XVI Latin-American Congress on Chromatography & 9th National Meeting on Chromatography. Lisboa, Portugal, 5 a 9 de janeiro de 2016. ; Macroalgae, are largely used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. Cystoseira abies-marina (S.G. Gmelin) C. Agardh is a brown macroalgae (Phaeophyta) which belongs to Cystoseira genus and is distributed in the Mediterranean, Macaronesian Region and the coast of Africa. In the Azores lslands, it grows abundantly in the intertidal zone where it is pioneer and attains large size. Since intertidal seaweeds are exposed to extreme stress conditions (temperatura, UV, water levei) in addition to herbivory and fouling, they develop protective mechanisms, some of which involve the biosynthesis of metabolites with properties that may be useful to man (e.g. natural antioxidants, antifouling agents, novel UV sunscreens). The dichlormethane extract of C. abies-marina from Azares was studied revealing the presence of meronorditerpenoids with cytotoxic and antioxidant activities. In this research the antioxidant activity and chemical composition of the ethyl acetate fraction of C. abies-marina methanolic extract was studied. C. abies-marina was collected in two phases of its life cycle üuvenile phase and mature phase). […]. ; FCT/MEC the European Union, QREN, FEDER, COMPETE, for funding the Organic Chemistry Research Unit (QOPNA) (Project PEst-C/QUI/UI0062/2013; FCOMP-0 1-0 124-FEDER-037296); University of Azores. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
WOS: 000440243600050 ; The growing interest in substituting synthetic products coming from non-renewable sources with products from biomass has focused attention on the lignin biopolymer. Its high availability, low price and properties make the development of new and valuable uses for lignin interesting, thus improving the economic and environmental aspects of the biomass conversion. To achieve this objective, the potential use of industrial kraft and organosolv lignins as antioxidants, antimicrobials and sunscreen products has been evaluated. The results of a detailed antibacterial and antifungal study demonstrated the high potential of kraft lignins against a variety of foodborne and human pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, both organosolv and kraft lignins presented an effective protection factor (SPF values from 10-20), demonstrating their effectiveness as natural additives for the sun lotion market. In addition, lignin samples presented high antioxidant capacity compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), one common commercial antioxidant industrially used. Therefore, the development of innovative applications of lignins as a commodity for the chemical, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries could expand their possible uses in the market giving new added values to lignin. ; University of the Basque Country [PIF 13/050]; Basque Government [IT1008-16] ; The authors are grateful for the financial support received from the University of the Basque Country (doctoral grant of Ms Gordobil Grant No. PIF 13/050) and to the Basque Government (scholarship of young researchers training and project IT1008-16).
Resumen: Introducción: una de las principales causas de cáncer de piel es la exposición a la radiación ultravioleta, existiendo en nuestro medio varias ocupaciones que tienen implícita la exposición al sol especialmente los trabajos de campo (agricultura y ganadería), las ventas ambulantes, los deportistas, policías, militares y agentes de tránsito, docentes, los conductores de diferentes medios de transporte, entre otros. La incidencia del cáncer de piel tipo melanoma en Colombia tiene una tasa estandarizada por edad (TAE) de 3,1 x 100.000 hombres y de 2,9 x 100.000 mujeres, mientras para las otras formas de cáncer de piel, que en general excluyen los basaliomas o los incluyen solo parcialmente, las TAE son de 6,3 x 100.000 hombres y 3,8 x 100.000 mujeres. En nuestro país, el 97% de todos los cánceres de piel se originan en la epidermis y están representados por el carcinoma basocelular (70%-75%), el carcinoma escamocelular (20%-25%) y el melanoma (5%-10%). Objetivo: Caracterizar la exposición a radiaciones ultravioleta en los trabajadores que realizan actividades laborales al aire libre y la aparición de cáncer de piel. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura de los años 2009 a 2019, empleando las bases de datos Pubmed, Scielo y Elsevier, en los idiomas inglés y español, usando los términos de búsqueda "skin cancer", "cáncer", "outdoor work", "ultraviolet rays", "exposición a Riesgos ambientales". Todos los artículos revisados e incluidos estaban a texto completo. Resultados: La mayoría de los estudios evaluados muestran una relación entre el uso de elementos de protección y la prevención de cáncer de piel en los trabajadores al aire libre, una de las principales herramientas de la prevención es la capacitación de los trabajadores y el incentivar el uso de elementos de protección. Las principales medidas utilizadas por los trabajadores incluyeron: agua potable (78%) y con gorros de pico (73%). Protector solar (76%) y gafas de sol (58%) eran significativamente