien 2021–2027 budjettiesitykseen. Ehdollisuusasetus mahdollistaa rahoituksen jäädyttämisen jäsenmaalta, jonka katsotaan toimivan oikeusvaltioperiaatetta vastaan. Unkari on ollut oikeusvaltioperiaatetta koskevien käsittelyiden kohteena, ja se käytti veto-oikeuttansa ...

Abstract
A major development on the European far right since 1945 is the turn to a 'metapolitics' supposedly influenced by the Italian Marxist theorist Antonio Gramsci. Metapolitics, in this sense, deemphasizes electoral politics in favor of intellectual activism and the pursuit of 'cultural hegemony' as a prelude to seizing political power. This article examines the metapolitics of the European New Right (ENR) from a new theoretical and historical perspective. It argues that the literature of the US 'culture wars' better explains the ENR's practice than any reception of Gramsci. And it presents ENR metapolitics not as the strategic reformulation of interwar fascism but as part of a broad transatlantic backlash against the leftist successes of the 1960s. This approach better accounts for ENR intellectuals' function as 'culture warriors' specializing in demonization and mastery of the tools of public discourse.

The recent sovereign debt crisis in Europe appears to have consolidated the ideological and the historical actuality of the European state project, but not in the manner that many of its advocates would have hoped. Far from deepening democratisation, what has emerged instead is a political terrain increasingly reminiscent of what Nicos Poulantzas termed 'authoritarian statism'. The present article aims to illuminate this phenomenon in relation to the institutional shifts within the EU that both preceded and followed the debt crisis, as well as in relation to the historical processes of uneven and combined development that form the ground upon which the European state project has been erected. Our overarching goal is to theorise the EU as a manifestation of contradictory tendencies towards transnationalisation within which elements of nation-states play a constitutive role, but one that simultaneously exacerbates Europe's crisis tendencies. It is this intractable tension within the internal structure of the EU that has given rise to a transnational authoritarian statism across Europe expressed in a 'strengthening-weakening' of state power, i.e. a reinforcement of state authority that simultaneously expresses and exacerbates the political crisis to which it seeks to respond. Adapted from the source document.

"The United States witnessed an unprecedented failure of its political system in the mid-nineteenth century, resulting in a disastrous civil war that claimed the lives of an estimated 750,000 Americans. In his other acclaimed books about the American presidency, Fred Greenstein assesses the personal strengths and weaknesses of presidents from George Washington to Barack Obama. Here, he evaluates the leadership styles of the Civil War-era presidents. Using his trademark no-nonsense approach, Greenstein looks at the presidential qualities of James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, and Abraham Lincoln. For each president, he provides a concise history of the man's life and presidency, and evaluates him in the areas of public communication, organizational capacity, political skill, policy vision, cognitive style, and emotional intelligence. Greenstein sheds light on why Buchanan is justly ranked as perhaps the worst president in the nation's history, how Pierce helped set the stage for the collapse of the Union and the bloodiest war America had ever experienced, and why Lincoln is still considered the consummate American leader to this day. Presidents and the Dissolution of the Union reveals what enabled some of these presidents, like Lincoln and Polk, to meet the challenges of their times--and what caused others to fail"--