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1 Cell death: a new classification separating apoptosis from necrosis -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Necrosis -- 1.3 Apoptosis -- 1.4 Validity of the classification -- 1.5 Summary and conclusions -- References -- 2 Cell death in embryogenesis -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Limb development and cell death -- 2.3 Development of the nervous system -- 2.4 Differentiation of the reproductive system -- 2.5 Epithelial cell death during fusion of the secondary palate in mammalian development -- 2.6 Lysosomes and the control of embryonic cell death at the cellular level -- References -- 3 Cell death in metamorphosis Richard -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Amphibian metamorphosis -- 3.3 Metamorphosis in invertebrates -- 3.4 A model of cell death in metamorphosis -- 3.5 Cell death in metamorphosis: the future -- References -- 4 Tissue homeostasis and cell death -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Growth patterns -- 4.3 Organ growth control -- 4.4 Model systems — the thymus -- 4.5 Homeostasis in malignant tissue -- 5 Cell senescence and death in plants -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Examination of senescent and dying cells -- 5.3 Biochemical and cytochemical consideration -- 5.4 Possibile interpretations of the biochemical, cytochemical and ultrastructural studies -- 5.5 Mechanisms of cell senescence and death revisited -- 6 The tissue kinetics of cell loss -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The cell cycle -- 6.3 The organization of cell populations -- 6.4 The measurement of the kinetics of cell loss -- 6.5 Some examples involving the measurement of cell loss kinetics in normal tissues -- 6.6 The kinetics of cell loss in tumours -- 6.7 Tissue responses -- 6.8 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Cell death and the disease process. The role of calcium -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Stages of cell injury 209 7.2.1 Comments on the stages -- 7.3 Mechanisms of progression -- 7.4 The role of ion shifts in cell injury -- 7.5 Calcium and cell injury -- 7.6 Hypothesis -- 7.7 Summary 234 References -- 8 Cell death in vitro -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Cell aging and death in vitro -- 8.3 Donor age versus cell doubling potential -- 8.4 Species lifespan versus cell doubling potential -- 8.5 The finite lifetime of normal cells transplanted in vivo -- 8.6 Population doublings in vivo -- 8.7 Organ clocks -- 8.8 Clonal variation -- 8.9 Irradiation, DNA repair and effects of visible light -- 8.10 Cytogenetic studies -- 8.11 Error accumulation -- 8.12 The proliferating pool -- 8.13 Efforts to increase population doubling potential -- 8.14 Phase III in cultured mouse fibroblasts -- 8.15 Phase III theories -- 8.16 Can cell death be normal? -- 8.17 Dividing, slowly dividing and non-dividing cells -- 8.18 Aging or differentiation? -- 8.19 Functional and biochemical changes that occur in cultured normal human cells -- 8.20 Immortal cells -- References -- 9 Nucleic acids in cell death -- 9.1 The basic problem -- 9.2 Protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells -- 9.3 Nucleic acids in silk glands -- 9.4 Limitations of present data -- 9.5 Future developments 290 References -- 10 Mechanism(s) of action of nerve growth factor in intact and lethally injured sympathetic nerve cell in neonatal rodents -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Historical survey -- 10.3 The salivary NGF: morphological and biochemical effects induced in its target cells -- 10.4 Dual access and mechanisms of action of NGF in its target cells -- 10.5 Destruction of immature sympathetic nerve cells by immunochemical, pharmacological and surgical procedures -- 10.6 Surgical axotomy -- 10.7 Protective effects of NGF against 6-OHDA, guanethidine, vinblastine, AS-NGF and surgical axotomy -- 10.8 Some considerations and concluding remarks -- References -- 11 Glucocorticoid-induced lymphocyte death -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Glucocorticoid receptors and metabolic effects in lymphocytes -- 11.3 Lethal effects of glucocorticoids on lymphocytes -- 11.4 Genetic analysis of glucocorticoid-induced cell death -- 11.5 Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced cell death -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 The role of the LT system in cell destruction in vitro -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Molecular characteristics of the LT systems of cytotoxic effector molecules -- 12.3 Cellular processes involved in LT release by unstimulated (primary) and stimulated (secondary) human lymphocytes -- 12.4 Types of lytic reactions induced by lytic molecules of various weights in vitro -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Techniques for demonstrating cell death -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Microscopical -- 13.3 Cytochemical and biochemical -- References -- Author index.