más propensos a ser utilizados por trabajadores más jóvenes (<45 años) (protector solar 82%, P <0,05; gafas de sol 64%, P <0.05). El uso de protector solar se correlacionó positivamente con el trabajo y el conocimiento de los usuarios sobre el cáncer de piel (r s = 0.345, P <0.001) Conclusión: Dentro de la revisión sistemática se evidencia que los trabajadores al aire libre tienen un mayor riesgo de adquirir cáncer de piel y existe una fuerte relación entre las horas de exposición y el tipo de trabajo que desempeñan (techadores, trabajadores de la construcción, entré otros), a su vez el uso de elementos de protección personal y el trabajo en la sombra disminuyen el riesgo. Palabras Claves: "skin cancer", "cáncer", "outdoor work", "ultraviolet rays", "exposición a Riesgos ambientales". ; Abstract: Introduction: one of the main causes of skin cancer is exposure to ultraviolet radiation, there being in our environment several occupations that have implicit sun exposure especially field work (agriculture and livestock), street sales, sportsmen, police, military and transit agents, teachers, drivers of different means of transport, among others. The incidence of melanoma-type skin cancer in Colombia has an age-standardized rate (SAD) of 3.1 x 100,000 males and 2.9 x 100,000 females, while for other forms of skin cancer, which generally exclude or only partially include basaliomas, APRC is 6.3 x 100,000 men and 3.8 x 100,000 women.In our country, 97% of all skin cancers originate in the epidermis and are represented by basal cell carcinoma (70%-75%), squamous cell carcinoma (20%-25%) and melanoma (5%-10%). Objective: To characterize exposure to ultraviolet radiation in workers engaged in outdoor work and the appearance of skin cancer. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of literature from 2009 to 2019 was carried out, using the Pubmed, Scielo and Elsevier databases, in the English and Spanish languages, using the search terms [skin cancer cancer[, a cancer[cancer[, On the other hand, the European Commission has published a report entitled 'Environmental risks'. All revised and included articles were in full text. Results: Most of the studies evaluated show a relationship between the use of protective elements and the prevention of skin cancer in outdoor workers, one of the main tools of prevention is the training of workers and the encouragement of the use of protective elements. The main measures used by the workers included: drinking water (78%) and peak caps (73%). Sunscreen (76%) and sunglasses (58%) were significantly more likely to be used by younger workers (<45 years) (Sunscreen 82%, P <0.05; Sunglasses 64%, P <0.05). The use of sunscreen was positively correlated with the work and knowledge of users about skin cancer (r s = 0.345, P <0.001). Conclusion: As part of the systematic review, it is evident that outdoor workers have a higher risk of acquiring skin cancer and there is a strong relationship between the hours of exposure and the type of work they perform (roofers, construction workers, entered others), in turn the use of personal protective elements and work in the shade reduce the risk. Palabras Clave: : "skin cancer", "cáncer", "outdoor work", "ultraviolet rays", "exposición a Riesgos ambientales".
Intro -- Series Preface -- Volume Preface -- Contents -- Introduction: Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Anthropogenic Contamination as the Main Threat to the Aquatic Environment -- 2.1 Behaviour of Organic Contaminants in Aquatic Biota -- 3 Main Ingredients in Personal Care Products -- 3.1 Biocide Compounds -- 3.1.1 Benzotriazole -- 3.1.2 Triclosan and Triclocarban -- 3.2 Preservatives -- 3.3 Fragrances -- 3.3.1 Nitromusks -- 3.3.2 Polycyclic Musks -- 3.3.3 Macrocyclic Musks -- 3.4 Surfactants -- 3.4.1 Phthalates -- 3.4.2 Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol Ethoxylates -- 3.5 Insect Repellents -- 3.6 UV Filters (Sunscreens) -- 3.7 Siloxanes -- 4 Health Effects of PCPs on Biota and Humans -- 4.1 PCPs as Endocrine Disruptors -- 5 Legislative Framework and Water Awareness Initiatives -- 5.1 European Framework -- 5.2 Other Frameworks -- 5.3 Water Awareness Initiatives -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part I: Occurrence of Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment: Case Studies -- Occurrence of PCPs in Natural Waters from Europe -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fragrances -- 3 UV Filters -- 4 Phenolic Chemicals and Detergents -- 5 Preservatives -- 6 Repellents -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment in China -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Production and Usage of PCPs in China -- 3 Occurrence and Fate of PCPs in the Aquatic Environment in China -- 3.1 Antimicrobial Agents -- 3.1.1 Antimicrobial Agents in Sewage and Sludge -- 3.1.2 Antimicrobial Agents in Surface Water and Sediment -- 3.2 Synthetic Musks -- 3.2.1 Synthetic Musks in Sewage and Sludge -- 3.2.2 Synthetic Musks in Surface Water and Sediment -- 3.3 UV Filters and UV Stabilizers -- 3.3.1 UV Filters and UV Stabilizers in Sewage and Sludge -- 3.3.2 UV Filters and UV Stabilizers in Surface Water and Sediment.
