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Contemporary journalists face a multitude of external pressures and threats, ranging from political and commercial interference to online harassment and increasing anti-press hostility. This empirical article examines how the hybridization of the media environment is reflected in journalists' experiences of external interference. The article also explores the factors in journalists' working environment that support their ability to maintain their external autonomy against interference. The article is based on an applied thematic analysis of 31 semi-structured interviews with Finnish journalists supplemented by 4 background interviews with organizational stakeholders. Four major developments were identified in the analysis: (1) a proliferation of publicity control, (2) an increasingly contested public sphere, (3) societal and political polarization, and (4) the personalization of journalism. The autonomy of journalism was supported by a combination of (1) journalistic professionalism, (2) internal confidence within journalistic organizations, and (3) communication and support measures. The findings suggest that the hybridization of the media environment has intensified the external interference and pressure journalists encounter in their work. These, in turn, increase the workload and mental strain related to journalistic work, having the potential to cause fatigue, chilling effects, and self-censorship in the long run. ; publishedVersion ; Peer reviewed

International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications(IJACSA), 10(7), 2019 ; Value creation is very important for the e-commerce companies in order to reach customers and increase company's value in the view of customer. Value creation mostly developed based on internal factor of the company. This statement is supported by many studies that researched on value creation from within the company. The purpose of this research is to find out customer's perspective on the external environmental factors that can affect the value creation of e-commerce companies, especially in Indonesia. This research uses primary and secondary methods in data collection. Questionnaire is used as primary research methodology in this research to gather data from e-commerce users. For the secondary method, literature reviewed from previous research and existing journals is used. The results of this research are the statements from respondents regarding external environmental factors that can be classified on 5 (five) factors: Government policy and legal, telecommunication infrastructure, financial and capital investment, physical environment, and payment system. ; http://thesai.org/Downloads/Volume10No7/Paper_22-User_Perspective_on_External_Value.pdf

As the external organizational environment continue to be turbulent, affecting activities for both profit and non-profit organizations, organizations are becoming more concerned with their performance so as to ensure that the available but limited resources are utilized efficiently and effectively. Over time, attention has been focused on profit-making organizations with little emphasis on performance of community-based organizations (CBOs) especially those located in Sub-Saharan Africa. Theoretically, scholars in management discipline indicate that the external environment of an organization influences its performance. Thus, an organization's level of performance is dependent on dynamism and complexity of the external environment, heterogeneity as well as capacity and domain consensus of the existing organizations. This paper examines the impact of the external organizational environment on performance of community-based HIV and AIDS organizations in Nairobi County, Kenya. The authors empirically assess the predicted relationship using survey data from 163 Community Based HIV and AIDS Organizations, in Nairobi County, Kenya between January and March 2013. The study findings indicate that the external environment of an organization has an impact on an organization's effectiveness, efficiency, relevance and financial viability with higher impacts on the relevance performance indicators. External environment was evaluated from dimensions of uncertainty, domain consensus, heterogeneity, capacity and dynamism. The findings of this study indicate statistically significant positive relationship between external environment and CBOs external environment and effectiveness (beta 0.541, p-value=0.000), efficiency (beta 0.695, p-value=0.000), relevance (beta 0.707, pvalue= 0.000) and financial viability (beta 0.578, p-value=0.000) leading to an argument that proper scanning of external environment influences all activities of an organization from planning to implementation. However, extra attention should be paid to external environment in program identification and planning as this shapes implementation. This study has important implications for managers of CBOs on the relevance of proper scanning of external environment as it influences all activities of an organization from program conceptualization to implementation.

