This study is concerned with addressing the figure of the lawmaker and poet Solon, in order to examine the influence that his writing may have had on the conception of the poetry shaped by Plato in Laws. It is not a matter so much of Solón's poetry per se as what Plato might have read of it in terms of the possibility for configuring a new poetic linage. Starting with a brief examination of the figure of Solon and of some of his writing, I will then seek to demonstrate the influence that this celebrated lawmaker may have had on the Platonic figure of the poet and lawmaker. ; En este trabajo me interesa abordar la figura del poeta legislador Solón, a fin de examinar la influencia que sus escritos pudieron haber ejercido sobre la concepción de la poesía forjada por Platón en Leyes. No se trata tanto de la poesía de Solón en sí misma como de lo que Platón supo leer en ella en términos de posibilidad para la conformación de un nuevo linaje poético. Partiendo de un breve examen de la figura de Solón y de algunos de sus escritos, procuro dar cuenta de la influencia que aquel célebre legislador pudo haber ejercido sobre la figura platónica del poeta legislador.
This article estimates the market value of public education by comparing standardized test scores of students in public and private schools. The idea is to assign to the education of each public school student a market value equivalent to the tuition paid by private school students with similar test score results. The implementation requires an expenditure survey, or other database to provide information on tuitions, and standardized test scores available for both private and public schools. This article uses Brazilian test score data, which are particularly good. The main results are not surprising. Pre-school, primary, and secondary education are all highly progressive government transfers. Furthermore, since their market value is superior to public expenditures in each of these educational levels, they are also welfare enhancing. The flip side is that public higher education is both highly regressive and welfare reducing.
In: Soares , T 2017 , Renewable energy sources offering flexibility through electricity markets . Technical University of Denmark, Department of Electrical Engineering .
All over the world, penetration of renewable energy sources in power systems has been increasing, creating new challenges in electricity markets and for operation and management of power systems, since power production from these resources is by nature uncertain and variable. New methods and tools to support optimal decisionmaking under uncertainty in the electricity markets and power system operation, for both producers and system operators, are developed in this thesis. The existing market architecture integrates, to some extent, the participation of renewables by allowing these producers to offer in the day-ahead market and to correct for potential energy imbalances in the intraday market and ultimately in the balancing market. However, the design and rules of electricity markets do not support the transition from conventional generation to renewable energy sources as recently sought by many governments. Renewable energy sources are characterized by their uncertain and variable production that limits the current operation and management tools of the power system. Nevertheless, recent developments of renewable energy technologies enable these resources to provide, to some extent, ancillary services. Hence, the opening of the reserve market for renewables participation is crucial for the integration of 100% renewables into the system. New business models will emerge from these challenges, while renewable energy producers will require appropriate decision-making support tools to jointly offer in both energy and reserve markets. In this context, the main contribution of this thesis is the design and development of optimal offering strategies for the joint participation of renewables in the energy and reserve markets. Two distinct control policies for the splitting of available wind power in energy and reserve are considered. Different methods and optimization tools are developed based on these control policies, considering distinct goals of producers' participation in energy and reserve markets. Nonetheless, these tools allow renewable producers to move forward in the decisionmaking process of future energy and reserve markets. Towards a power system based on distributed energy resources, mainly comprising renewable sources, new operation and management of distribution systems needs to be thought of. In fact, the existing passive distribution grid management does not provide the flexibility to deal with uncertainty and intermittency of distributed energy resources. In this context, a major contribution of this work is the design and development of a preventive distribution grid management that allows distribution system operators to contract flexibility (ahead in time) from distributed energy resources to assist in the management and operation of the grid in case of congestion and voltage problems. Such a proposed methodology opens the door to other methods in this timely research problem. Finally, new costs for this operation and management of the network will arise, requiring new cost allocation methods to split these costs between the energy resources that induce such congestion and voltage problems. To deal with this concern, one can propose new cost allocation methods that divide the costs of operation and management of the distribution network among all network users (generators and consumers) promoting equity, fairness, impartiality and equality. The hybrid methodology combines different costs (fixed, network usage/congestion and losses) covering all the gaps of each conventional cost allocation method.