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Abstract The committee reviewed the feasibility of developing BEIs® for adipates, chemicals that are widely used in the manufacture of a remarkable variety of products as plasticizers, emollients and lubricants. Their usage is likely to increase as they can substitute for phthalates. This assessment focused on eleven adipates that are esters of adipic acid for which occupational exposure values have not been assigned. Adipates are lipophilic with low vapor pressures which suggests that in occupational settings, the primary route of exposure would be through skin. Skin exposure is supported by studies noting the excretion of urinary metabolites after application of di-n-butyl adipate (DnBA) -containing sunscreen. Despite the possibility of worker exposure, no occupational assessments were found. Background exposure is a concern since small surveillance studies of urinary metabolites of two adipates, diethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) and DnBA provide evidence of exposure among the general population lacking known occupational exposure. Research on human toxicity is non-existent while animal models suggest little adverse effect at low doses. Robust analytical methods for the quantitation of specific urinary metabolites have been described for three of the adipates -- DEHA, DnBA, and diisononyl adipate (DINA). Accordingly, it was not possible to establish a meaningful value of BEI® for any of the selected adipates given the lack of evidence of systemic adverse health effects, the likely high background levels in those without occupational exposure, and the lack of studies demonstrating a relationship between the urine measures and existing guidelines, biological changes, or health risk.
A stable moisturizing cosmetic emulsion was developed from babassu nut oil and high concentrations of sunscreens. Babassu nut oil was chosen because within the laboratory time-scale, this vegetable oil showed stable physicochemical properties (relative density, acidity index, and refracted index) and a good ratio between lauric and myristic fatty acids. The presence of these saturated fatty acids can confer specific activities to the cosmetic emulsion, such as antiviral, bactericidal, and anti-inflammatory activity. The prepared cosmetic emulsion, even after the centrifugation test (3000 rpm for 15 min), showed a creamy appearance with stable light-yellow coloration and the typical odor of babassu nut oil-based products. In the accelerated stability assays (pH, viscosity, and globule homogeneity), the cosmetic emulsion was kept at different temperatures (2.0 ± 0.2 °C (T(G)), 25 ± 2 °C (T(A)), and 40 ± 2 °C (T(E))) and time durations (24 hours (t(0)), 7 days (t(7)), 15 days (t(15)), and 30 days (t(30))). Finally, developed the cosmetic emulsion was investigated for occlusive properties and in vitro sun protection factor (SPF). Both were measured at room temperature and did not change significantly under the experimental conditions employed. The maximum experimental value measured in the in vitro occlusive test was equal to 34.2 ± 2.8, and the SPF was 39 ± 1.6 (t(0)) and 38 ± 2.9 (t(30)). In agreement with European and Brazilian legislations, the obtained babassu oil-based cosmetic emulsion is classified to have a high sun protection factor.
Purpose: Implementation of employer sun safety actions was assessed in a 2-year follow-up to an occupational sun protection policy intervention. Design: Two-year follow-up assessment in a randomized pretest–posttest controlled design. Setting: Local government organizations with workers in public safety, public works, and parks and recreation. Participants: Sixty-three local government organizations (participation = 64%) and 330 frontline supervisors and 1454 workers. Intervention: Sun Safe Workplaces (SSW) intervention promoting occupational sun safety policy and education. Measures: Observations of SSW messages and sun safety items and surveys on organizations' communication and actions on sun safety. Analysis: Comparison between SSW and control groups was conducted using regression models and adjusted for clustering where appropriate, with α criterion set at P = .05 (2-tailed). Results: At intervention worksites, more SSW messages ( P < .001) and sun safety items ( P = .025) were observed; more frontline supervisors reported organizations provided free/reduced price sunscreen ( P = .005) and communicated about sun safety ( P < .001); and more workers recalled receiving sun safety messages ( P < .001) and sun safety training ( P <.001) compared to control organizations. Implementation was greater at larger than smaller intervention organizations for wide-brimmed hats ( P = .009), long work pants ( P = .017), and shade structures ( P = .036). Older workers received the most written messages ( P = .015). Conclusions: Sun Safe Workplaces appeared to produce actions by organizations to support employee sun safety. Large organizations may have processes, communication channels, and slack resources to achieve more implementation.
