Suchergebnisse

Chapter 1- Intergenerational Dialogues -- Chapter 2- The Squares -- Chapter 3- The New York City General Assembly -- Chapter 4- Day One -- Chapter 5- Our Park -- Chapter 6- This Is What Democracy Looks Like -- Chapter 7- Direct Action -- Chapter 8- Media for the 99% -- Chapter 9- Allies -- Chapter 10- Race in OWS -- Chapter 11- Gender in OWS -- Chapter 12- Structure -- Chapter 13- The Eviction -- Chapter 14- Occupy Somewhere -- Chapter 15- Money in the Movement -- Chapter 16- All Our Grievances Are Connected -- Chapter 17- All Roads Lead to Wall Street -- Chapter 18- Occupy the World Social Forum -- Chapter 19- Informal Elites -- Chapter 20-The Founders -- Chapter 21- Power and Leadership -- Chapter 22- Co-option -- Chapter 23- Repression -- Chapter 24- Neo-fascism -- Chapter 25- Conclusion -Building the New Society.

"Written by a leading historian of urban visual culture, Janet Ward's Post-Wall Berlin: Borders, Space and Identity demonstrates how the reunified German capital, in its bid to overcome its legacy of Cold-War division, has faced many new frontiers and boundaries on social, economic, architectural and infrastructural levels"--

A major objective of local government in South Africa, as defined in the Constitution, is to ensure the provision of services to communities in a sustainable manner. However, neglect of infrastructure continues to hamper access to service delivery, affecting all citizens and the economy. Informed by the author's own long career involvement and current research programme in infrastructure operation and maintenance, together with current extensive secondary research, he identified that lack of care for infrastructure leads directly to infrastructure failure. This, in turn, harms the economy and inconveniences citizens, and, in some instances, even deprives them of their rights. This article draws attention to some generic reasons for the failure of infrastructure and service delivery and explores ways for measuring infrastructure and service delivery deficits. It emphasises the consequences of service delivery failure and notes the experiences of four towns, all of which have service delivery deficits. The article then contrasts the public statements of authorities such as Ministers and the Auditor General with the dearth of effective action on the part of many municipalities, and asks why this should be.

[EN] The city of Murcia was founded in 825 by order of the Umayyad emiral state, with the aim of establishing a military and political capital of an administrative district, the Cora de Tudmīr, which until then had been a permanent focus of revolts. For its establishment, a central point was chosen in relation to the provincial territory, at a crossroads generated by a ford in the Segura river. It was a strategic site, but since it was in the middle of an alluvial plain, it did not have adequate natural protections, so from its very foundation the city was provided with the essential defenses: a fortress that was the seat of the governors and a wall that protected the medina and, later, the suburb. In this work we analyze precisely the characteristics of these elements: layout, gates, construction materials and techniques, historical evolution, based on the information provided by written sources and archeology, given that over the centuries they ended up disappearing from the urban landscape. We also discuss here some fortresses of the urban environment that played different functions but that, ultimately, also contributed to the defense of the population of Murcia in the Andalusian period. ; [ES] La ciudad de Murcia fue fundada en el año 825 por orden del estado emiral omeya, con el fin de establecer una capital militar y política de un distrito administrativo, la cora de Tudmīr, que hasta ese momento había sido foco permanente de revueltas. Para su establecimiento se eligió un punto central en relación al territorio provincial, en una encrucijada de caminos generada por un vado en el río Segura. Se trataba de un sitio estratégico pero, por hallarse en medio de una llanura aluvial, no contaba con protecciones naturales adecuadas, por lo que desde su misma fundación la ciudad fue dotada de las defensas imprescindibles: un alcázar que fuere sede de los gobernadores y una muralla que protegiera a la medina y, más adelante, al arrabal. En este trabajo analizamos precisamente las características de dichos elementos: trazado, puertas, aparejo constructivo y evolución histórica, a partir de la información proporcionada por las fuentes escritas y la arqueología, dado que con el paso de los siglos acabaron por desaparecer del paisaje urbano. También tratamos aquí algunas fortalezas del entorno de la ciudad que desempeñaron diferentes funciones pero que, en definitiva, contribuyeron también a la defensa de la población de Murcia en época andalusí. ; Este trabajo ha sido hecho en el marco de un proyecto de investigación del Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia, Subprograma Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento, de la convocatoria de 2015, titulado "Almunias del Occidente islámico: arquitectura, arqueología y fuentes documentales" (HAR2015-64605-C2-1-P), cuyo investigador principal es Julio Navarro Palazón. ; Peer reviewed