" Focusing on practical, patient related issues, this volume provides the basic concepts of Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) as they relate to Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and presents various practical applications. It includes EBM concepts for use in the identification of cost-effective panels of immunostains and other laboratory tests and for improvement of diagnostic accuracy based on the identification of selected diagnostic features for particular differential diagnosis. EBM concepts are also put forth for use in Meta-analysis to integrate the results of conflicting literature reports and use of novel analytical tools such as Bayesian belief networks, neural networks, multivariate statistics and decision tree analysis for the development of new diagnostic and prognostic models for the evaluation of patients. This volume will be of great value to pathologists who will benefit from the concepts being promoted by EBM, such as levels of evidence, use of Bayesian statistics to develop diagnostic and other rules and stronger reliance on ""hard data"" to support therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. "

Problem Statement Military members and their family members who are part of the Global War on Terrorism have experienced deployments and war for over sixteen years and with the resulting toll on both the veteran and their intimate partner. As a result, higher levels of pathology, such as PTSD, Anxiety, and Depression have been experienced by this population. While research has studied the effect of combat on military members, very little research has addressed the effects on family members. Further, no research that has been found by this researcher, has addressed the concept of resonating of pathology between the combat veteran and their intimate partner. Resonating of Pathology, or resonating pathology, for the purposes of this study, is the combat veteran and the intimate partner demonstrating the same pathology at similar levels. The Veteran's Healthcare Services have begun to treat couples together and may have also witnessed this phenomenon. Understanding the relationship between combat, veteran pathology, and intimate partner pathology will have implications for practitioners and researchers. Understanding the factors that related to this phenomenon will have implications for both clinicians and researchers. Methods Veterans and their intimate partners from across the United States, (N = 398), were asked to complete a survey through the internet. The couples were asked to complete the survey separately, however, within the same session so that their results could be tied together. The veterans were asked to complete the Combat Exposure Scale (CES), the PTSD Check List for the DSM 5 (PCL–5), the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ–9), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD–7). The intimate partners were asked to complete the PCL–5, the PHQ–9, and the GAD–7. Results Results suggest that there was a moderate relationship between combat experience and pathology for combat veterans. While other factors were examined to determine what was included to predict pathology within the veteran, combat experience seemed to be the primary factor for predicting PTSD, Anxiety, and Depression in the combat veteran. Results also suggested that there was a relationship between the pathology of combat veterans and the pathology their intimate partners, as measured in this research. Not only was there resonating, or resonating of pathology, within the couples, but this tended to occur within categories of pathology such as moderate and severe levels of Anxiety and Depression. While multiple factors such as frequency of communications, number of children, and types of communication were examined, combat experiences tended to be the primary factor for predicting pathology in both the veteran and the intimate partner. Conclusion Combat veterans and their intimate partners appear to be experiencing the phenomenon of resonating, or resonating, of pathology. Couple-analysis demonstrates that this phenomenon is being experienced as a couple and suggests that could have implications for future research and clinical practice. Demographic factors did not seem to influence the pathology for either the veteran or their partner. Combat experience does, however, seem to be a predictor for pathology in not only the veteran but also for the intimate partner as well.

In October 2017, the stories of Jane Doe, Roe, and Poe, young women detained at a Texas immigration detention center run by the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) made national headlines. They were pregnant, undocumented immigrants who were denied access to abortion because the ORR argued that they were "not people for constitutional purposes." Using rhetorical silence, paternalistic rhetoric, and dehumanizing rhetoric, ORR director Scott Lloyd had the ultimate power of definition that allowed him to rhetorically pathologize these women as undeserving of rights and health care. Tapping into cultural and historical discourses that treat abortion and immigration as pathological and measures of an afflicted society, Lloyd and ORR policy constituted a rhetoric of pathology that demonized these women for their "crimes" of illegal immigration, sex, and requesting abortion. Their stories and the rhetorical strategies used to justify their oppression are particularly important in the continued fight for women's bodily autonomy and immigrant rights in a time of heightened border security, deportation, and family separation.

This paper presents the difference between the so-called normal lying and pathological lying. Pathological lying is a fascinating topic, still lacking a professional consensus on etiology, treatment and prognosis. The paper explores some of the possible psychological mechanisms underlying pathological lying and considers the forensics significance of normal versus pathological lying. The relationship between pathological lying and mental disorders is also discussed. The paper suggests that lying should be considered as a heterogeneous and multidimensional behavioral model. The paper also highlights how important it is to assess the patient's control over the lie,the role attributted to lying, the acknowledgement and awareness of the lieby the patient, and the effect of the lie on their daily routine.

