Suchergebnisse

The Millennium Development Goals, particularly the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, cannot be achieved if questions of population and reproductive health are not squarely addressed. And that means stronger efforts to promote women's rights, and greater investment in education and health, including reproductive health and family planning. United Nations Secretary-General, Kofi Annan (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific 2002) Poor sexual and reproductive health contributes significantly to poverty and the ability to participate in socio-economic development. It is the major cause of death, disability and suffering among women globally (World Health Organisation 2009). It is the poorest and least educated women who have the highest risk of death during pregnancy or childbirth (WHO 201 0). Targeted investments in reproductive health can have dramatic benefits for the economic and social health of communities. Recognition of the importance of maternal health has gained international momentum, particularly following the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the inclusion of Maternal Health and Sexual Reproductive Health (MH&SRH) in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), to which Australia is a signatory. There are eight goals, and MGD5 relates to reducing maternal mortality and achieving universal access to reproductive health. This target is central to achieving the other development goals. However, MGD5 is the goal that has shown the least improvement (WHO 2010). Funding for health initiatives mostly comes from government donors , and so monitoring funding levels of aid programs from donor governments verifies if governments are fulfilling their international obligations and treaties. It is within this context, as the 2015 MGD deadline draws closer, that this report has been written. The funding by the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) to MH&SRH is examined. This report was initiated with the premise that various donor agency health budgets would be comparable. However, the flow of international aid funds is complex. The recent implementation of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness has had an impact on the dispersion of aid, with the effect that it is now becoming more difficult to trace bilateral aid flows. Partly as a repercussion of this new form of aid dispersion, donor agencies have a regrettable lack of specific expenditure allocation because the recipient country now determines how the money is spent in line with their development priorities. There is the concern that core aspects of family planning such as contraceptive dispersion, counselling and comprehensive reproductive health information is not being provided. A comprehensive approach to MH&SRH maintains a degree of controversy within Australia and the United States (US). Access and provision for sexual education for young people, the availability of contraception, counselling, and safe and legal abortion services is met with some consistent opposition, despite the policy reforms by the US in 2008 and Australia in 2009. Therefore, the MDG and ICPD goal of 'universal access to reproductive health' is fronted with resistance. In terms of general aid, the gross level of Official Development Assistance (ODA) that Australia provides has been consistently below the average of other countries. Also, of the four national agencies examined, Australia contributes the least proportion of ODA to 'population activities', of which MH&SRH is a component. Australian contributions to family planning have declined significantly and consistently over the last ten years (Smith 2009). There is disproportionate funding support for Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in relation to other reproductive health and family planning support. AusAID does not have a clear strategy or timetable for fulfilling their commitment to MH&SRH. The ICPD goals and MDGs cannot be achieved without the financial means to do so. Current funding levels are far below the targets needed to facilitate the achievement of these goals, especially for family planning and reproductive health. This report monitors Australia's contribution to achieving the financial resource targets agreed to at ICPD . It urges AusAID to consider their current spending priorities within the health budget, to ensure delivery of a comprehensive package of sexual and reproductive health information, supplies and services. We must place MH&SRH at the centre of health initiatives and harness the reinvigorated interest in MGD5 with more comprehensive funding.

In four exploratory theoretical gestures (appraise, dispose, hoard and mediate), I propose the 'archive as dumpster' as a framework for returning to the physical conditions of memory, where "picking through the trash" subverts traditional archival methodologies by insisting on the very material consequences of a culture inculcated in networked digital communications. I make an argument that by posing the archive as a mediatic question (Parikka 2013), we can begin to account for the ways in which the perceived immateriality and weightlessness of our data is in fact with immense humanistic, environmental, political, and ethical repercussions. It is also a means by which we come to understand who we are, looking forward. In both cases, pitting the archive's orderly ambitions against the dumpster's stinking mess reveals a 'call of things' (Bennett 2011); the slow and often distanced process of disposal and waste to remind us who we are, in and over time, in and out of our bodies, increasingly under the impression of a dematerialised engagement with our stuff.

This article investigates the political processes and attitudes that have prevented San Francisco from adequately dealing with many of its challenges. It posits that the city is at risk of becoming a caricature of its former self if attitudes towards accepting and preparing for the future do not change as a chronic shortage of housing threatens to push many long-time residents out. The history of anti-development attitudes since the 1980s is reviewed, tracing the rebound from post-industrial decline to becoming a highly desirable residential location and the home to some of the world's most innovative companies.

