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This thesis studies the components and phases of the socioeconomic and territorial evolution of the Jari river region, located at the north of the Brazilian Amazon, by identifying its different transformation processes and contemporary spatial structures. Longtime left aloof from national population and development dynamics, the region experiences a two-step economic and social evolution in the XX century: A first occupation, at the beginning of the century, that was conditioned by the exploitation of natural resources (rubber, Brazil nut) and led to the establishment of a "latifundium" covering about 2 million ha; and a second, more important occupation at the end of 1960ies by the an American businessman and multimillionaire D.K. Ludwig. The initiation, by the latter, of a huge agro-industrial enterprise, the "Jari project", aiming at a large-scale production of cellulose, lead to the construction of first urban infrastructures and industrial facilities in a region until then covered with intact primary forest. The socio-cultural, economical and political development of the Jari River region has since been intrinsically linked to the evolution of the Jari project. The project itself, which is still active in the region, has itself known significant change since its building up in 1967: strongly criticized during the 1970ies and 1980ies due to the lack of economic viability of its agro-industrial activities, as well as its ecological impact and its waste of human resources, the project of the XXI century, revived by a new management (Orsa), presents itself as an innovative, lucrative and certified firm, henceforth conscious of its social and environmental responsibility and thus of its pioneer role for the socioeconomic development of the Jari River region where it operates. The territorial strategies developed in this context by the company, which are embedded in a discourse of social and environmental corporate responsibility, have indeed permitted the company not only to establish itself on the national and international pulp market, but also to mitigate the long-standing land conflict between the Jari firm, the government and the local populations, who had been partly displaced from their lands by the transformation of huge parts of the rainforest into eucalyptus plantations. The creation of a firm-interne social Foundation in 2000, commissioned to carry into action small socioeconomic projects in the region, has also allowed to accelerate a process of territorial integration, aiming at including the local communities and political actors into the management of the region and its use of its natural resources, until then monopolized by the company. Not yet fully achieved, this process of territorial integration constitutes today a solid basis for a sustainable transformation of the region in the future, from the old "enclave" of the American into an integrated region whose potential is commonly shared by its habitants. ; Ce travail étudie les composants de l'évolution territoriale et socio-économique de la région du Jari, située au nord de l'Amazonie brésilienne, en identifiant les différents processus de transformation ainsi que les structures spatiales actuelles. Longtemps à l'écart des dynamiques nationales du peuplement et du développement, celle-ci connait, au XXe siècle, un développement socioéconomique en deux étapes : Le premier, au début du siècle, à partir d'une occupation conditionnée par l'extractivisme (exploitation de ressources naturelles de la forêt, comme le caoutchouc ou la noix du Brésil), et organisée autour d'un latifundiaire sur environ 2 millions d'hectares. Le deuxième, plus important, à la fin des années 1960, à partir de l'installation, sur ce même territoire, d'une grande entreprise agro-industrielle, le "projet Jari", par l'entrepreneur et multimillionnaire Américain D.K. Ludwig, qui visait à la production de la cellulose à grande échelle, et entraînait la construction d'une première infrastructure urbaine et industrielle dans une région de forêt primaire jusque-là intacte. Désormais indissociablement liées, les transformations socioéconomiques et territoriales de la région du Jari se sont depuis produites en tant qu'influence ou interaction directe avec l'évolution du projet Jari. Celui-ci, toujours en fonction dans la région aujourd'hui, a lui-même connu des transformations significatives depuis son installation en 1967: fortement polémiquée pour la non rentabilité économique, l'impact environnemental, et le gaspillage en ressources humaines de ses activités d'agrobusiness, le projet Jari du XXIe siècle émerge aujourd'hui, sous une nouvelle gestion (Orsa), comme une entreprise viable, certifiée, et pionnière en matière de responsabilité sociale et environnementale des entreprises en contexte amazonien. Les nouvelles stratégies territoriales développées par celle-ci et basées dans un discours de responsabilité sociale et environnementale des entreprises, ont permis à la Jari non seulement de conquérir une place stable sur le marché national et international de la cellulose, mais aussi à atténuer une conflit foncier de long date dans la région du Jari, qui a durablement marqué les relations entre l'entreprise, le gouvernement et les populations locales, dont plusieurs ont été déplacées de leurs terres lors de la transformation de larges parties de forêt primaire en plantations d'eucalyptus. La création, par la "nouvelle" entreprise, d'une Fondation sociale, censée de mettre en œuvre des petits projets socio-économiques dans la région, a en outre permis d'avancer le processus d'intégration territoriale visant à inclure enfin les communautés locales et les acteurs politiques à la gestion régionale et à l'utilisation des ressources, jusque-là monopolisée par l'entreprise. Sans être achevé, ce processus forme aujourd'hui la base solide pour une transformation "durable" du Jari, d'une vieille "enclave" économique de l'Américain à une région intégrée dont le potentiel est partagé parmi ses habitants.

Since 2003, the Philippines have been striving to implement reforms aimed at improving audit quality. Oversight of the audit profession is a key control over the financial reporting architecture of a country's private sector. A Quality Assurance Review system over audit practitioners is a subset of oversight which serves as a key monitoring control over the integrity of financial reporting. In keeping with the country's strategic priority of boosting private sector development by improving the investment climate for firms of all sizes, including greater access to finance, legislation was enacted to support the objective of increasing the integrity of private sector financial reporting through improved audit quality. Accordingly, the Board of Accountancy was mandated with the power to conduct oversight into the quality of audits of financial statements through a review of the quality control measures instituted by auditors in order to ensure compliance with the accounting and auditing standards and practices. . However, the injunction remains in place and, accordingly, implementation of the mandated Quality Assurance Review Program may not move forward. Several concrete steps should be taken in order to effectively move forward with the rollout of a comprehensive system of public oversight including audit quality assurance in the Philippines. These include (1) reforming the legal framework to establish an effective audit oversight system with sufficient legal power and authority (2) rationalizing the statutory audit threshold to minimize the conditions contributing to low quality audits, (3) building support among key stakeholder groups by properly addressing their concerns to the extent possible, (4) ensuring coordination of efforts among regulators to eliminate gaps and overlaps and foster collaboration among the group, and (5) establishing a dedicated Project Management Office to oversee the rollout of a Quality Assurance Review Program over audit practitioners.

