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SUMMARYIn spite of the great enthusiasm and arguments supporting decentralization in Africa, its performance has frequently fallen well below expectations. However, a number of self‐initiated, local governance efforts have been quite successful. The article finds that all governance initiatives face a number of collective action problems that they must overcome to succeed. These include issues of collective choice, free riding, principal–agency, and constitutional design. The article explores two cases of locally initiated self‐governance initiatives where smaller population size, the ability to focus on only a few services, and the ability flexibly to redesign their institutions were important in their success in overcoming these governance challenges. In one case, challenge by and negotiation with formal governance institutions furthered their success. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

SKLAD (depot) is a cultural centre in the post-war town of Sukhum/i in the de facto state of Abkhazia founded in 2015. It is the first local initiative to engage with contemporary art. Its goal is to foster international connections, support local artistic initiatives and strengthen civil society in challenging contexts of isolation and post-conflict trauma. In this article, the initiators take a look back and analyze how SKLAD
became a learning tool to get to know the place they live in better.

In this paper, I contribute to the literature on self-organized houseless encampments in the United States in two ways. First, I draw on Roy's concept of racial banishment to examine the relationship between encampments and American racial capitalism. Second, I extend Caldeira's theory of peripheral urbanization – originally developed to describe urban informality in the Global South – to encampments in the United States. Doing so highlights how encampment residents and local government interact with one another through transversal logics. I show how both these frameworks – racial banishment and peripheral urbanization – can help us understand the creation of two self-organized houseless encampments: Dignity Village in Portland and Umoja Village in Miami. In each city, I describe how these encampments not only encountered, but also countered various forms of banishment through creative means.

Remote detecting component Networks (WSNs) might be a promising structure acclimated help the stipulation of the numerous military and mechanical administrations. They require numerous elective limitations, similar to machine control, stockpiling limit, vitality offer and so on territory unit the key issue is their vitality imperative. A few issues keep a watch out the viability of WSNs to help totally unique applications, similar to the asset circle of detecting component gadgets and the limited battery control. To avoid this drawback and to improve the execution needn't\'t exclusively to limit add up to vitality utilization however also to adjust WSN stack. Amid this examination, a totally one of a kind tree fundamentally based steering convention is arranged that manufactures a directing tree utilizing a technique wherever, for each circular, SB relegates a root hub and communicates this decision to all or any detecting component hubs. Afterward, every hub chooses its parent by considering exclusively itself and its neighbors' data, so making a dynamic convention. The recreation comes about demonstrates that the arranged approach performs higher that option existing methodologies. Keywords: Wireless sensor network; generalised tree based algorithm;network and radio model;cluster head.

International audience ; Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) are spontaneous wireless networks of mobile nodes without any fixed infrastructure. MANET are promised to a large spectrum of military or civilian utilizations. Routing is a key topic in such networks: overhead must be minimized, optimizing the delay and reducing the packet losses. Several routing protocols were proposed in the literature but, recently, new routing protocols based on a self-organization, like Virtual Structure Routing (VSR), were proposed. VSR is based on a self-organized structure with an important stability and persistence. In this paper, we aim to quantify the contribution of the self-organization on the routing behavior and performances. We oppose VSR as a self-organized protocol to the classical one: reactive (AODV), proactive (OLSR) and clustered (CBRP). The impact of the mobility and the density, the horizontal and the vertical scalabilities are studied.

International audience ; Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) are spontaneous wireless networks of mobile nodes without any fixed infrastructure. MANET are promised to a large spectrum of military or civilian utilizations. Routing is a key topic in such networks: overhead must be minimized, optimizing the delay and reducing the packet losses. Several routing protocols were proposed in the literature but, recently, new routing protocols based on a self-organization, like Virtual Structure Routing (VSR), were proposed. VSR is based on a self-organized structure with an important stability and persistence. In this paper, we aim to quantify the contribution of the self-organization on the routing behavior and performances. We oppose VSR as a self-organized protocol to the classical one: reactive (AODV), proactive (OLSR) and clustered (CBRP). The impact of the mobility and the density, the horizontal and the vertical scalabilities are studied.