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag setzt sich mit der Bedeutung der Menschenrechte in der Christlichen Sozialethik auseinander und benennt Herausforderungen, die mit der Rezeption der Enzyklika Pacem in terris verbunden sind. In einem ersten Schritt werden die politischen und theologischen Kontexte der Entstehung der Enzyklika beleuchtet. Anschließend wird diskutiert, auf welche Weise Pacem in terris die Sprachformen christlichen Sozialengagements transformierte und dabei – trotz des seit langer Zeit bestehenden Verdachtes des Lehramtes gegen die Kategorie der Menschenrechte – für die Menschenrechte plädierte. Dann wird die These entwickelt, dass das Hauptverdienst von Pacem in terris in der Verbindung von Menschenrechtspolitik und Friedenspolitik für die Christliche Sozialethik bestand. Schließlich werden herausfordernde Aspekte der Rezeption dieser innovativen und bedeutenden Enzyklika diskutiert.AbstractThis paper reflects on the significance of human rights in Christian social ethics and considers the challenges associated with the reception of the encyclical. In a first step, it provides an analysis of the political and theological contexts from which Pacem in terris emerged. It then discusses how Pacem in terris has transformed the language of Christian social commitment and promoted human rights notwithstanding the tradition's longstanding suspicion of the category of human rights. It suggests that one of the most important contributions wrought by Pacem in terris was the manner in which it brought the politics of human rights and the politics of peace into a seamless Christian social ethic and it ends with a discussion of the challenges associated with the reception of this transformative and iconic encyclical.

October 2013 marks the 50th anniversary of President John F. Kennedy's message to the US Congress on the need to reform mental healthcare. Much has changed in that time. In 2006, Frank and Glied summarized these changes and the forces behind them, finding that the well-being of people with mental illness was 'better but not well.' They also conclude that most improvements have been due to 'mainstreaming,' the inclusion of those with mental illness in broad reforms such as Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security. With the gradual assimilation of mental health concerns, leadership and resources into mainstream programmes and agencies, future improvements will require that these programmes are accessible and oriented to people with mental illness. The passage of broad health reform legislation in 2010 (the Affordable Care Act) reinforces this change; several of its provisions attempt to make healthcare more relevant to the population with mental illness. In this editorial, I discuss a set of challenges which remain for the population with mental illness in the healthcare system, and the prospects for change. These challenges include: (1) improving basic mental healthcare in primary care, (2) improving mental healthcare for children, (3) earlier detection and treatment of psychotic illness, (4) disability and unemployment and (5) the challenge of sustaining an adequate, speciality public mental healthcare system under conditions of mainstreaming. In general, I conclude that the prospects for successful reform are uncertain. Establishing mental healthcare specialization in mainstream systems has not been notably successful to date.

Cao Hamburger's O Ano em Que Meus Pais Saíram de Férias (2006) and Ana Díez's Paisito (2008) explore soccer's potential to serve the state as a distraction for the masses or conversely provide an opportunity for opposition to hegemonic ideologies. The Brazilian director of O Ano em Que Meus Pais Saíram de Férias and Spanish director of the Spanish-Uruguayan-Argentine co-production Paisito allegorize in sporting terms Brazilian and Uruguayan political turmoil in the early 1970's. Soccer offensives coordinate with the political opposition to the Brazilian military dictatorship during 1970's World Cup in O Ano em Que Meus Pais Saíram de Férias whereas citizens most tomar partido, or take sides, in Paisito with either the military or the Tupamaro resistance that culminates in Uruguay's 1973 military coup.

This article examines the impact of economic crises on macroeconomic policies in the United States (US), Mexico, Ireland, and Sweden at the start of the 1980s, framed within the context of the policy change literature. These countries are selected for examination as they encompass presidential, parliamentary, republican, constitutional monarchical, federal and unitary systems of governance. Two are European states and two are from the Americas: two are large economies while two are small.

Cities are sites and crucibles of creativity and destruction. How we order and imagine ourselves is revealed by the visible forms of our built environments. Cities are the ultimate material expression of human desire and design. They are also forces of energy and fields of tension that structure our everyday imaginings and activities. How we move, think, act, interact, create and maintain our lives is bounded by what cities provide us. How we make common-wealth and differentiate ourselves from others also determines what cities are and might be for us. This issue explores the urbanism that is Manila in all its vital contradictions. A mega-urban region of over 20 million souls, it is both dynamic and discordant, creative and destructive. Like most global mega-cities, Manila is dangerous to its own citizens – polluted, dense, violent, and poor, with inadequate and badly maintained infrastructure and public utilities, but it is also a fecund incubator of cultural ideas, projects and networks. This issue explore both sides of this Janus-faced city – its urbanism and its visual cultures. Two common threads run through the articles in this issue: first is the dialectic of private and public, and second is the cultural traffic that informs place-making across time through the constant movement of peoples around the world-system and in the ever-pragmatic syncretic and local appropriations of cultural ideas, traditions and artefacts into new configurations, stories and views. As these contributions take issue with visual culture, we have given pride of place to photos, images and artworks themselves. For, as our colleague, Eduardo de la Fuente, has observed in this journal's pages (2010), the sociology of art is more than a socio-aesthetics. It is also a chronicle of the experience, performance and movement of aesthetic objects lodged in and across institutions, traditions and collective consciousness.