Suchergebnisse

This paper puts forward equity as an important structural element to understanding negotiation outcomes. We first advance bargaining theory to incorporate the self-serving use of equity. Agents are predicted to push equity principles which benefit them more than other parties, in particular those which are disadvantageous to parties with large bargaining power. Based on unique data from a world-wide survey of agents involved in international climate policy, we then study how participants assess the support of the equity criteria by major parties in the climate negotiations. Comparing these results with cost estimates from a POLES model, we find that the perceived equity preferences of the respective countries or groups of countries are in general consistent with our hypothesis of a self-serving use of equity criteria and thereby lend support for our theoretical model. While this self-interest is recognized by the participants of our survey for the positions of the USA and the G77/China as well as Russia, the EU manages to be seen as choosing (self-serving) equity arguments out of fairness concerns and in order to facilitate the negotiations.

This book collects a large number of essays written in honour of Professor Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann by his friends, colleagues and former students. The respective contributions cover the fields of international economic law, international constitutional law/transnational constitutionalism, EU law and human rights. The broad thematic scope of this book mirrors the extremely large field of interests of the jubilarian

"Editorial EYIEL 8 (2017)" -- "Contents" -- "List of Contributors" -- "Part I: Special Focus External Economic Relations of the European Union" -- "Distinguished Essay: A Quiet Revolution-The Changing Nature of the EU´s Common Commercial Policy" -- "1 Introduction" -- "2 The Objectives of the Common Commercial Policy" -- "2.1 Specific Objectives for the Common Commercial Policy" -- "2.2 Internal Policy Objectives" -- "2.3 General External Objectives" -- "2.4 Turning Objectives into Strategy" -- "3 The Scope of the Common Commercial Policy" -- "3.1 From Goods to Services and Intellectual Property Rights" -- "3.2 And Foreign Direct Investment" -- "3.3 Limits to the Common Commercial Policy" -- "4 Decision-Making" -- "4.1 The European Parliament: Consent, Transparency and Public Debate" -- "4.2 The Member States: Exclusivity and Unanimity" -- "5 Conclusion" -- "References" -- "Front-Loading Trade Policy-Making in the European Union: Towards a Trade Act" -- "1 The Problem" -- "2 Forum Shifting in Law-Making" -- "3 The Challenge of Inclusive Participation" -- "3.1 International Law and Diplomacy" -- "3.2 European Union Law Treaty-Making" -- "4 Front-Loading of Trade and Investment Policy-Making" -- "4.1 The Lack of Specific Objectives in Primary Law" -- "4.2 The Role of Negotiating Directives" -- "4.3 The Challenge Ahead" -- "5 The US Trade Act and Trade Promotion Authority (TPA)" -- "5.1 The 1974 Trade Act and Amendments" -- "5.2 Trade Promotion Authority (TPA)" -- "5.3 Assessment" -- "6 Towards an International Trade, Investment and Cooperation Regulation (ITICR)" -- "6.1 Defining Legal Objectives, Goals and Conditions" -- "6.2 The Role of Parliaments of Member States" -- "6.3 Negotiating Mandates" -- "6.4 Package Deal" -- "6.5 Relationship to Mixed Agreements" -- "6.6 The Role of the Judiciary" -- "7 Conclusions" -- "References

Mit dem hier vorgestellten Test zur Validierung der Delphi-Methode (Expertenbefragung zur Einschätzung von Meinungen) wird das Ziel verfolgt, Erfahrungen im Umgang mit dieser Technik zu sammeln und zu verallgemeinern. Die Delphi-Methode eignet sich vor allem für Themenstellungen, die sich einer Bearbeitung durch direkte Bevölkerungsbefragungen bzw. Befragungen spezieller Subpopulationen entziehen, aber für die Abbildung von Meinungen bzw. Einstellungen aus forschungstheoretischen Erwägungen unverzichtbar ist. Der Test wurde 1994 am Institut für Medizinsoziologie an der Universität Marburg mit Studenten als Experten durchgeführt. Die Aufgabe bestand darin, einige, von einer Subpopulation erzielten Ergebnisse der Shell-Jugendstudie von 1992 zu schätzen und anschließend zu vergleichen. Das Ergebnis läßt die Schlußfolgerung zu, daß Delphi zu einem differenzierten Erkenntnisprozeß während der Aufgabenbearbeitung führt, der positiven Einfluß auf die Qualität der Ergebnisse hat. Damit wird die Aussage zur allgemein-menschlichen Fähigkeit, Meinungen zu schätzen, bestätigt. (psz)

The fibrous calcite layer of modern brachiopod shells is a hybrid composite material and forms a substantial part of the hard tissue. We investigated how cells of the outer mantle epithelium (OME) secrete calcite material and generate the characteristic fibre morphology and composite microstructure of the shell. We employed AFM, FE-SEM, and TEM imaging of embedded/etched, chemically fixed/decalcified and high-pressure frozen/freeze substituted samples. Calcite fibres are secreted by outer mantle epithelium (OME) cells. Biometric analysis of TEM micrographs indicates that about 50% of these cells are attached via hemidesmosomes to an extracellular organic membrane present at the proximal, convex surface of the fibres. At these sites, mineral secretion is not active. Instead, ion transport from OME cells to developing fibres occurs at regions of closest contact between cells and fibres, however only at sites where the extracellular membrane at the proximal fibre surface is not developed yet. Fibre formation requires the cooperation of several adjacent OME cells. It is a spatially and temporally changing process comprising of detachment of OME cells from the extracellular organic membrane, mineral secretion at detachment sites, termination of secretion with formation of the extracellular organic membrane, and attachment of cells via hemidesmosomes to this membrane. ; We thank Renate Kunz of the Central Facility for Electron Microscopy of Ulm University for technical support and assistance. This is a BASE-LINE Earth project supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 643084. This is publication nr. 159 of Huinay Scientific Field Station.