The article analyzes the specifics of the technological formation of the image of Ukraine through political reform in the internal and external community. The image for the state is one of the main elements contributing to its development and stability. Positive perception by the external and internal community, first, is one of the conditions for the legitimization of state power and influences its positioning. Ukraine in all respects is a transitive country. Its long historical path of staying in a state of totalitarianism was reflected in the functional features of political institutions, the nature of their relationship with society. From the first years of the democratic transition they were in a stable dependence on the previous historical development. In other words, the former political and institutional structures, having dismantled the ideological component, continued to operate in a rigid vertical hierarchical system. Moreover, their inefficiency was aggravated by the fact that, in contrast to the totalitarian system, in which feedbacks are needed only for positive signals about the activity of institutions, changes took place in the new conditions of the democratic transition. Trying to avoid the image of an authoritarian country, the underlying political structures did not suppress negative feedbacks, but did not react to them either. Moreover, society is accustomed to treating the current government, perceiving it according to the principle of paternalism. Therefore, the West perceives Ukraine abroad as a country in which only the first shoots of democracy have appeared. Today, within the framework of the existing internal crisis and the established vector of integration into the European and Euro-Atlantic communities, the issue of forming a positive image is relevant for Ukraine. The article highlights the main regulatory provisions that qualitatively implement the process of political reform and improve the democratic image of Ukraine. Analyzed are the positive and negative elements of the technological formation of the democratic image of Ukraine by the method of political reform. Recommendations are given for increasing the effectiveness of political reform in Ukraine in the context of the formation of a high-quality democratic image in the internal and external community. ; У статті здійснюється аналіз специфіки технологічного формування іміджу України шляхом політичного реформування у внутрішньої та зовнішньої спільноти. Досліджується нормативно-правове трансформування України зі становлення незалежності. Виокремлюються основні нормативні положення, що якісно реалізують процес політичного реформування та підвищення демократичного іміджу України. Аналізуються позитивні та негативні елементи технологічного формування демократичного іміджу України засобами політичного реформування. Наводяться рекомендації щодо підвищення ефективності політичного реформування України у контексті формування якісного демократичного іміджу у внутрішньої та зовнішньої спільнотах. ; У статті здійснюється аналіз специфіки технологічного формування іміджу України шляхом політичного реформування у внутрішньої та зовнішньої спільноти. Досліджується нормативно-правове трансформування України зі становлення незалежності. Виокремлюються основні нормативні положення, що якісно реалізують процес політичного реформування та підвищення демократичного іміджу України. Аналізуються позитивні та негативні елементи технологічного формування демократичного іміджу України засобами політичного реформування. Наводяться рекомендації щодо підвищення ефективності політичного реформування України у контексті формування якісного демократичного іміджу у внутрішньої та зовнішньої спільнотах.

Entrepreneurship is an essential driving force for the social and economic development of any city. Well-arranged external environment is a fundamental prerequisite in order to motivate local entrepreneurs and to attract investors for establishing new businesses and development of the existing ones. An important role in the development of the external business environment is played by the political position of the local government and the process regulations at the city. The paper aims to carry out the assessment of the external business environment factors and their impact in Rezekne City. The external business environment analysis was performed using PESTEL analysis method; the document "Analysis of the Current Situation" elaborated for Rezekne City in 2014 was used as the base for the current research. The external business environment was evaluated based on six factors: political factors, economic conditions, sociocultural forces, technological factors, environmental factors, and legal/regulatory conditions. Results of the research indicate that the development priorities are defined in Rezekne; the appropriate measures are being performed to achieve the objectives. Overall, it enables entrepreneurs to plan their activities.

Organization-environment concerns have become an increasingly important topic for both academic researchers and organizational practitioners. Unfortunately, some of the academic perspectives on organization-environment relations have emphasized the study of constructs within an organization's environment more than specific activities that an organization may adopt with actors in its environment. This paper proposes a three-step process for bridging academic research and organizational practice around organization-environment relations. First, distinctions between environments as nonmanipulable elements and niches as manipulable elements can be made. Resource dependence, efficiency, and uncertainty perspectives on environments have particular application at organization-niche interfaces. Ecology and uncertainty perspectives have relevance at the organization-environment interface. Second, niches can be at least partially identified through methods used to define strategic groups or populations. Classification and evolutionary analyses are two promising techniques that can be used to define populations and niches. Third, once niches are defined, actors within a niche can be identified and specific relationships between an organization and actors examined.

AbstractWe argue that a country's international security context influences individual bias against female leaders and propose three mechanisms: by increasing individual demand for defense, by shaping individual ideological orientations, and by increasing society's level of militarization. Using survey data of more than 200,000 individuals in 84 countries, we show the more hostile the country's security environment, the more individuals are likely to agree that men make better political leaders than do women. We also find support for some of our proposed mechanisms and that the effect of security environments is greater for men than women. Our study presents the first cross-national evidence that the country's international security environment correlates with bias against women leaders.

We argue for renewed efforts to improve the external survey environment for official statistics. We introduce the concept of social marketing as one novel way of achieving this. We also propose measuring the survey-taking climate and the related changes on the societal level using a 'survey climate barometer'. Finally, by presenting current and potential initiatives planned by Statistics Canada, we illustrate activities that national statistical institutes could implement with the goal of positively influencing their external survey environment.

This report is the second edition in series of economic updates designed to monitor and assess recent developments in Georgia. It presents a concise overview of macroeconomic, political and structural indicators during the first half of 2015 and situates them in the context of Georgia's evolving external environment.