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In this study, electricity, heat, and biofuel production from biomass are demonstrated to be important components of the eco-civilization era. The production of fuel in farmlands and the practice of Under-Tree Agriculture (Agroforestry) in the area where "energy crops" in combination with multiple-function trees are grown are emphasised as highly effective means of combating the phenomenon of climate change. Combatting climate change to achieve the "Negative Carbon Emission" goal will characterise the eco-civilization era. The overarching aim is "Negative Carbon Emission". Farm Forestry (Agroforestry) / Inter-cropping / Energy Farms makes up the major theme of the study to fulfil the function of biofuel production and "Carbon Sink" together. Through these practices, a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere is envisaged with a simultaneous reduction in the existing greenhouse gases accumulated in the atmosphere. In this way, it will be possible to take steps towards the goal of "Negative Carbon Emission" in the way of establishing an Ecological Civilization by overcoming the existing dominant order, which is the sole responsibility of the phenomenon of global warming and the resulting climate change phenomenon.

The monograph contains the experimental results of quantitative and qualitative properties of fast-growing willows and perennial crop Miscanthus grown on agricultural land in south-west Slovakia and Miscanthus, grain Sorghum and Phalaris species in Serbia. Individual chapters are addressed to current state and perspectives of biomass production in rural development and marginal land suitable for biomass production based on examples in Slovakia and Serbia. Estimation of biomass production within case study of the farm Kolíňany (Slovakia) with example of biogas use is included. The economic part of the monograph is devoted to bioenergy on the energy market and to modelling of revitalisation of agricultural land for biomass. Evaluation of economic efficiency of woody plants /Salix/ and perennial crops /Miscanthus/, cultivation of arable land of farms in the conditions of Slovakia and Serbia provides applicable knowledge for practical growers. Overview on EU and national legislation and entrepreneurship support for biomass production is provided as well. The monograph provides valuable information and an overview of current knowledge and trends with a number of literature sources and their comparison with the results of the project team.

In recent years, energy crops have become one of the most important strategies towards a sustainable economy in order to avoid the use of fossil fuels. In a way, Brazil can be seen as a pioneer since already during the oil crisis of the 1970s sugarcane ethanol was promoted there through extensive state programs. The associated expansion of sugarcane and other energy crops, though, is largely driven by large-scale agro-industrial enterprises, with the result that indigenous groups and quilombos are increasingly displaced. Understanding landscape as a materialization of power relations, we analyze socioeconomic dynamics in the municipality of Pompéu in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais as case study region. Doing so, we show that landscapes in general and energy landscapes more specifically represent the arena of socio-political negotiation on development pathways and models in their specific regional and historical context. Unequal power relations result in practical, symbolic, and discursive dominance of the most powerful land use, economic logic, and social life by delegitimizing, marginalizing, and disregarding alternative ideas. These processes are embedded in postcolonial entanglements and constitute (energy) landscapes within a globalizing world.