PURPOSE: Implementation of employer sun safety actions was assessed in a 2-year follow-up to an occupational sun protection policy intervention. DESIGN: 2-year follow-up assessment in a randomized pretest-posttest controlled design. SETTING: Local government organizations with workers in public safety, public works, and parks and recreation. SUBJECTS: 63 local government organizations (participation=64%) and 330 frontline supervisors and 1,454 workers. INTERVENTION: Sun Safe Workplaces (SSW) intervention promoting occupational sun safety policy and education. MEASURES: Observations of SSW messages and sun safety items and surveys on organizations' communication and actions on sun safety. ANALYSIS: Comparison between SSW and control groups were conducted using regression models and adjusting for clustering where appropriate, with alpha criterion set at p=0.05 (two-tailed). RESULTS: At intervention worksites, more SSW messages (p<0.001) and sun safety items (p=0.025) were observed; more frontline supervisors reported organizations provided free/reduced price sunscreen (p=0.005) and communicated about sun safety (p<0.001); and more workers recalled receiving sun safety messages (p<0.001) and sun safety training (p<0.001) compared to control organizations. Implementation was greater at larger than smaller intervention organizations for wide-brimmed hats (p=0.009), long work pants (p=0.017), and shade structures (p=0.036). Older workers received the most written messages (p=0.015). CONCLUSIONS: SSW appeared to produce actions by organizations to support employee sun safety. Large organizations may have processes, communication channels, and slack resources to achieve more implementation.
Cosmetics market has been increasing tremendously in the world and providing a way in which a person can change his or her appearance and make the product instantly noticeable and attractable. Most consumers use cosmetic and personal care products every day to protect their health, enhance their well-being and boost their self-esteem. Ranging from antiperspirants, fragrances, make-up and shampoos, to soaps, sunscreens and toothpastes, cosmetics play an essential role in all stages of our life and have important functional and emotional benefits. The cosmetics industry is a science-driven, fast paced and a highly innovative sector which grows four folds annually which makes a significant social and economic contribution to national and regional economies across worldwide. Through the purchase of goods and services and the payment of taxes the cosmetics industry generates multiple rounds of economic spending worldwide. Considering globalization of Cosmetics, the regulatory compliance with international regulations is the first step towards ensuring that are safe for humans and the environment, and to subsequently create or re-develop products that respond to the ever-changing expectations of consumers of international markets. The cosmetic industry, from manufacturers to traders, must be able to adapt to a constantly changing framework. Even if there is a tendency to unite cosmetic legislations across countries, enough differences remain and may result in lack of compliance and product recalls or sanctions. In this article, we examine and establish the need for harmonization of regulations globally.
AbstractOrganic UV filters (OUVFs), the active ingredient in sunscreens, are of environmental concern due to reported ecotoxicological effects in aquatic biota. Determining the environmental concentrations of these chemicals is essential for understanding their fate and potential environmental risk. Salting‐out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) coupled with liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was developed for simultaneous extraction, separation, and quantification of seven OUVFs (2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, butyl-methoxy-dibenzoyl methane, octocrylene, octyl methoxycinnamate, and oxybenzone). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 11 to 45 ng/L and practical quantification limits (PQLs) from 33 to 135 ng/L. Method trueness, evaluated in terms of recovery, was 69–127%. Inter-day and intra-day variability was < 6% RSD. The coefficients of determination were > 0.97. The method was applied to river and seawater samples collected at 19 sites in and near Port Phillip Bay, Australia, and temporal variation in OUVF concentrations was studied at two sites. Concentrations of OUVF were detected at 10 sites; concentrations of individual OUVFs were 51–7968 ng/L, and the maximum total OUVF concentration detected at a site was 8431 ng/L. Recreational activity and water residence time at the site contributed to OUVF's environmental presence and persistence. The benefits of the SALLE-LC–MS/MS method include its simple operation, good selectivity, precision over a wide linear range, and that obtained extracts can be directly injected into the LC–MS/MS, overall making it an attractive method for the determination of these OUVFs in environmental water matrices. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of OUVFs in Port Phillip Bay, Australia.