The biodiversity-productivity relationship (BPR) is foundational to our understanding of the global extinction crisis and its impacts on ecosystem functioning. Understanding BPR is critical for the accurate valuation and effective conservation of biodiversity. Using ground-sourced data from 777,126 permanent plots, spanning 44 countries and most terrestrial biomes, we reveal a globally consistent positive concave-down BPR, showing that continued biodiversity loss would result in an accelerating decline in forest productivity worldwide.The value of biodiversity in maintaining commercial forest productivity alone—US$166 billion to 490 billion per year according to our estimation—is more than twice what it would cost to implement effective global conservation.This highlights the need for a worldwide reassessment of biodiversity values, forest management strategies, and conservation priorities. ; This work was supported in part by West Virginia University under the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) McIntire-Stennis Funds WVA00104 and WVA00105; U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Long-Term Ecological Research Program at Cedar Creek (DEB-1234162); the University of Minnesota Department of Forest Resources and Institute on the Environment; the Architecture and Environment Department of Italcementi Group, Bergamo (Italy); a Marie Skłodowska Curie fellowship; Polish National Science Center grant 2011/02/A/NZ9/00108; the French L'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) (Centre d'Étude de la Biodiversité Amazonienne: ANR-10-LABX-0025); the General Directory of State Forest National Holding DB; General Directorate of State Forests, Warsaw, Poland (Research Projects 1/07 and OR/2717/3/11); the 12th Five-Year Science and Technology Support Project (grant 2012BAD22B02) of China; the U.S. Geological Survey and the Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecological Research Program funded by NSF and the U.S. Forest Service (any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government); National Research Foundation of Korea (grant NRF-2015R1C1A1A02037721), Korea Forest Service (grants S111215L020110, S211315L020120 and S111415L080120) and Promising-Pioneering Researcher Program through Seoul National University (SNU) in 2015; Core funding for Crown Research Institutes from the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment's Science and Innovation Group; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Priority Program 1374 Biodiversity Exploratories; Chilean research grants Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT) 1151495 and 11110270; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (grant RGPIN-2014-04181); Brazilian Research grants CNPq 312075/2013 and FAPESC 2013/TR441 supporting Santa Catarina State Forest Inventory (IFFSC); the General Directorate of State Forests, Warsaw, Poland; the Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture, and Forestry project W07; the Bavarian State Forest Enterprise (Bayerische Staatsforsten AöR); German Science Foundation for project PR 292/12-1; the European Union for funding the COST Action FP1206 EuMIXFOR; FEDER/ COMPETE/POCI under Project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958 and FCT–Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology under the project UID/AGR/04033/2013; Swiss National Science Foundation grant 310030B_147092; the EU H2020 PEGASUS project (no 633814), EU H2020 Simwood project (no 613762); and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program within the framework of the MultiFUNGtionality Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (IF-EF) under grant agreement 655815. The expeditions in Cameroon to collect the data were partly funded by a grant from the Royal Society and the Natural Environment Research Council (UK) to Simon L. Lewis.

Die Klassifizierung maritimer Fischbestände als globale öffentliche Güter verpflichtet den Staat gegenüber der internationalen Staatengemeinschaft, die Verantwortung für die nachhaltige Nutzung der Naturressourcen innerhalb seiner Jurisdiktion zu übernehmen. Die effiziente Nutzung knapper biologischer Ressourcen impliziert die maximale und nachhaltige Abschöpfung von Ressourcenrenten. Die Arbeit quantifiziert die Ressourcenrenten der kommerziellen Fischerei in Namibia und erörtert Strategien einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung für das Land, welches gegenwärtig den letzten Rang auf der Skala der weltweiten Einkommensdisparität einnimmt. Hierzu wurde in Anlehnung an das UN System of Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA) eine Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) mit detaillierter Abbildung des Fischereisektors spezifiziert. Es wurde ein allgemeines Gleichgewichtsmodell entwickelt, das als Basis für wirtschaftsweite Analysen dient. Ein Schwerpunkt lag hier auf der Implementierung von flexiblen nicht-homothetischen Nachfragesystemen und der Ableitung theoretisch konsistenter Modellparameter. Parallel dazu wurden partiale bioökonomische Fischressourcen-Modelle erstellt. Bioökonomische Modelle eignen sich zur Analyse des Managements erneuerbarer Ressourcen. Spieltheoretische Analysen ergänzen den Methodenapparat. Es wurden mögliche Koalitionen für ein kooperatives Management von marinen Fischressourcen spieltheoretisch untersucht, um Empfehlungen für die Verhandlung von Nutzungsrechten abzuleiten. Sowohl die kommerzielle Fischerei als auch der Tourismussektor Namibias spiegeln die dualistische Struktur des Landes wieder. Beide Sektoren sind abhängig vom Naturkapital des Landes. Die Autorin geht der Frage nach, ob das vorhandene Naturkapital dazu beitragen kann, die soziale Disparität in Namibia nachhaltig zu verringern. Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass der Staat hohe Ressourcenrenten de facto wenigen etablierten Akteuren überlässt. Als Resultat fehlender Nachweispflichten können vertikal integrierte Unternehmen erzielte Renten kaschieren. Die Verhandlungen über Partnerschaftsabkommen sollten unter dem Aspekt der Abschöpfung einer maximalen Ressourcenrente, die allen Namibiern Nutzen stiftet, neu evaluiert werden. Spieltheoretische Analysen konnten das Potenzial für eine Win-Win Situation einer solchen Koalition asymmetrischer Spieler andeuten. Simulationen mit individuellen handelbaren Quoten (ITQs) zeigten die positiven Wohlfahrtseffekte von Nutzungsgebühren, da diese hohe private Diskontraten effizienter Unternehmen kompensieren und Quotenpreise eindämmen. Das Konzept des Community Based Natural Ressource Management (CBNRM) zeigt in Namibia erfolgversprechende Ansätze. Namibias Naturlandschaft bietet die Chance für eine breitere Aufstellung von CBNRM. Praktiker und Wissenschaftler favorisieren derzeit Hybrid-Governance Strukturen gegenüber staatlich kontrollierten Landmanagement Regimen. Ein diversifizierter naturbasierter Tourismus könnte auf die internationale Zahlungsbereitschaft für den Erhalt von Biodiversität treffen. Finanzmittel wären durch einen Transfer von Ressourcenrenten verfügbar. Mathematische Modelle sind wichtige Instrumente, um Verteilungswirkungen abzuschätzen. Darüber hinaus kann die Visualisierung in Form einer grünen SAM Entscheidungsträger ansprechen. Dieses Argument gilt auch für spieltheoretische Anwendungen. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat Schnittstellen erarbeitet, die spieltheoretische Überlegungen durch numerische Simulationen testen. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf besteht insbesondere bei der Verbesserung der methodischen Verknüpfung naturwissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse mit ökonomischen Modellen. ; The use of natural capital for economic development in Namibia - a bioeconomic equilibrium analysis using the example of fisheries Marine fish resources are classified as global commons. Accordingly, national governments are committed to sustainably manage fish stocks living within the jurisdiction of their exclusive economic zone. Efficient use of scarce biological resources implies abstraction of maximum resource rents. The performed scientific work quantifies resource rents gained by commercial fisheries in Namibia and discusses strategies for sustainable development of the country that currently holds the lowest ranking in worldwide income disparity. For this purpose a hybrid social accounting matrix (SAM) is developed following the UN concept of integrated environmental and economic accounting (SEEA). On the basis of the created data framework the author developed an applied general equilibrium model with special focus on specifying flexible non-homothetic consumer and bilateral import demand systems. The author advanced a procedure for calibrating a set of parameters for the Normalized Quadratic-Quadratic Expenditure System (NQQES) that satisfy the requirements of economic theory. Parallel, partial bioeconomic fishery model are established for analyzing management regimes of renewable resources. The methodological concept is further supplemented by game theoretic applications. Recent research outcomes of coalition theory are tested with respect to evaluating the potential of cooperative management and to derive recommendations for negotiating the allocation of user rights. Until today the commercial fishery and the tourism sector respectively reflect the dualistic character of the country. Both sectors heavily depend on natural capital and its quality. The thesis is investigating whether existing natural resources, namely fish and wildlife might support development by simultaneously removing social injustice. It was found that in Namibia resource rents are still left to a few privileged established enterprises, and that the aim of black economic empowerment via reallocation of quotas is not reached. As a consequence of missing duties for financial record keeping and resulting transfer pricing enterprises can easily conceal realized profits. In addition the often outdated fishing fleet operates inefficiently. In terms of capturing maximum resource rents for the benefit of all Namibians, negotiations on economic partnership agreements with the EU should be reviewed. Game theoretic analysis indicates the potential of a win-win situation of a coalition between two asymmetric players. In case of establishing individual transferable quota regimes (ITQs), model simulations indicate the welfare improving effect of royalties. This is explained by the positive effect of user fees on controlling quota prices and countervailing high personal discount rates of cost efficient entrepreneurs, who are supposed to dissipate future revenues. In Namibia, the strategy of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) reveals promising options. Namibia's natural landscape provides the opportunity for an extension of CBNRM. The experience of academics as well as practitioners favor hybrid governance architecture opposed to land management regimes controlled by central government. Diversified nature-based tourism might fits in with the international willingness to pay for biodiversity conservation. Finance could be available by the transfer of resource rents. Mathematical planning tools are key instruments to assess impacts on the allocation of user rights and the distribution of benefits from natural capital. Furthermore, visualization via a green SAM might move decision-makers in the direction of sustainability. This argument also holds for game theoretic applications. More research is needed in the field of connecting different methods, particularly combining the models of natural science and economics.