In many large cities today, spaces of extreme wealth and poverty often exist in proximity. City officials, private developers and wealthy residents often 'correct' this cheek-by-jowl situation of proximate yet drastically unequal communities by building physical walls and fences between them. What is the interface between spaces inside and outside the walls built around low-income communities in elite neighbourhoods? How do people living inside the walls built to contain their communities engage with this infrastructure of control? This article addresses these questions by presenting the politics of socio-spatial separation of a low-income and informally built walled community called France Colony in a wealthy neighbourhood in Islamabad (Pakistan). It shows how the wall around France Colony is not only an ineffective sealing device; its porosity has also ironically prompted adjacent wealthy residents to retreat inside their large homes and raise their boundary walls. Not only do walls make obvious the intentions and anxieties of people on the outside trying to control the presence and growth of a low-income community, but spatial practices and negotiations around involuntarily built enclosures can minimise their restrictive intent and provide opportunities for enclosed communities to demand their rights to space.

Institutions such as ICOFORT (International committee on fortifications and military heritage) encourages the development of diagnosis strategies for the conservation and maintenance of historic earthen walls as highly necessary. Thus, it is important to be aware of the conditions in urban contexts, where the deterioration can be more aggressive and the risk of damage increases. Despite this, there are many strategies of constructive diagnosis for these kinds of monuments, but not many of them are concerned with the structural assessment of situations in which the ramparts work as a retaining wall in an unforeseen way. The medieval ramparts of Seville (Spain) are shown as a completely representative case study of the above-mentioned situation. In the research sector, the monument resists the lateral earth pressure developed by the new difference in height at both sides of the wall. Based on the limited states principle and on different international codes formulation, a tool was programmed to carry out automatic calculations to verify the case study's overall stability conditions using standard sections. The obtained results were based on the overturning, bearing, and sliding overdesign factors (ODF) and determined a stable situation that could be at risk because of changes in the surrounding such as, excavations or the movements of the ground water table, or seismic events. Thus, the need and usefulness of strategies and control instruments that should be integrated into heritage intervention projects have been proved.

By 1914, commercial and other photographers were beginning to produce stunning images of the built environment across Europe, including in Spain and Germany. In Madrid, Jaime Murillo Rubiera and Mario Fernández Albarés had started to photograph aspects of the unfolding extension to the city, which began in 1860 and progressed rapidly after 1875. Away from the capital in Barcelona, Joan Martí and Antoni Esplugas captured the dramatic improvements to the cityscape that began with defortification in 1854 and the adoption of an extension plan in 1860. In particular, Esplugas presented unmistakable images of progress in the form of long boulevards disappearing into the distance (Figure 1). A similar enthusiasm for the changing urban landscape was also evident in Germany. In Berlin, Hermann Rückwardt captured the capital's straight streets and modern buildings laid out according to the extension plan of 1862, and F. Albert Schwartz photographed contrasting historical façades along Berlin's growing street network. Indeed by the turn of the century, Germans in other cities such as Munich and Cologne were scaling new heights to photograph growing urban landscapes. The modern cityscapes captured by Spanish and German photographers were the result of ambitious extension plans implemented across Europe between 1848 and 1914. Historians have written at length about these post-1848 extension plans, foregrounding the expressly logistical considerations of planners in shaping space. That is, we have produced investigations into the practical considerations of drafting urban plans, designing new apartment blocks, and building municipal facilities. Such research has yielded valuable insights into the processes of legal and administrative reform needed to expand cities, as well as the effects extension planning had on processes and motion, including the separation of social classes in the city, the relative distribution of public amenities, and the emergence of housing reform movements. But as photographs of the new cityscape ...

