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National audience. This work sets out how bibliometric techniques can partly respond to procedures for evaluating exchanges between the parties involved in the Science-Technologie-Society system. This bibliometric study focused in particular on the evaluation of scientific collaborations by analysing the co-publications between Spanish public sector stakeholders (representatives of science) and those of the private sector (representatives of technology) for the period 1995-1999. The body studied was compiled from the ICYC and ISOC databases produced by CINDOC. This corpus has been submitted to several phases of codification in order to prepare it for bibliometric analysis. The references have been codified into 8 scientific and technical sectors and the authors' affiliations have been standardised and aggregated at 3 levels (bodies, institutional categories, public or private categories). Some bibliometric results representative of each of these 3 levels of aggregation are presented. The bibliometric method of network analysis was used to characterise the regularity, intensity and structuring of exchanges between organisms. In conclusion, bibliometric results have made it possible to quantify exchanges between Spanish public and private sector actors at national level as well as by scientific and technical sector or by Autonomous Region. Bibliometric techniques are very relevant tools for evaluating exchanges in the Science-Technologie-Society system. This work shows how Bibliometric techniques can work together the exchange evaluation among the actors of the Science-Technology-Society system. This Bibliometric study was particularly focused on the evaluation of scientific collaborations by a co-authorship analysis of the Spanish actors from the public sector (training Science) and from private sector (regulating Technology) over the period 1995-1999. The studied dataset of references was collected from the databases ICYC and ISOC produced by the CINDOC. Coding processes to prepare the Bibliometric analysis were ...

International audience ; This work shows how bibliometric techniques can partly answer the exchange evaluation among the actors of the Science-Technology-Society system. This bibliometric study was particularly focused on the evaluation of scientific collaborations by a co-authorship analysis of the Spanish actors from the public sector (representing Science) and from private sector (representing Technology) over the period 1995-1999. The studied dataset of references was collected from the databases ICYC and ISOC produced by the CINDOC. Coding processes to prepare the bibliometric analysis were applied to this dataset. The references were codified in 8 scientific and technical sectors and the affiliations of the authors were standardized and combined according to 3 levels (organizations, institutional categories, public or private categories). Some bibliometric results representing each of these 3 levels of aggregation are discussed. The bibliometric method of network analysis was used for the characterization of the regularity, the intensity and the structuring of the exchanges among organizations. In conclusion, the bibliometric results allow quantifying the exchanges among the actors of the public sector and the private sector in Spain at the national level, for scientific and technical sectors or for Autonomous Regions. The bibliometric techniques prove to be very relevant tools for the evaluation of the exchanges in the Science-Technology-Society system. ; Ce travail expose comment les techniques bibliométriques peuvent répondre en partie à des démarches d'évaluation des échanges entre les acteurs du système Science-Technologie-Société. Cette étude bibliométrique s'est plus particulièrement focalisée sur l'évaluation des collaborations scientifiques par une analyse des co-publications entre les acteurs espagnols du secteur public (représentants la Science) et ceux du secteur privé (représentants la Technologie) pour la période 1995-1999. Le corpus étudié a été constitué à partir des bases de données ICYC ...

Aim: A BIOPIGEE OneHealth EJP expert group aimed to clarify the term "biosecurity measure" (BSM) for swine farms. Methods: I) In- and exclusion-criteria related to biosecurity applied in over 5 BIOPIGEE task groups were collected, discussed, and relevant criteria were summarized. II) A literature scoping review with the search terms "biosecurity measures" AND (swine OR pig) in titles, abstracts, or keywords using Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases was conducted. On the final record subset, we performed R- based bibliometric analysis. Finally, the first hundred terms with the highest occurrence frequency were used to perform a hierarchical clustering analysis. Results: The scoping review did not reveal a clear definition for BSM, and six specific research themes were identified. Based on these results, in combination with the relevant in- and exclusion-criteria we propose a preliminary definition for the term BSM: "A BSM – is the implementation of a segregation, hygiene, or management procedure (excluding medically effective feed additives and preventive/curative treatment of animals) that specifically aims at reducing the probability of the spread of any potential pathogen to, within, or from a pig farm or geographical area." Conclusions: While "biosecurity" for swine operations is well defined, a harmonized definition of BSM has been lacking. The proposed preliminary definition provides a basis for clear communication of BSM within and among BIOPIGEE task groups and will improve communication of scientific results to the public and thus improve the understanding, acceptance, and implementation of BSM from the farm to the policy level. (This work was supported by funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement No 773830: One Health European Joint Programme)