Data security is today an important requirement in various applications because of the stringent need to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information. Comprehensive solutions to data security are quite complicated and require the integration of different tools and techniques as well as specific organizational processes. In such a context, a fundamental role is played by the access control system (ACS) that establishes which subjects are authorized to perform which operations on which objects. Subjects are individuals or programs or other entities requiring access to the protected resources. When dealing with protection of information, the resources of interest are typically objects that record information, such as files in an operating system, tuples in a relational database, or a complex object in an object database. Because of its relevance in the context of solutions for information security, access control has been extensively investigated for database management systems (DBMSs) [6], digital libraries [3, 14], and multimedia applications [24]. Yet, the importance of the spatial dimension in access control has been highlighted only recently. We say that access control has a spatial dimension when the authorization to access a resource depends on position information.We broadly categorize spatially aware access control as object-driven, subject-driven, and hybrid based on whether the position information concerns objects, subjects, or both, respectively. In the former case, the spatial dimension is introduced because of the spatial nature of resources. For example, if the resources are georeferenced Earth images, then we can envisage an individual be allowed to only display images covering a certain region. The spatial dimension may also be required because of the spatial nature of subjects. This is the case of mobile individuals allowed to access a resource when located in a given area. For example, an individual may be authorized to view secret information only within a military base. Finally, position information may concern both objects and subjects like in the case of an individual authorized to display images of a region only within a military office. There is a wide range of applications which motivate spatially aware access control. The two challenging and contrasting applications we propose as examples 190 Maria Luisa Damiani and Elisa Bertino are the spatial data infrastructures (SDI) and location-based services (LBS). An SDI consists of the technological and organizational infrastructure which enables the sharing and coordinated maintenance of spatial data among multiple heterogeneous organizations, primarily public administrations, and government agencies. On the other side, LBS enable mobile users equipped with location-aware terminals to access information based on the position of terminals. These applications have different requirements on access control. In an SDI, typically, there is the need to account for various complex structured spatial data that may have multiple representations across different organizations. In an SDI, the access control is thus object-driven. Conversely, in LBS, there is the need to account for a dynamic and mobile user population which may request diversified services based on position. Access control is thus subject-driven or hybrid. However, despite the variety of requirements and the importance of spatial data protection in these and other applications, very few efforts have been devoted to the investigation of spatially aware access control models and systems. In this chapter, we pursue two main goals: the first is to present an overview of this emerging research area and in particular of requirements and research directions; the second is to analyze in more detail some research issues, focusing in particular on access control in LBS. We can expect LBS to be widely deployed in the near future when advanced wireless networks, such as mobile geosensor networks, and new positioning technologies, such as the Galileo satellite system will come into operation. In this perspective, access control will become increasingly important, especially for enabling selective access to services such as Enterprise LBS, which provide information services to mobile organizations, such as health care and fleet management enterprises. An access control model targeting mobile organizations is GEO-RBAC [4]. Such a model is based on the RBAC (role-based access control) standard and is compliant with Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards with respect to the representation of the spatial dimension of the model. The main contributions of the chapter can be summarized as follows: • We provide an overview of the ongoing research in the field of spatially aware access control. • We show how the spatial dimension is interconnected with the security aspects in a specific access control model, that is, GEO-RBAC. • We outline relevant architectural issues related to the implementation of an ACS based on the GEO-RBAC model. In particular, we present possible strategies for security enforcement and the architecture of a decentralized ACS for large-scale LBS applications. The chapter is organized as follows. The next section provides some background knowledge on data security and in particular access control models. The subsequent section presents requirements for geospatial data security and then the state of the art. Afterward the GEO-RBAC model is introduced. In particular, we present the main concepts of the model defined in the basic layer of the model, the Core GEO-RBAC. Hence, architectural approaches supporting GEO-RBAC are presented. Open issues are finally reported in the concluding section along with directions for future work.

La technologie Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) est un moyen d'automatiser l'identification et le stockage des informations dans des étiquettes RFID. Ces étiquettes peuvent être fixées ou intégrées à un objet à identifier et sont lues par un lecteur RFID. Electronic Product Code (EPC) Classe 1 Génération 2 (appelé Gen2) est un exemple typique des étiquettes RFID passives. Il représente l'élément clé d'une architecture RFID, nommée EPCglobal network. Ces étiquettes peuvent contenir plus d'informations qu'un simple identifiant, comme les données personnelles du porteur de l'étiquette. Par conséquent, des protections sont nécessaires pour protéger la vie privée du porteur. Dans cette thèse, je propose un contrôle des données relatives à la vie privée à deux niveaux de l'architecture EPCglobal, pour que seules les entités autorisées puissent récupérer ou modifier les données à caractère privé. L'objectif est d'assurer que l'échange de données depuis les étiquettes RFID vers les middleware et applications d'entreprise répond aux exigences de confidentialité, dans un environnement où le contrôle de la vie privée est primordial, par exemple, les systèmes de suivi de la santé à domicile. La première partie de la thèse est dédiée à la protection des échanges de données entre les lecteurs et les étiquettes RFID passives. Je présente un protocole d'établissement et de dérivation de clés dans les systèmes Gen2, appelé KEDGEN2. Il traite les insuffisances du modèle de sécurité du standard quant à l'accès à la mémoire de l'étiquette. Le protocole a été spécifié en utilisant le langage HLPSL (High Level Protocol Specification Language) et des propriétés de sécurité (authentification mutuelle, forward secrecy et backward secrecy pour la persistance de la confidentialité) ont été prouvées grâce à des techniques de model checking via l'outil CL-AtSe (Constraint-Logic based Attack Searcher). Le mécanisme de dérivation de clés pseudo-alétaoires repose sur une adaptation du système de chiffrement Solitaire. Pour compléter notre approche, la deuxième partie de cette thèse ajoute un filtre au niveau des données collectées par l'intergiciel RFID (appelé middleware). Ce composant se situe entre les lecteurs d'étiquettes et les bases de données applicatives. Il est en charge de collecter, filtrer et agréger des événements issus d'environnements RFID hétérogènes. Pour protéger ce composant des lectures malveillantes, l'approche que je propose est centrée sur l'utilisateur, qui peut définir la politique de vie privée s'appliquant aux données agrégées par le middleware. Elle intégre (i) la mise en oeuvre d'une politique de vie privée sans interférer avec l'interface standard du middleware, (ii) l'expression des préférences de vie privée en utilisant le modèle PrivOrBAC et (iii) la prise en compte des dimensions de declaration de l'objectif de la requête, de précision des résultats générés, et de consentement explicite de l'utilisateur. Un prototype a été développé pour illustrer la faisabilité de l'approche et a été appliqué à l'infrastructure open-source Fosstrak. ; Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) provides a way to automate identification and to store information in individual RFID tags. These tags can be attached or embedded in an item to be identified and are read when they enter a RFID reader's antenna field. The Electronic Product Code (EPC) Class 1 Generation 2 (Gen2 for short) is a proper example of passive RFID technology. It represents the key component of an RFID architecture named EPCglobal network. However, if the tag carries more than just an identifier, the privacy of the tag holder may be violated. In this thesis, we deal with privacy issues in two levels of the EPCglobal network to only let authorized entities access private data. Our goal is to ensure that the data exchange from RFID tags to middleware and enterprise applications guarantees the privacy requirements, in environments where privacy control is paramount, e.g., home healthcare monitoring systems. The first part of this dissertation is dedicated to securing data exchange between RFID readers and passive tags. We provide a key establishment and derivation protocol for Gen2 systems, called KEDGEN2, to handle the flawed security model of the Gen2 tag memory access. KEDGEN2 achieves secure data exchange, based on a key generation model adapted to Gen2 tags. To prove the security of our model, we specify the protocol using the High Level Protocol Specification Language (HLPSL) and verify the expected security properties, using the Constraint-Logic based Attack Searcher (CL-AtSe) model checking tool. The current version of the protocol guarantees mutual authentication of participants and forward secrecy of the keys in the presence of active adversaries. It also guarantees backward secrecy with active adversaries bounded by limited communication range, which is consistent with typical RFID environments. As for derived keys, we propose adapting the Solitaire cipher, as a Pseudo-random Number Generator. To complement our approach, an additional filter is added and described in the second part of this dissertation. We focus on the collection of tag information through the RFID middleware component. The middleware is a central point that sits between RFID readers and database applications. It is in charge of collecting, filtering and aggregating the requested events from heterogeneous RFID environments. Thus, the system at this point is likely to suffer from parameter manipulation and eavesdropping, raising privacy concerns. We propose a privacy-enhanced approach as a part of the RFID middleware of the EPCglobal network, which does not interfere with the standard interface. Our approach is policy driven using some enhanced contextual concepts of the extended Role Based Access Control model. We use specifically, the PrivOrBAC privacy-aware model to store and manage privacy preferences, taking the declared purpose, the accuracy and the explicit consent, as privacy requirements. To show the feasibility of our approach, we provide a proof-of-concept prototype that we apply to the Fosstrak plateform, an open-source implementation of the EPCglobal specifications.

