Suchergebnisse

Anxious to augment its military strength for practical reasons and as a symbol of national power and prestige, the Afghan government (like those of most Third World nations) looked to external sources. As a result of U.S. reluctance to provide Afghanistan with military assistance, Kabul turned to the Soviet Union after the mid 1950s. Thus started the process of Moscow's politico-military penetration of Afghanistan, which culminated in the Soviet invasion in December 1979 and the reduction of the traditionally neutral central Asian state into a Soviet satellite. This article contends that while "single dependency" on any foreign power in military matters is potentially dangerous for a Third World country, it is especially so when the benefactor is the Soviet Union, which uses military assistance as an effective instrument to gain political influence. In Afghanistan, Moscow pursued a well-coordinated program of infiltrating the armed forces directly, by establishing influence among the Afghan trainees in the USSR and through its advisers in Afghanistan, as well as indirectly, through the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. Given the geographical contiguity of the USSR, Russia's historic interest in the country, the backward and repressive nature of its society, and Western indifference, military dependency on the Soviet Union was a dangerous and fateful mistake for Afghanistan.

Organizational and ideological effects of military aid; based on conference paper.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the relationship between school administrators' paternalistic leadership behaviors and teachers' levels of organizational silence according to the views of the teachers participating in the study. Relational survey design was used in the research conducted using quantitative methods. The population of the study consists of 4836 teachers working in schools in a province of Turkey in the 2023-2024 academic year, and the sample consists of 526 teachers selected by simple random sampling method. Personal Information Form, School Principals' Paternalistic Leadership Behaviors Scale and Organizational Silence Scale were used as data collection tools. SPSS 25 statistical package program was used to analyze the data. In the process of analyzing the first two sub-problems, arithmetic mean and standard deviation were analyzed for descriptive statistics. Correlation analysis was used to analyze the third sub-problem and regression analysis was used to analyze the fourth sub-problem. As a result of the research, it was seen that school administrators' paternalistic leadership behaviors were generally at a low level and that philanthropic paternalistic leadership was dominant in the school. Teachers generally experience low levels of organizational silence, but when the sub-dimensions of organizational silence are examined, it is seen that the perception of managerial silence is the most dominant in the school. As the administrator behaviors related to the sub-dimensions of family atmosphere at school and philanthropy increase, teachers' individual silence, organizational culture, colleagues, pressure groups and general organizational silence behaviors decrease. As the administrator behaviors related to the sub-dimensions of interventionism and inadequacy at school increase, teachers' individual silence, organizational culture, colleagues, pressure groups and general organizational silence behaviors increase. As the administrator behaviors related to the sub-dimension of authoritarianism at school increase, teachers' individual silence, administrative silence, organizational culture, colleagues, pressure groups and general organizational silence behaviors increase. It was seen that the benevolence, interventionism and finding inadequate sub-dimensions of paternalistic leadership were significant predictors of teachers' organizational silence.

A balanced scorecard (BSC) with strategic decisions plays a vital role in achieving the effectiveness of business organizations. However, this paper aims to determine the impact of implementing the dimensions of the BSC on strategic decision-making in Jordanian universities. The study population included all Jordanian universities, while the sample consisted of 218 respondents from all managers working at administrative levels. The research concluded that there is a statistically significant effect on the dimensions of the BSC with its four axes (the financial axis, the beneficiaries' axis (students, the local community), the growth and learning axis, and the internal operations axis) in making strategic decisions in Jordanian universities, where Al-Jubouri (2018), Tomizh et al. (2022) and Mazzuto et al. (2022) supported this finding. It is recommended to apply the BSC axes correctly and accurately during application in a way that clearly and comprehensively improves the strategic decision-making process.

This journal examines the contribution of the Starbucks company to environmentally friendly issues that have an impact on climate change, especially Starbucks Indonesia. This journal aims to describe and analyze why and to what extent Starbucks Indonesia contributes to environmentally friendly issues. As we all know, climate change is a big challenge for Indonesia and the world. Starting from temperature changes, changes in rainfall patterns, drought and lack of clean water, extreme weather changes, to rising sea levels, climate change occurs due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrogen oxides (N2O). To complete the data, this research will be enriched with primary data in the form of interviews and field observations at a Starbucks Indonesia company and use library research data collection techniques by utilizing secondary data collected from libraries, books, journals, articles, print media, electronic media, and websites. The descriptive-analytical approach was used to collect and analyze the data. The analysis of this research uses green theory and green marketing to find out why and to what extent Starbucks Indonesia's contribution contributes to environmentally friendly issues. Environmental issues are issues all over the world that often arise. Governments, organizations, and some groups have been actively holding business companies to account regarding environmental damage such as unusual climate change, global warming, natural resource degradation, and population. In this case, the aim is for consumers to have significant environmental awareness and become more concerned with green products and contribute to a green environment.