There has been a recent recognition of the need to prepare PhD-trained scientists for increasingly diverse careers in academia, industry, and health care. The PhD Data Task Force was formed to better understand the current state of PhD scientists in the clinical laboratory workforce and collect up-to-date information on the training and certification of these laboratorians. In this report, we summarize the findings of the PhD Data Task Force and discuss the relevance of the data collected to the future supply of and demand for PhD clinical laboratory scientists. It is clear that there are multiple career opportunities for PhD scientists in academic medical centers, commercial clinical laboratories, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, and the federal government. Certified PhD scientists have and will continue to form an important resource for our technologically advancing field, bringing training in scientific methods, and technologies needed for modern laboratory medicine. The data gathered by the PhD Data Task Force will be of great interest to current and future PhD candidates and graduate PhD scientists as they make decisions regarding future career directions.

Handbook of Forensic Pathology, Second Edition is an up-to-date, concise manual illustrating all core aspects of modern forensic pathology. This edition retains the outline format of the original, which allows for quick access and rapid assimilation. Written in no-nonsense, easily understandable language, this precise and thorough yet compact resource contains extensively detailed entries from two of the nation's foremost authorities on gunshot wounds and forensic pathology. With numerous instructional charts and diagrams and color photographs, it organizes a wealth of instructional and immedi

Digital pathology (DP) means digitizing histological glass slides for the assessment on a computer screen. In clinical diagnostics, DP is expected to reduce costs due to improved pathologist productivity with the aid of image analysis, workload distribution, and more accurate subspecialty-based diagnoses. The digital workflow also provides many advantages to research and education. However, the adoption of DP into clinical diagnostics has been slow. In this study, the current state and attitudes of the adoption of DP were explored with a questionnaire sent to the persons in charge of digitalization in all public pathology laboratories in Finland.
Most of the respondents (75.0%) considered that there is a sufficient amount of validation studies about the safety of DP. The benefits of DP were seen in e.g. tumor boards (64.3%), logistics (64.3%), diagnostic quality (50.0%), and consultations (64.3%). All but one (92.9%) expected the level of digitalization to reach 100% in the following 12 years. The price of digitalization, specifically the cost of storage, was considered to be the most important barrier to a large-scale adoption of DP.
The results suggest that there is a need for a substantial governmental financing: the virtual slide images could be stored in a central national image archive (e.g. Kvarkki) after diagnostics, leading to a remarkably reduced cost of local storage and an accelerated large-scale adoption of DP in the Finnish pathology laboratories. This would lead to improved diagnostic efficacy and quality by enabling better workload management locally and nationally. A central DP repository could serve as an invaluable database for e.g. biobank research

Introduction -- Pathological technoculture : sick users and reinforced stereotypes -- Pathology shapes subjects : gendering and normalizing -- Audiences and users : a false dichotomy of entangled subjects -- Not so crazy : electrical logics of technopathologies -- The electrical banal : anderson, sc, "the electric city" -- Not so new : historic continuity and the pathologization of users -- Technopathologies as social disease : reproducing good and bad users -- Technopathologies as outbreaks : carriers and demonized collectivity -- Conclusion -- All users are sick : the normalization of disease -- Works cited -- Notes

The article is devoted to the analysis of the subjects and legal consequences of professional pathology. The article deals with the legal consequences of recognition of professional pathology. The rights of subjects of professional pathology have been listed. They are identified as the principal participant in the occupational pathology relationship of an employee who, as a result of his or her professional activity, has suffered a deterioration in health or illness. The main subjects of occupational pathology, the author refers to a sick employee and employer. The author includes the following subjects of occupational pathology: specialized professional pathological treatment-and-prophylactic institution; medical expert commission; state sanitary and epidemiological service; commission to investigate the causes of occupational disease; Occupational Accident and Occupational Disease Insurance Fund; the primary organization of the trade union or an employee authorized by the employees; representatives of other bodies as needed. It is stated that the main duty of the employer in the field of pathology is to ensure that the harmful effect of the work process on the health of the employee is reduced and the level of probability of his / her occupational disease. The procedure for the establishment and functioning of the commission for the investigation of the causes of occupational disease is disclosed. The scientific article states that in addition to the employee, legal consequences also arise for the employer. First of all, they will manifest themselves in the need to eliminate the reasons that led to the pathology. If this is not possible, the employer should make every effort to reduce the likelihood of occupational disease in other workers. If it is proven that an occupational disease has occurred due to a breach of production and labor standards or standards, the employer may be subject to administrative or criminal liability. The legislation of Ukraine stipulates that a person who has received a professional ...