The article analyses the state of the most popular and least popular professions and specialties in Ukraine. It's found that there are no specialties in the field of land management among them. It is also noted that at the legislative level the specialties "Land Management and Cadastre" and "Evaluation of land and real estate" were replaced by the specialty "Geodesy and land management", which belongs to the field of knowledge "Architecture and construction" (technical sciences). It is substantiated that the profession of land manager should relate to the field of knowledge of "Social and behavioural sciences". It's based on the provisions of the Law "On Land Management" and the study of world experience of the essence of the concepts of land management and land management planning (both have technical, socio-economic, legal and environmental focus).It is proved that the profession of land manager needs to be reprofiled. In this regard, there is a need to identify new specialties and specializations and add them into the state classifier DK 003: 2010. It's important to expand the training of specialists within: 1) specialty 193 "Geodesy and land management" specializations "Land Management and Land Use Administration" and "Cadastral Registrar"; 2) specialty 101 "Ecology" specialization "Land management and ecologization of landuse", 3) specialty 051 "Economics" specialization "Economics of land management and land use". It is proposed to add them to the classifier.Keywords. Profession "land manager", labour market, perspective specialties and specializations in land management, new qualifications. Formulation of the problem. The development of society at all times was associated with the arrangement of lands, which today remains the main means for the existence of mankind and a source of social wealth. The need to establish the limits disturb landowners from ancient times. This function is performed by land surveyors. When the first representatives of this profession appeared, it is certainly not known. But the land surveyor is now a profession demanded both in the village and in the city. In our country, the profession of land surveyor always respects honour because it is devoted to the invaluable treasures of Ukraine - land, which has always attached special significance.According to the research conducted in Ukraine, soon, the 10 most demanded professions include: programmers (C++, Java), food industry technologists, construction engineers, architects, designers of offices and interiors, personnel managers, recruiters, energy engineers, journalists, technologists of light industry products, financiers (specialization "banking") [1]. In addition, prospective include: hotel business managers, accountants, auditors, lawyers, marketers.According to the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, according to the results of the 2017 admission, the most popular specialties among the entrants for the Bachelor in Ukraine were Philology, Law, and Management. 85 thousand, 74 thousand and 59 thousand applications have been filed for the stated above specialties respectively. In addition, among the leaders are "Medicine", "Computer Science", "Tourism", "Secondary Education", "Psychology", "Economics". These specialties were desirable to enter by 40 to 46 thousand of entrants. The last step in the TOP-10 was "Software Engineering" with the result of 33 thousand applications (Fig. 1) [9]. Despite the stated above facts, it has been revealed that such specialties as "Law", "Management", "Tourism" and "Economics" remain among the most popular among entrants even though they are not in demand in the labour market. At the same time, the high levels in the ranking are occupied by important for the economy specialties, such as "Computer Science" and "Software Engineering". The least popular specialties are (fig. 2) "Theology" (185 applications excluding spiritual higher educational institutions) and "Hydropower" (193 applications for entry).However, specialties for the preparation of a specialist in land management are absent among the most and least popular. Therefore, with a caution we have to perceive the situation.The list of required occupations in the labour market is changing. Focus magazine has ranked the professions that will be promising in 5-10 years [10]. Before allocating the most promising specialties, the publication together with experts identified the areas of the economy that will actively develop in the near future. So, at first there was a list of 40 spheres of the economy, which, according to Focus, will successfully develop in the next 5-10 years. Experts evaluated the prospects for the development of these industries on a 10-point scale, giving each sector a mark from 1 to 10 points. At the same time, each expert could add to the list the industry that was not among the 40 listed, but whose potential he considers rather large.According to the obtained data, the rating of 15 most promising industries has been designed, and include: information technologies, telecommunications and communications, agriculture, pharmaceutical production and pharmacy business, banking, frying and processing industry, transport services, financial services, legal services, household services, metallurgy, alcohol production, energy, livestock, utilities.So, the 20 most promising professions of the next decade will be the following: the seller, the IT specialist, the automation engineer, the marketer, the municipal services engineer, the aeroengineer, the technologist in the production and processing of food products, the technologist of consumer services, logistics, the lawyer (economic and land law), power engineer veterinarian, pharmacologist, financier, communication engineer, practical psychologist, geneticist, biochemist, robotic technician, nanoengineer.In addition, agrarian countries are actively developing organic and farm farming. This will require the involvement of a large number of employees who are able to work on the ground - and thus, forms a serious niche. In general, the labour market trends in the coming years can be reduced to nine main directions [5]: engineers, IT specialists, nanotechnology specialists, marketers, service providers, logistics, environmentalists, chemists, and physicians.The Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated December 30, 2015, No. 1187, approved new Licensing conditions for the conduct of educational activities [7] concerning the further conduct of educational and scientific work in educational institutions. By the order of the Ministry of Education and Science dated November 6, 2015, No. 1151 "On the peculiarities of the introduction of the list of branches of knowledge and specialties [6], which are the training of applicants for higher education, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine from April 29, 2015, No. 266" [8] approved Table of correspondence List of directions for training of specialists in higher educational establishments for the educational-qualifying level of bachelor (List 1), List of specialties, which was carried out training of specialists in higher education institutions for educational and qualification levels of a specialist and a master's degree (List 2).In the stated above Resolution, it is defined that instead of the specialties "Land Management and Cadastre" and "Land and Real Estate Valuation" – the specialty "Geodesy and Land Management" is established. The latter belongs to the field of knowledge "Architecture and Construction", which belongs to the technical sciences.At the same time, the Law of Ukraine "On Land Management" stipulates that land management is a set of socio-economic and environmental measures aimed at regulating land relations and rational organization of the territory of administrative-territorial units, economic entities carried out under the influence of social and productive relations and development of productive forces [2]. The same law (Article 1) stipulates that activities in the field of land management are the scientific, technical, production and management activities of state authorities, local governments, legal entities and individuals, which is carried out under land management. Land-use documentation (land management documentation) is the text and graphic materials approved in accordance with the established procedure, which regulate the use and protection of lands of state, communal and private property, as well as survey and land survey materials, author's supervision of project implementation, etc. Measures on land management – provided by documentation on land management on the rational use and protection of land, the formation and organization of the territory of the object of land management, taking into account their purpose, restrictions on the use and restrictions (encumbrances) on the rights of other persons (land servitudes), preservation and increase of fertility soils.This is evidence