In this country study of Germany the patterns and policies of academic research as well as the evaluation of academic research are analyzed, through applying the following approach: first of all, a bibliometric survey is carried out that investigates the publication output and publication efficiency of Germany's academic research within international journals; we further investigate whether the results of a bibliometric survey appear compatible with the performance of other indicators. Secondly, discourse and policies of the evaluation of Germany's university research are investigated by addressing issues such as: the current situation; the structural and cultural constraints against evaluations; the general reasons why evaluations of university research will play an increasingly important role in the future; and an overview of specific evaluation initiatives. Thirdly and finally, also the discourse and policies of the evaluation of Germany's university-related research are examined. [author's abstract]

The DHET Research Output Policy (2015) indicates that there has been a change in the government's approach to research funding. Previously all research published in any accredited journal was rewarded equally. A decision has been taken, however, that a shift will be made towards rewarding better quality and higher impact peer-review research. Additional mechanisms such as biometric/bibliometric data, including citations, assessments by discipline-specific panels of experts and/or post-publication reviews may be used to determine the quality and impact of publications. The policy notes that the DHET may distinguish between "high" and "low" impact journals after proper consultation. This article highlights the need for consultation by the legal fraternity with the DHET about the implementation of these possible mechanisms in the light of the special considerations applicable to the evaluation of law journals: most journals publish mainly local legal content, there is a limited number of active legal academics, the nature of legal research is not empirical, and a premium is placed on the writing of books. The research evaluates the available data between 2009 and 2014 in an attempt to assess if it would be appropriate to introduce a legal journal ranking system in South Africa. The article discusses direct and indirect forms of quality evaluation to inform possible ranking systems. This includes the data from the ASSAf expert panel evaluation of law journals in 2014 and other bibliometric data based on whether the journal is featured in international accredited lists, the size of its print-run, author prominence, rejection-rate, usage studies, and evaluations based on citations. An additional ranking system is considered, based on the five best outputs submitted to the National Research Foundation by applicants applying for rating. The article concludes that a law journal ranking system would be inappropriate for South Africa. None of the systems meet the minimum requirements for a trustworthy ranking of South African law journals, as the data available are insufficient, non-verifiable and not based on objective quality-sensitive criteria. Consultation with the DHET is essential and urgent to avoid the implementation of inappropriate measures of quality and impact assessment.

The study of "scientific excellence" is taking on increasing importance in the development of research policies in many nations. However, scientific excellence is difficult to define because of its multidimensional and highly complex character. This work contributes to the state of the art by exploring an effective, simple, and inexpensive bibliometric methodology that further identifies "excellent" centers of research by beginning with the individual researchers affiliated with such centers. The study concentrates on public research organizations in Italy, analyzing 109 scientific categories of research in the "hard" sciences and 157 centers of excellence operating in 60 of these categories. Findings from this first application of the methodology should be considered exploratory and indicative. With a longer period of observation and the addition of further measurements, this methodology could be extended and adapted to a variety of national and supranational contexts, aiding policy decisions at various levels.

Autism is a neurobiological developmental disorder that is detected at around 3 years old. This disorder affects their communication, socialization, and behavioral skills. Its ratio is 1 per 150 and the possibility is greater for boys (2 girls for every 6 boys). A bibliometric analysis, comparing documents in the Scopus and Web of Science databases, has been carried out. It includes some new features such as the evaluation of growth, maturity, conceptual and intellectual maps and trends of a scientific community on top of the bibliometrics traditional approach. This study shows that, although the interest in different aspects related to autism is very high (from the year 2000), there is a significant lack on the prevention or prediction crisis topic. ; Acknowledgements Luisa F. Cabeza would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to her research group GREiA (2017 SGR 1537). GREiA is a certified agent TECNIO in the category of technology developers from the Government of Catalonia. Author Contribution M.D., M.T., R.G., and L.F.C. contributed to the design and implementation of the research, to the analysis of the results, and to the writing of the manuscript. L.A. contributed to the writing of the manuscript. Funding This work is partially supported by ICREA under the ICREA Academia program.