Background with rationaleThe burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has increased rapidly in Australia over recent years. The financial cost of treating people with end-stage kidney failure by conventional models of dialysis or transplantation represents a substantial healthcare cost and is likely to continue to increase in coming years. Tasmania, the smallest state of Australia and its only island state, has the highest burden of chronic disease nationally, including kidney disease. The aim of this study was to use data-linkage to develop a state-wide dataset to quantify the burden and distribution of CKD, including identifying barriers to dialysis treatment services.
Methods/ApproachThe Tasmanian Data Linkage Unit (TDLU) used a complex data linkage design comprising seven disparate datasets representing public and private pathology, public hospital admitted patient and emergency department data, cancer records, dialysis and transplant records and death notifications. A cohort was selected from public and private providers of pathology services in the state to support the establishment of a comprehensive researchable dataset. The datasets spanned the period 2004-2017 and included linkage of both state and national data.
ResultsThe study cohort comprised just under 490,000 individuals in the Tasmanian population from the two pathology datasets, with a combined total of 1,347,00 total links made across all datasets. Individual unit records were geocoded according to the Australian Statistical Geographic Standard (2011) with over 92% of the 374,000 unique addresses identified in the public pathology dataset geocoded to address level.
ConclusionThe final researchable dataset compiled by the research team following linkage is providing an enormously powerful asset to help answer questions specific to CKD in Tasmania, and that in turn is anticipated to result in greater access to services, improved care and better patient outcomes.

During the past 20 years, investigations involving endocrine active substances (EAS) and reproductive toxicity have dominated the landscape of ecotoxicological research. This has occurred in concert with heightened awareness in the scientific community, general public, and governmental entities of the potential consequences of chemical perturbation in humans and wildlife. The exponential growth of experimentation in this field is fueled by our expanding knowledge into the complex nature of endocrine systems and the intricacy of their interactions with xenobiotic agents. Complicating factors include the ever-increasing number of novel receptors and alternate mechanistic pathways that have come to light, effects of chemical mixtures in the environment versus those of single EAS laboratory exposures, the challenge of differentiating endocrine disruption from direct cytotoxicity, and the potential for transgenerational effects. Although initially concerned with EAS effects chiefly in the thyroid glands and reproductive organs, it is now recognized that anthropomorphic substances may also adversely affect the nervous and immune systems via hormonal mechanisms and play substantial roles in metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Max Borst was the pre-eminent tumour pathologist among Rudolf Virchow's (1821-1902) heirs. In his magnum opus of 1902 Borst established the first complete system of tumours based upon histogenetic and biological criteria. Borst was the Chairman of Pathology at Munich University from 1910-46, over a unique period in German history. In the 1930s he was the leading figure in German cancer research. Borst was no Nazi but neither did he join the Resistance. He came to an arrangement with the National Socialist regime, living with it in a relationship of mutual utilitarianism. He never belonged to a political party and he cultivated an image of an apolitical professor except for his engagement against the Räterepublik (Bavarian Soviet Republic) in 1918/19. During World War I, Borst was the first German pathologist to establish systematic'war pathology' and he served in the Army again in World War II as a septuagenarian. Art played an important part in his life. As a gifted musician he performed publicly and he published songs. Borst was an Idealist and Neo-Vitalist who always felt more obliged to authenticity and truthfulness than to truth. He died in a car crash in the Bavarian uplands in October 1946.

AbstractThere are approximately 5 million pregnancies per year in the USA, with 1 million ending in miscarriage (a loss occurring prior to 20 weeks of gestation) and over 20,000 ending in stillbirth at or beyond 20 weeks of gestation. As many as 50% of these losses are unexplained. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of expanding the placental pathology diagnostic categories to include the explicit categories of (1) dysmorphic chorionic villi and (2) small placenta in examining previously unexplained losses. Using a clinical database of 1256 previously unexplained losses at 6–43 weeks of gestation, the most prevalent abnormality associated with each loss was determined through examination of its placental pathology slides. Of 1256 cases analyzed from 922 patients, there were 878 (69.9%) miscarriages and 378 (30.1%) antepartum stillbirths. We determined the pathologic diagnoses for 1150/1256 (91.6%) of the entire series, 777/878 (88.5%) of the miscarriages (< 20 weeks' gestation), and 373/378 (98.7%) of the stillbirths (≥ 20 weeks' gestation). The most common pathologic feature observed in unexplained miscarriages was dysmorphic chorionic villi (757 cases; 86.2%), a marker associated with genetic abnormalities. The most common pathologic feature observed in unexplained stillbirths was a small placenta (128 cases; 33.9%). Our classification system reinforced the utility of placental examination for elucidating potential mechanisms behind pregnancy loss. The improved rate of diagnosis appeared to be the result of filling a gap in previous pregnancy loss classification systems via inclusion of the categories of dysmorphic chorionic villi and small placenta.
Graphical Abstract