that the profession of land surveyor is more likely to belong to the field of knowledge of "Social and behavioural sciences" than to "Architecture and construction". Architecture (Greek αρχιτεκτονικη - construction) is both a science and the art of designing buildings, as well as a system of buildings and structures that form a spatial environment for the lives and activities of people in accordance with the laws of beauty. Land management, as stated in the Law of Ukraine "On Land Management" – a set of socio-economic and environmental measures aimed at regulating land relations and rational organization of the territory of administrative-territorial entities and economic entities on the ground.As the research of A.M. Tretiak and V.M. Tretiak shows, the concept and essence of land management has both a technical direction and socio-economic, legal and environmental.Land managers have worked and work in the structural subdivisions of the State Committee for Land Resources of Ukraine, the State Land Agency of Ukraine and the State Audit Office of Ukraine, state authorities and local self-government bodies, and ministries (where there are departments of land resources); in public and private design and valuation companies, real estate firms, agroholdings, agricultural enterprises; territorial communities, scientific institutions, institutions of legal direction. civic organizations.The land manager learns not only his professional knowledge, but also legal and natural sciences. For a profession it is necessary to have mathematical abilities, engineering approach, spatial imagination, ability to understand the legislation. The profession is extremely interesting and creative, which requires the ability to make informed decisions, communicate with people, requires care, clarity and responsibility. To become a successful specialist in this field, you need to be persistent, self-confident, active, have a well-developed intuition and logical thinking.According to the classification of professions, the professional activity of the land manager relates to professions such as "human-nature". To date, the land manager must have a higher education in the field of "Architecture and Construction" from the specialty "Geodesy and Land Management", according to the educational qualification level: a junior specialist, a bachelor's or a master's degree.Currently, land managers use modern equipment in their work: electronic instruments; new technologies of geographic information systems. Significant problems arise when making managerial decisions due to the imperfection of the regulatory framework - when three different land managers can have three different views on the same issue. At the same time, for professionals it is extremely important to come to a joint decision. But how can the problems of legislation be explained to an ordinary peasant? It's a shame when you can not help a person in solving his question, and even more - when you do not know how to explain the impossibility of solving a particular problem. The disadvantage of the profession is also that there is little free time for personal life, family and wage mismatch in modern times. The advantages include: work is interesting, lots of communication, new knowledge in land law, and more.At the same time, we consider it necessary to stay on the proposals of A. Martyn outlined in the scientific paper "Directions of adaptation of the content of land management education to the needs of the national and world economy" [3], where he publishes "bad news" for land management education – whether we are ready for them? He states: "Most of our graduates will not develop landuse documentation at all; the number of jobs in the industry is quite limited; the overwhelming part of the "modern" Ukrainian land management is a terrible mix of fairly archaic rules, a crazy bureaucracy and meaningless rituals, in order to master the development of primitive land management documentation, it takes 2-3 weeks of practical training, but not 5 years at the university, and a significant part of cadastral registrar are lawyers.Some of these reservations agreeable. Therefore, his thoughts emphasize once again the need for serious changes in the training of land management specialists.Thus, all of the above stipulates the need for changes in the classification of occupations DK 003: 2010 and the definition of new specialties and specialization training of land management specialists.In our opinion, it is expedient to extend the training of specialists in land surveying in the following areas: 1) specialty 193 "Geodesy and land management" of the specializations "Land Management and Land Use Administration" and "Cadastral Registrar"; 2) specialty 101 "Ecology" specialization "Land management and ecologization of land use"; 3) specialty 051 "Economics" specialization "Economics of land management and land use".At the same time, we consider it expedient to add the following qualifications to the classifier of professions DK 003: 2010: in section 8 "Main specialists – heads of scientific research units and subdivisions on scientific and technical preparation of production and other managers" – Chief land surveyor; in section 14 "Managers of enterprises, institutions, organizations and their subdivisions" – Manager of land management, Manager in the field of operations with land, Manager in the field of research in the land market; in section 25 "Agronomists, hydraulic engineering, forest managers and professionals of related professions" – Land manager; in section 33 "Assistant veterinarians, junior specialists in agronomy, forestry, water management and nature conservation" – Land Resources Inspector; in section 34 "Other technical specialists in the field of management" – State Inspector for the use and protection of land; in section 249 "Professionals not included in other classification groups". Land manager-ecologist, Land manager-designer.Conclusions.Summing up, we note that the assignment of the specialty "Geodesy and land management" to the field of knowledge "Architecture and Construction" (engineering science) does not comply with the provisions of the Law "On Land Management", the study of world experience of the essence of the concepts of land management, which determined that they are inherent in technical, as well as socio-economic, legal and environmental trends. In this connection it is proved that the profession of land manager belongs to the field of knowledge of "Social and behavioral sciences".In view of this, the need for re-engineering the directions of land management training is urgent. Therefore, we must work ahead and make changes to the classification of professions DK 003: 2010 regarding the definition of new specialties and specialization training of specialists in land management. We consider it expedient to expand the training of specialists within: 1) specialty 193 "Geodesy and land management" of the specialties "Land Management and Land Use Administration" and "Cadastral Registrar"; 2) specialty 101 "Ecology" specialization "Land management and ecologization of land use"; 3) specialty 051 "Economics" specialization "Economics of land management and land use" (qualification "Land Management Manager"). It is proposed to make changes to the list of qualifications. ; У пропонованій статті проаналізовано стан найзатребуваніших і найменш популярних професій, спеціальностей в Україні та виявлено, що спеціальності для підготовки фахівців землевпорядного профілю серед них відсутні. Також відзначено, що на законодавчому рівні спеціальності «Землеустрій та кадастр», «Оцінка землі та нерухомого майна» з підготовки зазначених фахівців замінено на спеціальність «Геодезія та землеустрій», яку віднесено до галузі знань «Архітектура та будівництво» (технічні науки). Обґрунтовано, що професія землевпорядника має відноситись до галузі знань «Соціальних та поведінкових наук», підставою чого слугували положення ЗУ «Про землеустрій» та дослідження світового досвіду сутності понять землеустрою і землевпорядкування (мають як технічне, так і соціально-економічне, правове й екологічне спрямування). Доведено, що професія землевпорядника потребує перепрофілювання. У цьому зв'язку існує необхідність у визначенні нових спеціальностей і спеціалізацій та внесенні їх до класифікатора професій ДК 003:2010. Вказано на доцільність розширення підготовки фахівців в межах: 1) спеціальності 193 «Геодезія та землеустрій» спеціалізацій «Землеустрій та адміністрування землекористування» і «Кадастровий реєстратор»; 2) спеціальності 101 «Екологія» спеціалізації «Землевпорядкування та екологізація землекористування», 3) спеціальності 051 «Економіка» спеціалізації «Економіка землевпорядкування та землекористування». Запропоновано внести до класифікатора й перелік нових кваліфікацій.Ключові слова. Професія «землевпорядник», ринок праці, перспективні спеціальності та спеціалізації у сфері землевпорядкування,нові кваліфікації.