This paper adopts an instrumental variable approach to uncover the impact of variations in minimum temperature on emergence and severity of actual violence through the effect on food availability, captured by rice crops per capita. The link between increase in minimum temperature and rice crops is suggested by natural science literature. We use Indonesia as a case study over the period 1990-2003. Results show that an increase of the minimum temperature during the core month of the "wet planting season", i.e. December, determines an increase in violence fuelled by the reduction in future rice production per capita.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Geospatial Technologies for Crops and Soils: An Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Current Challenges in Agriculture: Global Perspective -- 1.3 Importance of Geospatial Technologies -- 1.4 Geospatial Tools and Techniques -- 1.4.1 Remote Sensing -- 1.4.2 Proximal Sensing -- 1.4.3 Geographic Information System -- 1.4.4 Global Positioning System -- 1.5 Role of Geospatial Technologies in Sustainable Agriculture -- 1.6 Crop and Soil Factors Influencing Remote Sensing -- 1.7 Application of Geospatial Technologies in Crop Science -- 1.8 Application of Geospatial Technologies in Soil Science -- 1.9 Geospatial Technologies in Agriculture: Status and Challenges -- 1.10 Conclusions and Future Prospective -- References -- Chapter 2: Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System: A Tool for Precision Farming -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Concept and Principle of Precision Farming -- 2.1.2 Objectives of Precision Farming -- 2.1.2.1 Increased Profitability and Sustainability -- 2.1.2.2 Production Efficiency Optimization -- 2.1.2.3 Optimizing Product Quality -- 2.1.2.4 Efficient Use of Farm Inputs -- 2.1.2.5 Soil Conservation, Water, Energy Surface, and Groundwater Protection -- 2.1.2.6 Minimizing Environmental Impact -- 2.1.2.7 Minimizing Risk -- 2.1.3 Components of Precision Farming -- 2.1.3.1 Remote Sensing Technique -- 2.1.3.2 Geographic Information System -- 2.1.3.3 Global Positioning System -- 2.1.3.4 Variable Rate Techniques -- 2.1.3.4.1 Components of VRT -- 2.1.3.4.2 Variable Rate Application Methods -- 2.1.3.4.3 Map-Based VRA -- 2.1.3.4.4 Sensor-Based VRA -- 2.2 Usefulness of Remote Sensing Data in Precision Farming -- 2.3 Satellite Remote Sensing in Precision Farming -- 2.3.1 Satellite-Based Rice Monitoring (SRM) - A Case Study.

"Small Business Committee Document no. 111-025." ; Shipping list no.: 2009-0435-P. ; Mode of access: Internet.