With the Great Charter of Universities as a point of departure, the author discusses the four tasks of the university: (1) search for the truth (2) education which supplies students them with the latest scientific knowledge and the skills that knowledge justifies (3) student formation in the spirit of tolerance, pluralism and openness to dialogue, (4) popularizing scientific knowledge. For their accomplishment to be unconstrained (by ideological, religious, xenophobic or economic limitations), as well as effective and ethical, the university must be free and autonomous. Nowadays humanities and social sciences are particularly exposed to factors that damage or hinder this autonomy and freedom, which is regrettably the case especially in countries that declare attachment to democratic values, yet trample them at the same time.
The author is very critical of the state's policy of evaluating scholarly activities of universities based on converting scientific output into points. According to the author, this produces a greatly simplified and distorted picture of their achievements. What is more, it also encourages certain academics (for whom "survival" at a given institute or department is at stake) to engage in unethical behaviour: plagiarism of other people's works, falsification of empirical research results, fabrication of findings, guest authorship, ghost authorship. One of the major solutions aimed to counter such unethical practices is to depart from bibliometric evaluation (via IF, H index) in favour of peer review. It is also necessary to implement new publishing practices, which would require replication of empirical studies, access to raw results provided by authors, as well as preregistration assessment of research projects so as to take works in which positive results were not obtained (thus failing to bear out the initial hypothesis) into consideration as well.

With various strains of the novel coronavirus emerging during the last few years, there is a need to reinvent and manage the tourism industry by engaging various stakeholders. Industry and policymakers need to observe the shift and curate tourism-related products and offerings accordingly. In light of the increasing demand for innovations and future directions in the post-COVID-19 period, this article conducts a bibliometric analysis for sustainable tourism studies spanning the years 1990–2021. This paper presents an integrative review of tourism, environment and sustainable tourism to reveal geographical, contextual, and methodological directions for future research. The comprehensive analysis includes contributions on topics and methods, country collaborations, and thematic analysis. The findings are consistent with the Sustainable Development Goals of sustainable production and consumption (SDG-12), with a particular emphasis on sustainable tourism to promote local culture and create jobs (SDG-12.b) and on sustainable growth (SDG-13). The study's findings can be used to inform future policies and directions; for example, the findings indicate that the hospitality industry is facing challenges that necessitate new regulations to address its socioeconomic and environmental impacts.

Perianes-Rodríguez, A., Chinchilla-Rodríguez, Z., Vargas-Quesada, B., Olmeda-Gómez, C., Moya-Anegón, F. Synthetic hybrid indicators based on scientific collaboration to quantify and evaluate individual research results. Journal of Informetrics, 3 (2): 91-101, April 2009. ISSN: 1751-1577 DOI:10.1016/j.joi.2008.12.001 ; Governmental initiatives around scientific policy have progressively raised collaboration to priority status. In this context, a need has arisen to broaden the traditional approach to the analysis and study of research results by descending to the group or even the individual scale and supplementing the output-, productivity-, visibility- and impact-based focus with new measures that emphasize collaboration from the vantage of structural analysis. To this end, the present paper proposes new hybrid indicators for the analysis and evaluation of individual research results, popularity and prestige, that combine bibliometric and structural aspects. A case study was conducted of the nine most productive departments in Carlos III University of Madrid. The findings showed hybridization to be a tool sensitive to traditional indicators, but also to the new demands of modern science as a self-organized system of interaction among individuals, furnishing information on researchers' environments and the behavior and attitudes adopted within those environments. ; Peer reviewed