Der Artikel untersucht das Markt-, Innovations- und Arbeitsplatzpotenzial der so genannten Creative Industries (CIs) in Wien. Dazu gehören die Bereiche Architektur, Audiovisueller Bereich, Bildende Kunst und Kunstmarkt, Darstellende Kunst und Unterhaltungskunst, Grafik, Mode, Design, Literatur und Verlagswesen, Multimedia/Software/Spiele/Internet, Museen und Bibliotheken, Musikwirtschaft sowie Werbung. In einem ersten Schritt werden die Wiener CIs in einem Überblick hinsichtlich der Beschäftigungssituation und ihrer Unternehmensstruktur dargestellt. Die Stärke der CI-Unternehmen liegt im hohen künstlerisch-kreativen Potenzial, in der Ausbildung, in der Wissenschaft und Forschung. In Wien existiert ein sehr ausgeprägtes urbanes und kunstkulturelles Milieu, eine hohe Dichte an Ausbildungsstätten und eine gut ausgebaute Forschungslandschaft, sowohl im universitären als auch im außeruniversitären Bereich. Ein weiteres spezifisches CI-Merkmal ist die wirtschaftliche Interdependenz zwischen Teilen der Wiener Creative Industries-Unternehmen und der öffentlichen Kunst- und Kulturfinanzierung. Die Schwächen der Wiener CIs liegen in der Verwertung, in der geringen Umsetzung des kreativen Potenzials in ökonomische Aktivitäten und im Export. Zurückzuführen ist dies auf die kleinteilige Unternehmensstruktur, die Kapitalschwäche und Managementdefizite. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden in einem zweiten Schritt die Hauptstoßrichtungen für die Entwicklung des CI-Standorts Wien herausgearbeitet, die für alle Sektoren - wenn auch nicht immer im gleichen Umfang - von Bedeutung sind. So umfasst eine nachhaltige Strategie zur Verbesserung des CI-Standorts Wien vier Unternehmens-Dimensionen: (1) eine Wachstumsstrategie, (2) Internationalisierung, (3) Clusterorientierung sowie (4) die Entwicklung von Governancestrukturen. (ICG2)

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Mother Nature teaches us that we don't expect from her more than we gave her. In that case humans have an obligation to correct harmonic relationship with nature that they violated because of the megalopolis processes such as industrialization, urbanization and pollution. One of paramount problems of modern landscape architecture and green economy is to maximize preservation or to create a new natural zones and complexes in city space. Because of the technological development, the health status of the population in cities is getting worse every year, especially in psychological and emotional terms. human population needs new ideas how to live with nature and ecological entrepreneurship is a concept that is not interested only in making profit but also takes care about environment. Ecological entrepreneurship is relatively new term and some authors uses different terms such as "green entrepreneurship" or "environmental entrepreneurship" or "ecological entrepreneurship". Anderson (1998) said that both entrepreneurship and environmentalism are based on a perception of value. The attitudes which inform environmental concern create areas of value that can be exploited entrepreneurially. "Environmental Entrepreneurs" not only recognize opportunity, but construct real organizations to capture and fix change in society. According to The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), SMEs participate actively in the emerging green industries, such as renewable energy production, smart metering, building refurbishment, cleaner cars, wind and solar installations, and battery development. For example, in the European Union (EU) entrepreneurship is highly important because 99.8% of Europe's private companies are SMEs. In 2014 EU adopted "The Green Action Plan (GAP)" with the aim to help small and medium-sized enterprises to take advantage of resource efficiency improvements. "Ecological entrepreneurship is a reward – based approach to addressing environmental problems, rather than a punitive approach, and may prove more successful at changing attitudes and practices in the long run."(http://enviroeducation.com/resources/ecological-entrepreneurship-academicrequirements-professional-outlook). One of the ways of achieving this balance is the development and the use of sensory garden. Sensory garden is a specially organized natural territory where a favourable condition for a close communication with the natural environment is created. John Dewey in his work Experience and Nature (1925) said that "we cannot separate organic life and mind from physical nature without also separating nature from life and mind. The separation has reached the point where intelligent persons are asking whether the end is to be a catastrophe, the subjection of man to the industrial and military machines he has created." Since ancient times, philosophers and Aesculapius of the whole world showed interest in the nonconventional ways of improvement, promoting a quicker restoration of a mental and physical condition of the patient. It was considered that the nature, with her elements, such as: plants, sunlight, water, sand, birds chirping, animals and her many other components, are very effective as therapeutic addition to a traditional method of treatment. The history of emergence of sensory gardens leaves by times of the Roman Empire. People used garden therapy since ancient times. The term "sensory gardens" began to use in science in the mid-seventies. Today sensory gardens are one of the perspective directions of development of landscaping. Unique sensory gardens are created on each continent of Earth and the quantity of them constantly grows. The word "Sensorics" in translation from Latin means the "perception" which is performed by means of sense of organs. The person obtains information from the outside world by means of five main sense organs: eyes (sight), ears (hearing), language (taste), nose (sense of smell), skin (touch, tactile feelings) and it becomes more active when it beholds the nature or has a rest in a garden because the nature and a surrounding landscape, inevitably cause emotions. The aim of this paper is to explore the meaning of the sensory gardens and how they can be used as a new concept of ecological entrepreneurship.

Рассмотрено современное состояние информационной безопасности Российской Федерации в условиях информационного противоборства с иностранными государствами, некоторые из которых ведут с нею необъявленную кибернетическую войну. Подчеркнуто отставание отечественных информационных технологий, обусловившее серьезную зависимость многих систем управления информационными ресурсами страны от иностранных производителей компьютерной и телекоммуникационной техники, от их программного обеспечения. Приведены результаты анализа систем управления базами данных, используемых Российскими федеральными государственными информационными системами по состоянию на август 2015 года. Обоснована необходимость отказа от применения зарубежного программного обеспечения. Исследованы новые нормативные правовые акты, по сути запрещающие использование программ иностранного производства в российских государственных и муниципальных учреждениях, на соответствующих критически важных (потенциально опасных) объектах с 1 января 2016 года. Высказана и обоснована сомнительность в реальности реализации данного предписания законодателя в столь короткое время в условиях отставания отечественных информационных технологий и критического состояния предприятий национальных отраслей промышленности, разрабатывающих и производящих средства информатизации, телекоммуникации, связи и защиты информации. Обозначены факторы, сдерживающие развитие современных и надежных систем информационной безопасности страны. Подчеркнута необходимость разработки и внедрения единой концепции создания систем безопасности. Предложено определение аппаратно-программного комплекса «Безопасный город», которому в аспекте создания единой комплексной системы безопасности в звене: опасный объект муниципальное образование субъект регион федерация должно быть отведено достойное место. Высказано мнение о целесообразности принятия Национального стандарта РФ ГОСТ Р «Интегрированные интеллектуальные системы мониторинга и обеспечения безопасности распределенных объектов предприятий и территорий. Архитектура и общие технические требования к оборудованию и программным средствам», проект которого подготовлен авторами и представлен в Технический комитет по стандартизации для рассмотрения и принятия по существу. В целях эффективного противостояния информационным вызовам, исходящим от потенциальных противников России, предложена консолидация и активизация усилий всех ответственных компетентных государственных и частных структур для разработки, поэтапного создания и постоянного развития надежных отечественных информационных и коммуникационных технологий, технических и программных средств, полностью независимых от информационных систем, процессов и ресурсов иностранных государств. ; The article deals with the current state of the information security of the Russian Federation in the conditions of information warfare with foreign countries, some of which lead to her undeclared cyberwar. It underlined the backlog of domestic information technology has caused a serious dependence of many information management systems of the country from foreign manufacturers of computer and telecommunication equipment, from their software. Results of the analysis of database management systems, used by the Russian federal government information systems as of August 2015. The necessity of renunciation of the use of foreign software. Explore new legal acts, in effect prohibiting the use of foreign-made programs in Russian state and municipal authorities, within the appropriate critical (potentially dangerous) objects to January 1, 2016. Expressed and grounded in the reality of dubious implementation of the provisions of the legislator in such a short time in a backlog of domestic information technologies and the critical state of national industries companies that develop and produce means of informatization, telecommunications and data protection. The factors constraining the development of advanced and reliable systems of information security. It stressed the need to develop and implement a unified concept of a safety system. A definition of hardware and software complex «Safe City», which in terms of creating a single integrated security system in the chain: a dangerous object the municipality the subject the region the federation should be given its rightful place. The opinion on the desirability of national standards GOST R «Integrated intelligent monitoring and security of distributed objects of enterprises and territories. Architecture and general technical requirements for equipment and software», drafted by the authors and submitted to the Standardization Technical Committee for consideration and decision on the merits. In order to deal effectively with information and communication challenges posed by potential enemies of Russia, proposed the consolidation and intensification of the efforts of all the responsibility of the competent public and private entities for the development, phased creation and continuous development of reliable national information and communication technology, hardware and software, completely independent of the information system, processes and resources of foreign countries.