1. Opening session. The International Seminars on Planetary Emergencies and Associated Meetings 40th Session / Antonino Zichichi. Acceptance speech for the 2008 Gian-Carlo Wick gold medal / Michael Creutz. Forest policies, carbon sequestration and biodiversity protection / Jan Szyszko. Ozone and climate change interaction / Rumen D. Bojkov. The geometry of the spatial-temporal field of CO[symbol] atmospheric concentrations / Mikhail J. Antonovsky -- 2. Climate & methodology focus : basic theoretical problems - models & statistics. Introductory remarks : basic theoretical problems - models and statistics / Christopher Essex. Auditing temperature reconstructions of the past 1000 years / Stephen McIntyre. Delineating dynamics from nonlinear time series analysis / Anastasios A. Tsonis. Climate variability, sensitivity drift, and "lumpy" climate change / Kyle L. Swanson -- 3. Energy & pollution focus : nuclear waste issue on the road to sustainability. Resolving the nuclear waste issue on the road to sustainability / Frank L. Parker and Lorne G. Everett. Is nuclear waste the Achilles' heel of the "nuclear renaissance"? / John F. Ahearne. How we manage and process nuclear waste / James A. Rispoli, Steven L. Krahn and Steven L. Ross. Large radiation accidents - environmental and medical impacts / Rudolph Alexakhin. External and social costs of electricity generation / Rainer Friedrich. National and multinational repositories : a prerequisite for a nuclear renaissance / Charles McCombie, Neil Chapmand and Tom Isaacs -- 4. Climate & pollution focus : air-borne particulates and health consequences. Improving public health services through space technology and spatial information systems / Stanley A. Morain. Airborne desert dust : implications for global health / Dale W. Griffin -- 5. Food and energy focus : sustainability of biofuels. World biofuel supplies and policies / Carmen Difiglio. Habitat and biodiversity losses from biofuels : lessons from Southeast Asia / Lian Pin-Koh. Biofuel policies and the food crises in developing countries / Kwadwo Asenso-Okyere. Major drivers of food and commodity price increases, global biofuels programs, and the global land use impacts of those programs / Wallace E. Tyner -- 6. Information security focus : the crisis in internet security. Plenary meeting on information security-focus : the crisis in internet security / Henning Wegener. New challenges for IT-security research in ICT / Udo Helmbrecht and Rainer Plaga. The role of identifiers in global cybersecurity / Robert E. Kahn. The global cybersecurity agenda / Hamadoun I. Touré. The crisis in internet security : an EU perspective / Jacques Bus. Homeland security vs. homeland defense : gaps galore / Jody R. Westby -- 7. Energy focus : nuclear power present and future. Nuclear power present and future / Richard Wilson. Renaissance of nuclear energy, year 2008 / Frantis̮ek Janouch. Nuclear energy, present and future / David J. Hill. Nuclear renaissance : industrial requirements for an integrated and sustainable implementation / Philippe Garderet -- 8. Medicine & climate focus : global warming & vector-borne diseases. Climate change and public health / Diego Buriot. New approaches for studying vectors and vector-borne diseases / David Rogers. Undesired imports : an Asian tiger and an African virus / Alessandra Della Torre. Surveillance and prevention of arboviral diseases : a challenge for the future / Hervé Zeller. Virus evolution : control and prevention / Franco Maria Ruggieri. Vector-borne diseases in the Asian part of Russia / Sergey Netesov -- 9. Global monitoring of the planet focus : disarmament and non-proliferation regime, In co-operation with the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From the nuclear war emergency to nuclear proliferation / Antonino Zichichi. Special session on new military threats in the multipolar world-disarmament and non-proliferation Rrime : the comprehensive test ban and the fissile material cut-off treaties / Carlo Trezza. CTBT : prospects and challenges in the wider context of the nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime / Tibor Tóth -- Subsession I - challenges to the disarmament and non-proliferation regime. Nuclear renaissance and nuclear disarmament : synergies or enemies / George Perkovich. Building a wall between nuclear power and nuclear weapons / Mark Fitzpatrick. Towards disarmament : what role for middle nuclear powers? / Venance Journé. Removing the peril of nuclear weapons - the Reykjavik-2 approach / Richard L. Garwin -- Subsession II - The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). The enduring value of the comprehensive test ban and prospects for its entry into force / Daryl G. Kimball. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban treaty : current status and prospects / Sylwin Gizowski -- Subsession III - negotiations for a Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT). Prospects for a Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty / Ambassador Marius Grinius. Verification of an FMCT / Annette Schaper. Analysis of Russia's attitude toward nuclear disannament and possible future steps / Eugene Miasnikov -- 10. Science & technology focus : global monitoring of the planet & innovations in screening technologies. The northern sea route : development prospective and scientific tasks / Arthur Chilingarov. Logical reasoning and reasonable answers consistent with declared objectives for the benefit of mankind / Dario B. Crosetto -- 11. WFS general meeting PMP reports - debate and conclusions. Pennanent monitoring panel on infonnation security : Chairman's report / Henning Wegener. Pollution PMP annual report / Lome Everett. PMP limits of development : report to the general assembly / Geraldo Gomes Serra. Permanent monitoring panel report on energy / Art Rosenfeld and William Fulkerson. AIDS and infectious diseases PMP / Franco M. Buonaguro. Climate PMP report / William A. Sprigg. Responding to the prospect of dirty dust (The residue from a Radiological Dispersal Device-RDD) / Richard L. Garwin. (Report presented by Richard Garwin) Permanent monitoring panel on motivations for terrorism / The Lord Alderdice. Mother and child permanent monitoring panel : climate changes and mother and child health / Nathalie Charpak -- 12. Energy panel meeting. Oil prices increase. Why? Till when!! / Hisham Khatib. Status of the ITER broader approach and its related problems / Akira Miyahara. Memorandum on the protection of Japanese nuclear power station from the attack of heavy earthquakes / Akira Miyahara -- 13. Information security panel meeting. Electronic identity cards and citizens' portals contributions to a culture of cybersecurity / Udo Helmbrecht -- 14. Limits of development panel meeting. Accelerated climate change : an unexpected new limit for developing countries / Alberto González-Pozo. The role of forests in mitigation of climate change in Lithuania / Leonardas Kairiukstis. Climate, energy and development / Geraldo G. Serra -- 15. 5 PMPs meeting - science and technology for sustainable well-being. Science and technology for sustainable well-being / William Fulkerson and Jef Ongena -- 16. Seminar participants -- 17. Ettore Majorana Erice science for peace prize scientific session. Energy and climate : managing climate change and recommendations of the World Federation of Scientists. Framework of managing climate change and recommendations from Erice / William Fulkerson and William A. Sprigg. The cost of doing nothing / Bruce Stram. Challenge of GHG emission reductions - The IEA 450 scenario / Carmen Difiglio. Mitigation, adaptation and sustainability / Geraldo G. Serra. Geoengineering : getting a start on a possible insurance policy / Michael C. MacCracken.