National audience ; Ce travail expose comment les techniques bibliométriques peuvent répondre en partie à des démarches d'évaluation des échanges entre les acteurs du système Science-Technologie-Société. Cette étude bibliométrique s'est plus particulièrement focalisée sur l'évaluation des collaborations scientifiques par une analyse des co-publications entre les acteurs espagnols du secteur public (représentants la Science) et ceux du secteur privé (représentants la Technologie) pour la période 1995-1999. Le corpus étudié a été constitué à partir des bases de données ICYC et ISOC produites par le CINDOC. Ce corpus a été soumis plusieurs phases de codifications pour le préparer à l'analyse bibliométrique. Les références ont été codifiées en 8 secteurs scientifiques et techniques et les affiliations des auteurs ont été normalisées et agrégées selon 3 niveaux (organismes, catégories institutionnelles, catégories publiques ou privées). Quelques résultats bibliométriques représentatifs de chacun de ces 3 niveaux d'agrégation sont exposés. La méthode bibliométrique de l'analyse réseau a été employée pour la caractérisation de la régularité, de l'intensité et la structuration des échanges entre organismes. En conclusion, les résultats bibliométriques ont permis de quantifier les échanges entre les acteurs du secteur public et du secteur privé espagnols au niveau national ainsi que par secteur scientifique et technique ou par Région Autonome. Les techniques bibliométriques s'avèrent des outils très pertinents pour l'évaluation des échanges dans le système Science-Technologie-Société. This work shows how bibliometric techniques can partly answer the exchange evaluation among the actors of the Science-Technology-Society system. This bibliometric study was particularly focused on the evaluation of scientific collaborations by a co-authorship analysis of the Spanish actors from the public sector (representing Science) and from private sector (representing Technology) over the period 1995-1999. The studied dataset of references was collected from the databases ICYC and ISOC produced by the CINDOC. Coding processes to prepare the bibliometric analysis were applied to this dataset. The references were codified in 8 scientific and technical sectors and the affiliations of the authors were standardized and combined according to 3 levels (organizations, institutional categories, public or private categories). Some bibliometric results representing each of these 3 levels of aggregation are discussed. The bibliometric method of network analysis was used for the characterization of the regularity, the intensity and the structuring of the exchanges among organizations. In conclusion, the bibliometric results allow quantifying the exchanges among the actors of the public sector and the private sector in Spain at the national level, for scientific and technical sectors or for Autonomous Regions. The bibliometric techniques prove to be very relevant tools for the evaluation of the exchanges in the Science-Technology-Society system.

Google Scholar is an appealing data source for the measurement of scientific production in the social sciences and humanities (SSH) fields. Its appeal derives from its extensive coverage of the literature. This contrasts with issues of data quality, which are still quite controversial. This chapter aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of bibliometric indicators taken from Scholar as well as their coverage of the scientific production in the social sciences. The analysis will be based on a comparison of Scholar with other bibliometric data sources (Web of Science and Scopus) plus an institutional dataset. The reliability of Scholar indicators will be investigated through correlational analysis, while their validity will be assessed using different external criteria (the results of national evaluation procedures based on a peer review approach). The analysis will be developed for the population of Italian university professors in a subset of SSH: political philosophy, history, political science and sociology. The final discussion of the results will take into account the various purposes that bibliometric exercises try to achieve.

[Conference Poster] 10th International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators, Vienna (Austria), September 17th-20th, 2008. ; Governmental initiatives around scientific policy have progressively raised collaboration to priority status. In this context, a need has arisen to broaden the traditional approach to the analysis and study of research results by descending to the group or even the individual scale and supplementing the output-, productivity‑, visibility- and impact-based focus with new measures that emphasize collaboration from the vantage of structural analysis. To this end, the present paper proposes new hybrid indicators for the analysis and evaluation of individual research results, popularity and prestige, that combine bibliometric and structural aspects. A case study was conducted of the nine most productive departments in Carlos III University of Madrid. The findings showed hybridization to be a tool sensitive to traditional indicators, but also to the new demands of modern science as a self-organized system of interaction among individuals, furnishing information on researchers' environments and the behaviour and attitudes adopted within those environments. ; Publicado

In recent years, there has been a significant shift in public policies directed to firms, with several governments launching public measures to support innovation. To promote firms' innovation, governments can implement incentives such as subsidizing companies, inducing them to undertake those investments. Hence, the aim of this study is to review the results of a set of studies published on the evaluation of public support to firms' innovation. To achieve this goal, we conduct a literature review that combines bibliometric analysis, network, qualitative analysis (con-tent review), and quantitative analysis through meta-regression. The analysis was performed using the VOSviewer and Stata software and the results of the meta-regression (regression with Logit model) suggest that there are no characteristics of studies on this topic that affect the results obtained. It was verified that, in the set of articles analyzed, there is strong evidence that public support for innovation leads to favorable results for the company's performance. The main trends in the topics addressed were also identified and analyzed and, in addition to financial support for innovation, support for small and medium-sized companies, support for the development of the high-tech industry, and open and collaborative innovation stand out.