Con la creación de la ley 1438 del 2011 el gobierno colombiano establece la reglamentación de la historia clínica digital, pero ésta no plantea lineamientos claros de cómo debe ser el almacenamiento, comunicación y seguridad de la información médica entre las instituciones clínicas del país. En la actualidad países como Japón, Canadá y Corea del sur han desarrollado proyectos nacionales para el manejo de la información médica, los cuales soportados bajo estándares internacionales como el EN13606, DICOM, open EHR y HL7 han podido comunicar las diferentes instituciones prestadoras de salud (clínicas, hospitales, centros de salud, laboratorios clínicos) a lo largo del territorio nacional. En este proyecto se plantea una arquitectura que permita la consulta y seguridad de la información clínica estudiantil de la Universidad Industrial de Santander utilizando el estándar CDA HL7, mediante el desarrollo de un prototipo funcional basado en java, que soporte la asignación de permisos de consulta a la información clínica de los estudiantes, la generación de llaves de acceso a la historia clínica estudiantil bajo el estándar CDA, la consulta de las descargas realizadas de los documentos clínicos para llevar una auditoria de quienes han accedido a la información y la validación de los documentos generados utilizando herramientas en línea como las de open health tools ; INTRODUCCIÓN 5 2. MARCO TEÓRICO 6 2.1 openEHR: 6 2.2 ISO/EN 13606 6 2.3 HL7. 7 2.4 LOINC 8 2.5 CIE 10 8 2.6 OID 8 2.7 CDA 9 2.7.1 IDENTIFICACIÓN DEL ESQUEMA CDA 10 2.4. ATENCION MÉDICA. 16 2.5 SEGURIDAD 18 2.5.1 PERMISOS DE ACCESO 18 2.5.2 ENCRIPTAMIENTO 18 2.5.2.1 SSL 18 3 ESTADO DEL ARTE 19 3.1 HL7 Y LA INTEROPERABILIDAD EN EL MUNDO: 20 3.1.1 JAPON 20 3.1.2 CANADA 21 3.1.3 COREA DEL SUR 21 3.1.4 MEXICO 21 3.2 HL7 Y LA INTEROPERABILIDAD EN COLOMBIA: 21 3.2.1 REGLAMENTACIÓN COLOMBIANA 22 3.2.2 INTEROPERABILIDAD DE LA HISTORIA UNIVERSITARIA. 22 3.3 METODO DE INVESTIGACION 23 3.3.1 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA Y JUSTIFICACIÓN. 23 3.3.2 ANÁLISIS DE INTERESADOS. 25 3.3.3 IMPACTO. 26 3.4 ALCANCE DEL PROYECTO 26 3.4.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 26 3.4.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 26 3.4.3 PREGUNTA DE INVESTIGACIÓN 27 3.4.4 HIPÓTESIS 27 3.5 MODELO DE DESARROLLO 27 3.5.1 ACTIVIDADES 27 3.6 HERRAMIENTAS UTILIZADAS 28 3.6.1 ENTERPRISE ARCHITECT 28 3.6.2 JAVA EE5 29 3.6.3 Servidor de Aplicaciones JBOSS (JBOSSAS) 29 4 RESULTADOS 30 4.1 DEFINICIÓN DE LOS ESCENARIOS DE CALIDAD. 30 4.1.1 INTEROPERABILIDAD 30 4.1.2 DISPONIBILIDAD 30 4.1.3 MODIFICABILIDAD 31 4.1.4 SEGURIDAD 31 4.2 DEFINICIÓN DE LA ARQUITECTURA. 33 4.2.1 DIAGRAMA DE CAPAS 33 4.2.2 DIAGRAMA DE DESPLIEGUE 34 4.3.1 DIAGRAMAS DE CASOS DE USO 35 4.3.2 DIAGRAMAS DE SECUENCIA 46 4.4 PROTOTIPO FUNCIONAL 57 4.4.1 MODULO DE ADMINISTRACIÓN. 59 4.4.2 MODULO DE CONSULTA HC 60 4.2.3 MODULO DE GENERACION HC 62 4.4VALIDACION 65 5 DISCUSION 67 5.1 APORTES DEL PROYECTO 67 5.2 LIMITACIONES 68 6 CONCLUSIONES 69 7 TRABAJO FUTURO 70 8 BIBLIOGRAFIA 71 ; Maestría ; With the creation of Law 1438 of 2011, the Colombian government establishes the regulation of digital medical records, but this does not establish clear guidelines on how the storage, communication and security of medical information should be among the country's clinical institutions. Currently, countries such as Japan, Canada and South Korea have developed national projects for the management of medical information, which, supported by international standards such as EN13606, DICOM, open EHR and HL7, have been able to communicate the different health provider institutions ( clinics, hospitals, health centers, clinical laboratories) throughout the national territory. This project proposes an architecture that allows the consultation and security of the student clinical information of the Industrial University of Santander using the CDA HL7 standard, through the development of a functional prototype based on java, which supports the assignment of consultation permissions to the clinical information of the students, the generation of access keys to the student medical history under the CDA standard, the consultation of the downloads made of the clinical documents to carry out an audit of those who have accessed the information and the validation of the documents generated using online tools such as open health tools

Raising of problem. The further use of territories of the historical-cultural purpose has a very important value and needs considerable attention at the change of their role. Therefore, the question about the increase of free land under appropriate construction at the expense of other categories of land such as especially valuable land arises.Analysis of the last researches and publications. When the lands on territories of the historical-cultural purpose are given up it is necessary to take into account the position of the "Land Code of Ukraine", the laws of Ukraine "Protection of Cultural Heritage", "Land Management", "The regulation of the City Building Documentation", the correspondence of the concords and evalnation to the existing legislation.Unsolved parts of general issue. The accordance to the legislation on example of the project of land allotment for permanent use to the Communal enterprise "Chernihivbudinvest" of Chernihiv town council (accordingly to the letter from 03.12.2015 after №01-04/814 in relation to a concord) for building of multistoried dwelling building with the objects of social purpose in Chernihiv at the Kniazia Chornoho Street, 4, at the expense of land of historical and cultural purpose, which was held mandatory State examination of land management documentation.Exposition of basic material. The procedure for the use of lands of historical and cultural purpose is determined in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine on culture and the protection of objects of cultural heritage and is related to the nature of the object under which the relevant land is located, the national or local status and a number of other factors .The Department of Architecture and Urban Development of Chernihiv City Council 07.07.2015 granted urban planning conditions and restrictions on the development of the land plot approved by the decision of the Executive Committee of the Chernihiv City Council, which provided for the construction of two residential buildings and underground parking in the immediate vicinity of Eletsy Uspensky monastery of the XII century which is the monument of history and architecture.Despite all objections of the public and the architectural and historical institutions of Chernihiv, the local prosecutor's office has recognized a legitimate construction permit at the Kniazia Chornoho Street, 4.Conclusions and suggestions. The use of territories of the historical-cultural purpose must take place in obedience to all requirements of legislation, Landed code of Ukraine, consent the envisage establishments and organizations. Further maintenance of architectonically-historical sights for descendants depends on careful attitude of citizens of Chernihiv toward further development of city territory. That is why a question of the use of territories of the historical-cultural purpose must constantly be under intent attention of public. ; Рассмотрены вопросы отвода земельных участков земель историческо-культурного назначения для строительства в городе Чернигове по адресу ул. Князя Чорного, 4. Приведено описание зон города и границ утверджденных зон, проанализировано проект отвода земельного участка. ; Постановка проблеми. Подальше використання територій історико-культурного призначення має дуже важливе значення та потребує значної уваги при зміні їх призначення. Тому постає питання збільшення вільних земель під відповідне будівництво за рахунок інших категорій земель – особливо цінних земель.Аналіз останніх досліджень та публікацій. При відведенні земельних ділянок на територіях історико-культурного призначення потрібно враховувати положення Земельного кодексу України, законів України «Про охорону культурної спадщини», «Про землеустрій», «Про регулювання містобудівної документації» та відповідність погоджень та експертиз існуючому законодавству.