Intro -- ENERGY DEMANDS ON WATER RESOURCES: ANALYSIS OF COMPETITIVE CONCERNS -- ENERGY DEMANDS ON WATER RESOURCES: ANALYSIS OF COMPETITIVE CONCERNS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 ENERGY'S WATER DEMAND: TRENDS, VULNERABILITIES, AND MANAGEMENT -- SUMMARY -- ENERGY'S WATER USE: A POLICY INTRODUCTION -- Scope and Structure of This Report -- ENERGY TRENDS SHAPE WATER DEMAND -- ENERGY SECTOR'S VULNERABILITY TO WATER CONSTRAINTS -- Climate Change Could Increase Energy's Freshwater Vulnerability -- HOW MUCH WATER DOES ENERGY DEMAND? -- Energy Leads Projections of Increasing U.S. Water Consumption -- Energy's Water Demand May Increase 50% from 2005 to 2030 -- Carbon Capture May Create a New Energy Water Demand -- Hydroelectric Water Consumption Is Poorly Documented -- REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ENERGY'S WATER DEMAND -- Energy Development: Shale Gas in Texas -- Electricity Generation: Solar in the Southwest -- Energy Crops: Biofuels in the High Plains42 -- MEETING AND MANAGING ENERGY'S WATER DEMAND: POLICY OPTIONS -- OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS -- APPENDIX A. ENERGY'S WATER CONSUMPTION TRENDS -- APPENDIX B. WATER USE BY TRANSPORTATION FUELS -- APPENDIX C. WATER USE FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION -- Data on Electricity's Water Use -- Thermoelectric Cooling: Emerging Alternatives -- Tradeoffs of Select Electricity Generation Technologies -- Hydroelectric Generation -- Photovoltaic Solar and Wind -- Geothermal -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 ENERGY DEMANDS ON WATER RESOURCES: REPORT TO CONGRESS ON THE INTERDEPENDENCY OF ENERGY AND WATER -- ACRONYMS -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- Energy and Water Interdependencies -- Energy Demands on Water Resources -- Federal Roles in Meeting Energy-Water Challenges -- Addressing the Challenges -- I. ENERGY AND WATER ARE ESSENTIAL, INTERDEPENDENT RESOURCES.

Ensuring national food security amidst ongoing economic development whilst both protecting the environment and reducing the dependence on fossil fuels are significant challenges for Chinese sustainable development. The main objectives of this study were to reveal irrigated crop (wheat, maize, and sunflower) performance in terms of energy, economic, and environmental aspects in China's largest designed irrigation area, Hetao irrigation district (HID), and to evaluate agricultural suitability based on plant structure. An integrated indicator and comprehensively assessment method were used to evaluate the above objectives based on the results from in-person surveys. The results show that maize exhibits the best overall performance compared to two other major crops (wheat and sunflower), which supports the government policy of adjust and optimize the planting structure program (AOPST), an effective way to achieve the multiple-objectives for sustainable agricultural development. However, reducing fertilizer remains a more critical factor than AOPST. These study results provide useful guidance for policy-makers and relevant stake-holders both in a regional context for the HID and at the global agricultural governance and management level.

