Suchergebnisse

PurposeIncreasing environmental pollution and destruction have damaged sustainability in polluting societies and organizations. For this reason, various environmental management programs have recently been developed by governments and the environmental protection agencies (EPAs) to control and reduce environmental pollution. One of these programs is environmental audit (EA), which has not been fully implemented yet in developing countries and it has many disadvantages. It seems that one of the reasons for the lack of perfect implementation of EA in these countries is the lack of adequate review of the factors affecting its implementation. The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors affecting EA implementation and then analysis of causal relationships between them.Design/methodology/approachDecision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) technique was used to identify causal relationships of factors affecting EA implementation. Based on the literature review and interviewing nine experts in EA, 17 factors were identified to influence EA implementation. Six experts were selected for the evaluation using snowball sampling method. Using the DEMATEL approach, a cause and effect relationship diagram was generated through which the effect of factors was analyzed.FindingsSeventeen factors were categorized in terms of cause and effect, and the interrelationships of factors were also analyzed. "Reducing environmental impacts and improving environmental performance," "obtaining environmental management system certificates" and "contributing to the environmental goals of investment projects" are the most prominent factors on the basis of their prominent score.Research limitations/implicationsAnalysis in the research is highly dependent on expert judgments and opinions may be biased. However, the initial matrix obtained from the experts is hindered by the ambiguity about some relationships. But this can be improved by using fuzzy and gray set theories. The factors used for the analysis may not be comprehensive and other researchers may find other factors.Practical implicationsIdentifying the factors affecting EA implementation and analyzing causal relationships between them can be a guide and help governments to improve the implementation of EA or even develop this policy by being aware of the effect of the factors analyzed.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, no comprehensive study of factors affecting EA implementation has been undertaken; this study is the first to identify these factors and analyze them using DEMATEL. Therefore, it is suggested that governments and EPAs in the policies focus on the significant factors.

1. Chapter 1: Introduction and Summary of the Conception of Justice in Islam -- 2. Chapter 2: Contemporary Muslim Scholars and Philosophers on Justice in Islam -- 3. Chapter 3: Conception of Justice in the Age of Enlightenment -- 4. Chapter 4: The Utilitarian Conception of Justice and its Critics (Bentham to Hayek) -- 5. Chapter 5: Conception of Justice from Rawls to Sen to the Present -- 6. Chapter 6: The State of Justice and Impediments to a More Just Muslim World -- 7. Chapter 7: Concluding Remarks

1. Chapter 1: Introduction -- 2. Chapter 2: Conception of Justice—Pre-Axial Age -- 3. Chapter 3: Conception of Justice—Pre-Axial India -- 4. Chapter 4: Conception of Justice—Pre-Axial Mesopotamia -- 5. Chapter 5: Conception of Justice—Pre-Axial—Noah, Abraham, Moses -- 6. Chapter 6: Conception of Justice—Axial Age India, China, Greece -- 7. Chapter 7: Conception of Justice—Post-Axial Age Christianity -- 8. Chapter 8: Islam and the Conception of Justice -- 9. Chapter 9: Earlier Muslim Scholars and Philosophers on Justice -- 10. Chapter 10: Conclusion

"This book provides an introduction to the vision of an economic system based completely on the Holy Qur'an—a system defined as a collection of institutions, representing rules of behavior, prescribed by Allah for humans, and the traditions of the Messenger. The authors argue that the main reason for the economic underperformance of Muslim countries and their economies has been non-compliance with the prescribed rules of behavior. Rule non-compliance has been chiefly due to the failure of Muslims to comprehend the Metaframework of the Qur'an and the Archetype Model of the Prophet Mohammad and interpret them in ways compatible with their own generation and time. Askari and Mirakhor believe these rules (institutions), properly adapted to prevailing conditions present what they consider as an ideal economic system." (Verlagsbeschreibung)

Askari and Krichene provide a comprehensive background for recent international financial crises--rapid expansion of interest-bearing debt and monetary expansion though the fractional reserve banking system. In this context, the authors provide an analysis of the experience and issues associated with international payments systems--the various forms of the gold standard, the Bretton Woods system and the present system of flexible exchange rates. The authors go on to examine the case for fixed exchange rates (gold standard and other interesting variations) anchored in Islamic finance. The message of this book is that the gold standard could provide a solution for addressing international financial instability if and only if it is anchored in 100% reserve banking, which is an essential pillar of Islamic finance.

This book briefly surveys the evolution of the Western concept of development, recognizing the wider dimensions of human and economic development and the role of institutions and rules, which has moved toward the vision and the path of development envisaged in Islam