Невирішені частини загальної проблеми. Відповідність законодавству розглянута на прикладі проекту відведення земельної ділянки в постійне користування Комунальному підприємству "Чернігівбудінвест" Чернігівської міської ради (відповідно листа від 03.12.2015 року за №01-04/814 щодо згоди) для будівництва багатоповерхового житлового будинку з об'єктами соціального призначення в м. Чернігові, по вул. Князя Чорного 4-а за рахунок земель історико-культурного призначення, який проходив обов'язкову Державну експертизу землевпорядної документації.Виклад основного матеріалу. Порядок використання земель історико-культурного призначення визначається відповідно до законодавства України про культуру та про охорону об'єктів культурної спадщини і пов'язаний з характером об'єкта, під яким знаходиться відповідна земельна ділянка, загальнодержавним (національним) чи місцевим статусом і низкою інших факторів.Управлінням архітектури та містобудування Чернігівської міської ради 07.07.2015 надано містобудівні умови та обмеження забудови земельної ділянки, затверджені рішенням виконкому Чернігівської міськради, якими передбачалося будівництво двох житлових будинків та підземного паркінгу в безпосередній близькості до пам'ятки історії та архітектури - Єлецького Успенського монастиря ХІІ століття.Не зважаючи на всі заперечення громадськості та архітектурно-історичних установ м.Чернігова, місцева прокуратура визнала законним дозвіл на будівництво за адресою вул. Князя Чорного 4.Висновки і пропозиції. Використання територій історико-культурного призначення повинно відбуватися згідно усіх вимог законодавства, Земельного кодексу України, погоджуватись передбаченими установами та організаціями.Подальше збереження архітектурно-історичних пам'яток для нащадків залежить від дбайливого відношення громадян Чернігова до подальшої розбудови території міста, тому питання використання територій історико-культурного призначення повинно постійно знаходитись під пильною увагою громадськості.

Forming the Question The GNU General Public Licenses are the most widely used open source software licenses worldwide. According to a license breakdown statistics from freshmeat.net, one of the largest software repositories, some 70 percent of applications that are released under an open source license carry that of GNU1. Here, the reference to the GNU General Public Licenses is made in plural, for there are in all three GNU software licenses: a) the GNU General Public License (GPL), b) the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) and c) the GNU Affero General Public License (AGPL)2. Of these, the GPL is far and away the most popular. The prevalence of the LGPL is approximately one tenth thereof, and the latest entrant, AGPL, is still rather marginal, albeit increasingly used latterly.3 Each of the licenses has, however, its intended use and, in that regard, particular contractual provisions and effects, which naturally influence the potential penetration. Such elements form the very research problem of this study, so that at this stage it suffices to say that, on average, the GPL is used for programs, the LGPL for libraries and the AGPL for software that is commonly run over a network. Notwithstanding the fact that most projects licensed under the GNU software licenses are unquestionably of minor importance or intended for a limited audience, the great social significance of these licenses stems from the other fact that some of the most widely used computer software is GNU-licensed, as well. Examples of such programs include, among others, the Linux kernel, the GCC compiler collection, MySQL database server, Perl programming language, OpenOffice.org productivity suite, Java development kit, Samba file and print services, Qt development framework, iptables filter control tool, the CVS concurrent versioning system and Launchpad code hosting platform, which are all licensed under a GNU software license4. Many factors can drive a decision about technology architecture, information management, systems integration or software licensing in general. History, legacy systems, internal politics and the location of key people within an organisation may all be relevant, as well as other commercial motives, such as cost considerations and offerings of competing vendors. What tends to be on a lower level of priority, if indeed is properly considered at all, is the legal or regulatory impact of such a decision.5 However, since various contractual restraints contained in proprietary and open source licenses, respectively, may at a later time be proven to mean a significant effect on the contemplated use or even the dilution of the whole investment, judicial risk analysis ought to constitute an essential part of the planning work of a licensing strategy. Now, therefore, the purpose of this work is to interpret the reciprocity clauses included in the GNU software licenses, viz. which obligations they impose on the licensee and what sort of activity triggers such commitments. Looking at prior studies, one can find many general statements in the literature that characterise the GPL as possessing something called the 'viral effect'6, the LGPL as being 'persistent'7 and the AGPL as offering a plug for the 'application service provider (ASP) loophole'8 in the ordinary GPL. However, the more precise meaning of such effects and the demarcation between various forms of combinations and modifications—as well as defining which acts constitute derivatives of functional relevance with regard to reciprocally licensed software—have been subject to unfortunately diminutive analysis in our jurisdiction9. My aim is to systematise the mechanisms of reciprocity under the doctrine of GNU software licenses. First, I seek to offer, from the legal point of view, the intellectual readiness for making strategic licensing decisions in relation to the GPL and its derivatives for undertakings that are directly or indirectly conducting business in the computing industry. It is fundamental for developers to appreciate how the licenses affect the extent to which they can adapt the licensed software, and under what restrictions. Nevertheless, secondly, the factual audience is much wider. According to the statistics from a recent survey, more than half of the enterprises are using open source applications in their organisations today, and an additional ten percent plan to do so during this year10. Further, by 2012, research firm Gartner, Inc. believes that 80 percent of all commercial software applications will include open source components11. Inasmuch as the GNU software licenses hold the lion's share of the open source market, it is highly probable that one wishes to be conscious of one's risk position in such arrangements to eschew being legally exposed for violations of the license requirements.

The Philippines is one of the eight founding members of the open government partnership (OGP) alongside Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Norway, South Africa, United Kingdom, and the United States. The overarching concept of open government recognizes that good governance derives from the principle of transparency by providing an easily accessible, readily usable, and up-to-date online platform of digitized public records. Open data is an important component and commitment area of the OGP. The Philippines developed its first national open government action plan, which detailed nineteen initiatives under four broad outcome areas, from June to September 2011. This paper aims to: (1) document the historical development, key drivers, and milestones of open government Philippines and open data Philippines, and (2) pose recommendations for moving forward with its commitments. It reviews the composition and formation of the open data task force and showcases the features of data.gov.ph. The paper seeks to pose recommendations pertaining to the following areas: (1) release and manage organized, operable, and relevant data; (2) refine technical aspects of open data; (3) institutionalize open data within government; (4) promote civic engagement and stakeholder outreach; and (5) adopt complementary metrics and measures of success. The paper also opens a series of reports on the key stages in the development of the program, including implementation and impact evaluation.