Deficiency of vitamin D or hypovitaminosis D is widespread irrespective of age, gender, race and geography and has emerged as an important area of research. Vitamin D deficiency may lead to osteoporosis (osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children) along with calcium deficiency. Its deficiency is linked with low bone mass, weakness of muscles and increased risk of fracture. However, further research is needed to link deficiency of vitamin D with extra-skeletal consequences such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, infections and autoimmune disorders. The causes of vitamin D deficiency include length and timing of sun exposure, amount of skin exposed, latitude, season, level of pollution in atmosphere, clothing, skin pigmentation, application of sunscreen, dietary factors and genetic factors. The primary source is sunlight, and the dietary sources include animal products such as fatty fish, food items fortified with vitamin D and supplements. Different cut-offs have been used to define hypovitaminosis D and its severity in different studies. Based on the findings from some Indian studies, a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was observed among different age groups. Hypovitaminosis D ranged from 84.9 to 100 per cent among school-going children, 42 to 74 per cent among pregnant women, 44.3 to 66.7 per cent among infants, 70 to 81.1 per cent among lactating mothers and 30 to 91.2 per cent among adults. To tackle the problem of hypovitaminosis D in India, vitamin D fortification in staple foods, supplementation of vitamin D along with calcium, inclusion of local fortified food items in supplementary nutrition programmes launched by the government, cooperation from stakeholders from food industry and creating awareness among physicians and the general population may help in combating the problem to some extent.
Patients with thin, low-risk melanomas have an excellent long-term prognosis and higher quality of life than those who are diagnosed at later stages. From an economic standpoint, treatment of early stage melanoma consumes a fraction of the health care resources needed to treat advanced disease. Consequently, early diagnosis of melanoma is in the best interest of patients, payers, and health care systems. This review describes strategies to ensure that patients receive an early diagnosis through interventions ranging from better utilization of primary care clinics, to in vivo diagnostic technologies, to new "apps" available in the market. Strategies for screening those at high risk due to age, male sex, skin type, nevi, genetic mutations, or family history are discussed. Despite progress in identifying those at high risk for melanoma, there remains a lack of general consensus worldwide for best screening practices. Strategies to ensure early diagnosis of recurrent disease in those with a prior melanoma diagnosis are also reviewed. Variations in recurrence surveillance practices by type of provider and country are featured, with evidence demonstrating that various imaging studies, including ultrasound, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, provide only minimal gains in life expectancy, even for those with more advanced (stage III) disease. Because the majority of melanomas are attributable to ultraviolet radiation in the form of sunlight, primary prevention strategies, including sunscreen use and behavioral interventions, are reviewed. Recent international government regulation of tanning beds is described, as well as issues surrounding the continued use artificial ultraviolet sources among youth. Health care stakeholder strategies to minimize UV exposure are summarized. The recommendations encompass both specific behaviors and broad intervention targets (eg, individuals, social spheres, organizations, celebrities, governments).
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My family returned to the Delaware beaches this summer for the first time since 2017. My spouse's sister and her family also came over from the UK and so the vacation was also a family reunion. Moreover, the two families stayed together in a big condo at a golf resort favored by some friends who long ago lived on the same street as my wife and her sister. When everyone got together, as we did for pizza one evening and in various combinations on the beach, with spouses or partners and their mostly young-adult "children," it was a sizeable assembly. I'm not really a fan of the sun, or sand, so I did little more along the ocean front than walk along the beach slathered in sunscreen. I did very much enjoy being with family and friends, drinking the regional craft beer (and visiting a nearby brewpub), and consuming the locally grown produce (the corn this year was spectacular). I should not forget to mention the excellent crab cakes my sister-in-law produced one evening nor the excellent novel I read while enjoying the freedom to do nothing. On the return from Delaware, my spouse and I stopped to visit one of her oldest friends who lives in Arlington. While in the DC area, I connected with one of my oldest friends who lives in nearby McLean and we spent part of an afternoon visiting the National Portrait Gallery and taking in the special Leonardo DaVinci exhibit at the DC Public Library. Among other attractions at the Gallery was a special exhibition for Frederick Douglas. Visit this blog's homepage.
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