Experimentelle Wohnformen - CoHousing Cultures - kommen immer mehr im Mainstream an. Aber inwieweit sind sie zugänglich und leistbar für alle: Menschen mit unterschiedlichen Einkommenslagen, mit und ohne Fluchterfahrung, mit und ohne Behinderung? Selbstbestimmte, soziale Wohnprojekte entwickeln bereits solche vielfältigen wie nachhaltigen Nachbarschaften und werden nicht nur zivilgesellschaftlich, sondern verstärkt auch von Wohnungsunternehmen wie Genossenschaften gefördert. Das Buch beinhaltet kritische Betrachtungen von Modellprojekten einer bunten europäischen Bewegung, aufbereitet mit Fotos und Illustrationen. Politische und finanzielle Bedingungen für eine bessere Umsetzung werden erörtert und durch eine Reihe von Stimmen, die vielversprechende Strategien bereithalten, ergänzt.

Trabajo presentado al 2012 MRS Fall Meeting & Exhibit, celebrado del 25 al 30 de noviembre en Boston (US).-- arXiv:1301.6088 ; Eutectic fibers consisting of an ordered arrangement of LiF fibrils inside a LiREF4 matrix (RE = Y, Gd) can be grown with the micro-pulling-down method at sufficiently large pulling rate exceeding 120 mm/h. The distance between individual fibrils could be scaled down to 1 µm at 300 mm/h pulling. LiF-LiYF4 has stronger tendency to form facetted eutectic colonies than LiF-LiGdF4, explained by the larger entropy of melting of the former. ; This work received financial support from the European Union (7th Framework Programme, "ENSEMBLE", NMP4-SL-2008-213669), from CNPq (477595/2008-1; 290111/2010-2) and from DAAD-CAPES (po-50752632). MFA acknowledges Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (Spain) for the FPU scholarship. ; Peer Reviewed

We investigate self-organized synchronization in a blue-detuned optomechanical cavity that is mechanically coupled to an undriven mechanical resonator. By controlling the strength of the driving field, we engineer a mechanical gain that balances the losses of the undriven resonator. This gain-loss balance corresponds to the threshold where both coupled mechanical resonators enter simultaneously into self-sustained limit cycle oscillations regime. This leads to rich sets of collective dynamics such as in-phase and out-of-phase synchronizations, depending on the mechanical coupling rate, the frequency mismatch between the resonators, and the external driving strength through the mechanical gain and the optical spring effect. Moreover, we show that the introduction of a quadratic coupling, which results from a quadratically coupling of the optical cavity mode to the mechanical displacement, enhances the in-phase synchronization. This work shows how phonon transfer can optomechanically induce synchronization in a coupled mechanical resonator array and opens up new avenues for phonon processing and novel memories concepts. ; This work was supported by the European Commission FET OPEN H2020 project PHENOMEN-Grant Agreement No. 713450. P.D. acknowledges the funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 754510, and the support from Severo Ochoa Program (MINECO, Grant No. SEV-2017-0706) and funding from the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya. ; Peer reviewed

PurposeThis paper aims to reflect on the work of Virginia E. Schein and her paper "The functions of work‐related group participation for poor women in developing countries: an exploratory look."Design/methodology/approachProfessor Schein traveled to Nicaragua, to lower‐income settings, where she observed and recorded the experiences of women working in self‐organized groups, and used those observations to argue to the profession generally that self‐organized groups of women, however marginal the work itself, can be instrumental in developing the key sense of agency, and self‐efficacy. These are basic capabilities; the stuff of the Millennium Development Goals.FindingsFor this special issue, therefore, the authors have made Schein's 2003 study a focal point. To set the context they asked Dr Schein to reiterate the rationale for the research, and provide a brief overview of the original observations. To help expand the debate on gender, work and poverty reduction, the authors have asked noted colleagues to provide a series of Commentaries on the original article.Originality/valueWomen, especially those raising children alone, are among the poorest of the poor in developing and more developed economies. Research that is applicable and relevant to their work‐related concerns can and should be a larger part of worldwide efforts to reduce poverty. Organizational psychology has much to contribute to those long‐overdue efforts.