AbstractA special combustion system comprising a drier, combustion unit and heat‐recovery unit, designed to produce low‐grade heat from high‐moisture fuels, was investigated using sewage sludge, animal manure and energy crops as the feed material. Part of the investigation dealt with the development of a new method of combined wet pelletizing and surface drying of sludges to facilitate simple and efficient combustion as well as easy handling of the dried product. The investigation showed that (a) drying at temperatures up to at least 950° is feasible, and (b) low‐temperature heat may be produced for space and water‐heating purposes at high thermal efficiency.

The supply and demand of root and tuber crops and their products in Trinidad and Tobago are analyzed; in this country, cassava and Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta are the main root crops grown. Aspects covered are characteristics of cultivated land, cropping systems, yields, socioeconomic profile of farmers, production vol., costs, and constraints, and marketing. Government policies on the importation of energy-rich agricultural products, domestic subsidies, import and export tariffs, credit, and production incentives are given. Regarding the future research on cassava, emphasis will be placed on the collection, multiplication, and selection of local and foreign germplasm and the introduction and agronomic evaluation of local and CIAT cv. Studies will be conducted on intercropping systems, CBB, storage systems, harvest mechanization, and physiological factors controlling yield. (CIAT) ; Se analizan la oferta y demanda de cultivos de raices y tuberculos y sus productos en Trinidad y Tobago, donde la yuca y Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta son los principales. Se tratan aspectos sobre caracteristicas de la tierra sembrada, sistemas de cultivo, rendimientos, perfil socioeconomico de los productores, vol., costos y limitaciones de la produccion y mercadeo. Se presentan las politicas gubernamentales relacionadas con importacion de productos agricolas con un alto contenido energetico, subsidios domesticos, impuestos de importacion y exportacion, y creditos e incentivos para la produccion. En relacion con la investigacion futura sobre yuca se hara enfasis en la coleccion, multiplicacion y seleccion de germoplasma local y extranjero y la introduccion y evaluacion agronomica de cv. locales y del CIAT. Se realizaran estudios sobre sistemas de cultivos asociados, CBB, sistemas de almacenamiento, mecanizacion de la cosecha y factores fisiologicos que controlan el rendimiento. (CIAT)

Solar radiation incident on green plant and other photo synthesis organism performs two basic functions such as temperature control for chemical reaction to proceed and the process of photosynthesis. The fundamental conversion process in green plant is photosynthesis which is process of combining CO2 from the atmosphere with water and light energy to produce oxygen and carbohydrates1. X [CO2] + Y [H2O] + light energy photosynthesis X[O2] + Y [Cx H2O] Y [Cx H2O] is used to indicate the carbohydrates.The world population has increased at an explosive rate from 1.65 billion to just over 6 billion in the 20th century, and continues to increase. In the same century, mankind has consumed over 875 billion barrels of oil and it is very likely that even more oil will be consumed in the present century. Annual energy use in developing countries has risen from 55 to 212 kg oil equivalent over the last thirty years, while developed countries use as much as 650 kg oil equivalent per person. In his synopsis 'Trilemma' Three major problems threatening world survival', foresees a three-fold challenge in the 21st century: how can we achieve economic growth, supply food and energy resources, while conserving the environment? To overcome the Trilemma, developing and introducing more efficient energy conversion technologies is therefore important, for fossil fuels as well as renewable fuels. This thesis addresses the question how biomass may be used more efficiently and economically than it is being used today. Wider use of biomass, a clean, renewable and CO2 neutral feedstock may extend the lifetime of our fossil fuels resources and alleviate global warming problems. Another advantage of using of biomass as a source of energy is to make developed countries less interdependent on oil- exporting countries, and thereby reduce political tension. Furthermore, the economies of agricultural regions growing energy crops benefit as new jobs are created1. Biomass primary energy sources: Past, present and future in particular wood, has ...