This article considers the possible consequences of Brexit for Northern Ireland. It begins by analysing the political context leading up to the UK's referendum on EU membership, which was preceded only weeks earlier by the elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. It then offers an overview of the reaction of a divided Northern Ireland Executive to the UK's decision to leave the EU, before considering some of the potential consequences for Northern Ireland of the UK's departure from the EU. These include the future nature of the Northern Ireland-Ireland border, North-South relations, the possibility of retaining the Common Travel Area, the loss of EU funding for cross-border cooperation, as well as customs controls and trade. It concludes by suggesting how Northern Ireland could retain some degree of continuing relationship with the EU.
5ABSTRACT :This dissertation proposes an analysis of the approach to space in the cinema of Jia Zhangke— a filmmaker, who with Wang Bing, is most representative of the independent generation, or sixth generation, of Chinese cinema— as a form permitting an engagement of political consciousness through the comprehension of space. Through his aesthetics, Jia creates a cinematographic register that is both privileged witness of the processes of change in present-day China and a space subjectively reconstructed through the means of imagination and memory. This dissertation considers how his cinema expresses a subtle critique of the rapid and violent modernisation currently occurring in China, which engenders the destruction of its historical landscape, the loss of local cultural bearings, and the helplessness of those left abandoned. Through making references to traditional Chinese landscape painting, this work explores how Jia constructs the expression of this world in his cinema: as historical space, then as dialectical space, and finally as immaterial space in order to observe its historicity, to problematize its present, and finally to propose to the spectator, departing from aesthetic experience, an awareness of its medial existence carrying a force for action. ; La présente thèse propose d'analyser l'approche de l'espace dans le cinéma de Jia Zhangke, le réalisateur le plus représentatif, avec Wang Bing, de la génération indépendante (ou sixième génération) du cinéma chinois, comme une appréhension dialectique, consciente des discours qu'engendrent la représentation du réel. La construction de l'espace dans ses films est ainsi une forme d'engager, par le jugement esthétique, une conscience politique du spectateur à l'appréhension du monde. Jia ainsi fait du registre cinématographique à la fois le témoin privilégié du processus de changements de la Chine actuelle et un espace reconstruit subjectivement au moyen de l'imagination et de la mémoire. Son cinéma formule ainsi une critique subtile de la modernisation ...
5ABSTRACT :This dissertation proposes an analysis of the approach to space in the cinema of Jia Zhangke— a filmmaker, who with Wang Bing, is most representative of the independent generation, or sixth generation, of Chinese cinema— as a form permitting an engagement of political consciousness through the comprehension of space. Through his aesthetics, Jia creates a cinematographic register that is both privileged witness of the processes of change in present-day China and a space subjectively reconstructed through the means of imagination and memory. This dissertation considers how his cinema expresses a subtle critique of the rapid and violent modernisation currently occurring in China, which engenders the destruction of its historical landscape, the loss of local cultural bearings, and the helplessness of those left abandoned. Through making references to traditional Chinese landscape painting, this work explores how Jia constructs the expression of this world in his cinema: as historical space, then as dialectical space, and finally as immaterial space in order to observe its historicity, to problematize its present, and finally to propose to the spectator, departing from aesthetic experience, an awareness of its medial existence carrying a force for action. ; La présente thèse propose d'analyser l'approche de l'espace dans le cinéma de Jia Zhangke, le réalisateur le plus représentatif, avec Wang Bing, de la génération indépendante (ou sixième génération) du cinéma chinois, comme une appréhension dialectique, consciente des discours qu'engendrent la représentation du réel. La construction de l'espace dans ses films est ainsi une forme d'engager, par le jugement esthétique, une conscience politique du spectateur à l'appréhension du monde. Jia ainsi fait du registre cinématographique à la fois le témoin privilégié du processus de changements de la Chine actuelle et un espace reconstruit subjectivement au moyen de l'imagination et de la mémoire. Son cinéma formule ainsi une critique subtile de la modernisation ...