This article investigates "urks," that is, disconnected parts of urban infrastructure that remain in their subsurface location. The reason for engaging in this topic is resource scarcity concerns, as urks contain large amounts of copper and aluminum that could be "mined" for the benefit of the environment. Our starting point is that there is a certain nonstagnant capacity of waste-like entities such as urks and that their resistance to categorization is crucial to encapsulate their political potential (cf. Hawkins 2006; Moore 2012; Hird 2013). We investigate how this indeterminate capacity has implications in terms of where future trajectories for urk recovery are conceivable. The study is based on interviews with respondents from the infrastructure and waste sectors in Sweden. By stressing the relationship between urks and their geosocial subsurface surroundings, we use the respondents' exploratory interpretations of urks to outline a spectrum of issues that should be further discussed for urks to become a matter of concern. The negotiation of these issues, we suggest, can be conceived of as a form of navigation along the perceived fault lines between actors and priorities, and they must be resolved for increased urk recovery to occur.

This article investigates "urks", i.e., disconnected parts of urban infrastructure that remain in their subsurface location. The reason for engaging in this topic is resource scarcity concerns, as urks contain large amounts of copper and aluminum that could be "mined" for the benefit of the environment. Our starting point is that there is a certain non–stagnant capacity of waste–like entities such as urks and that their resistance to categorization is crucial to encapsulate their political potential (cf. Hawkins, 2006; Moore, 2012; Hird, 2013). We investigate how this indeterminate capacity has implications in terms of where future trajectories for urk recovery are conceivable. The study is based on interviews with respondents from the infrastructure and waste sectors in Sweden. By stressing the relationship between urks and their geo–social subsurface surroundings, we use the respondents' exploratory interpretations of urks to outline a spectrum of issues that should be further discussed for urks to become a matter of concern. The negotiation of these issues, we suggest, can be conceived of as a form of navigation along the perceived fault lines between actors and priorities, and they must be resolved for increased urk recovery to occur. ; The status of this article was previous Manuscript . Funding agencies: Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS); Swedish Innovation Agency (VINNOVA); Aforsk Foundation

Over the past 25 years, Berlin has undergone a rapid process of neoliberalization. This article argues that the city's transformation has been heavily crisis-driven and fueled by a strong political agenda. Two watershed events are crucial for an in-depth understanding of the dynamics at work: The collapse of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in 1989, followed by a neo-conservative and nationalist, entrepreneurial strategy for the reunified German Capital; and the financial crisis of 2001, which brought a coalition between Social-Democrats and Socialists into power that strongly emphasized Berlin's (sub-)cultural and cosmopolitan identity, but effectively put the city on a fierce austerity track.

The convenience of a natural harbour, the needs of the maritime trade, the proximity of the sea and its resources had led the people of Malta and Messina – at different times – to construct two coastal cities, two port cities. But, as like all the Mediterranean port cities, the urban solutions are always ambiguous, always strained in the contradiction between opening and closing. One of the problems characterizing the fortification of a coastal city originates from the port infrastructure that claims conflicting demands on the seclusion imposed from the Old Regime urban defence. Starting from the Medieval Age and, a fortiori, after the military revolution in the sixteenth century, the cities shut themselves to preserve their wealth and their social construction. The security of their freedom, their collective organization and the domain of the surrounding area pass through fortifications and walls. These are the defence against treacherous and dangerous strangers. But in the port cities urban life is animated by the harbour and this must necessarily be open to foreigners, thus making the city somewhat vulnerable. The dual dynamics, the dual intent, are recognized in maximum closing as opposed to the maximum opening. Valletta and Messina live this contradiction: it is interesting to analyse the assumptions and design solutions in these two Mediterranean port cities in order to respond to their ambiguous identity. [excerpt from the article] ; peer-reviewed