Suchergebnisse

Este artículo muestra los resultados obtenidos sobre el nivel de autonomía profesional que los periodistas ecuatorianos perciben en su trabajo diario y los principales limitantes que encuentran basados en los niveles o factores de influencia. Este estudio se enmarca dentro del proyecto Cultura Periodística de Ecuador (CPE) en el que se realizaron 31 entrevistas en profundidad a periodistas en activo de 6 medios de comunicación nacionales (públicos, privados y comunitarios). La autonomía profesional es uno de los principales valores que determinan el nivel de profesionalización del periodismo y el profesionalismo de los periodistas al estar directamente vinculada a los conceptos de autorregulación, libertad de expresión e independencia. Esta situación provoca que las influencias percibidas por los periodistas —procedentes de los niveles de actor, institución y sistemas (Oller y Meier, 2012)— afecten directamente a su libertad de acción profesional y, por lo tanto, a sus índices de autonomía. Los resultados muestran que la mayor parte de los periodistas entrevistados considera que posee total libertad en su medio de comunicación y que los principales limitantes proceden del nivel del sistema, concretamente de la actual legislación en comunicación. ; This article shows the results about the perception of the level of professional autonomy of Ecuadorian journalists in their daily work and major constraints that are based on influence factors. This study is part of the project Culture Journalism of Ecuador ( cje) in which 31 journalists within 6 media (public, private and communitarian) were interviewed. Professional autonomy is one of the main values that determine the level of professionalism in journalism, which is directly linked to the concepts of self-regulation, freedom of speech and independence. This situation causes that influences perceived by the journalists —from the actor level, institution level and system level (Oller & Meier, 2012)— directly affct their professional freedom of action and, therefore, their rates of autonomy. The results show that most of the journalists interviewed considered to have complete freedom in their media and that the main constraints come from the system levels, specifically the current legislation in communication. ; Este artigo mostra os resultados obtidos sobre o nível de autonomia profissional que os jornalistas equatorianos percebem em seu trabalho diário e os principais limitantes que encontram baseados nos níveis ou fatores de influência. Este estudo enquadra-se dentro do projeto Cultura Jornalística do Equador (CPE -Cultura Periodística de Ecuador) no qual se realizaram 31 entrevistas em profundidade a jornalistas de 6 meios de comunicação nacionais (públicos, privados e comunitários). A autonomia profissional é um dos principais valores que determinam o nível de profissionalização do jornalismo e o profissionalismo dos jornalistas ao estar diretamente vinculada aos conceitos de auto regulação, liberdade de expressão e independência. Esta situação provoca que as influências percebidas pelos jornalistas, procedentes dos níveis de ator, instituição e sistemas (Oller e Meier, 2012), afetem diretamente a sua liberdade de ação profissional e, portanto, a seus índices de autonomia. Os resultados mostram que a maior parte dos jornalistas entrevistados considera que possui total liberdade em seu meio de comunicação e que os principais limitantes procedem do nível do sistema, concretamente da atual legislação em comunicação.

Este artículo muestra los resultados obtenidos sobre el nivel de autonomía profesional que los periodistas ecuatorianos perciben en su trabajo diario y los principales limitantes que encuentran basados en los niveles o factores de influencia. Este estudio se enmarca dentro del proyecto Cultura Periodística de Ecuador (CPE) en el que se realizaron 31 entrevistas en profundidad a periodistas en activo de 6 medios de comunicación nacionales (públicos, privados y comunitarios). La autonomía profesional es uno de los principales valores que determinan el nivel de profesionalización del periodismo y el profesionalismo de los periodistas al estar directamente vinculada a los conceptos de autorregulación, libertad de expresión e independencia. Esta situación provoca que las influencias percibidas por los periodistas —procedentes de los niveles de actor, institución y sistemas (Oller y Meier, 2012)— afecten directamente a su libertad de acción profesional y, por lo tanto, a sus índices de autonomía. Los resultados muestran que la mayor parte de los periodistas entrevistados considera que posee total libertad en su medio de comunicación y que los principales limitantes proceden del nivel del sistema, concretamente de la actual legislación en comunicación. ; Este artigo mostra os resultados obtidos sobre o nível de autonomia profissional que os jornalistas equatorianos percebem em seu trabalho diário e os principais limitantes que encontram baseados nos níveis ou fatores de influência. Este estudo enquadra-se dentro do projeto Cultura Jornalística do Equador (CPE -Cultura Periodística de Ecuador) no qual se realizaram 31 entrevistas em profundidade a jornalistas de 6 meios de comunicação nacionais (públicos, privados e comunitários). A autonomia profissional é um dos principais valores que determinam o nível de profissionalização do jornalismo e o profissionalismo dos jornalistas ao estar diretamente vinculada aos conceitos de auto regulação, liberdade de expressão e independência. Esta situação provoca que as influências percebidas pelos jornalistas, procedentes dos níveis de ator, instituição e sistemas (Oller e Meier, 2012), afetem diretamente a sua liberdade de ação profissional e, portanto, a seus índices de autonomia. Os resultados mostram que a maior parte dos jornalistas entrevistados considera que possui total liberdade em seu meio de comunicação e que os principais limitantes procedem do nível do sistema, concretamente da atual legislação em comunicação. ; This article shows the results about the perception of the level of professional autonomy of Ecuadorian journalists in their daily work and major constraints that are based on influence factors. This study is part of the project Culture Journalism of Ecuador ( cje) in which 31 journalists within 6 media (public, private and communitarian) were interviewed. Professional autonomy is one of the main values that determine the level of professionalism in journalism, which is directly linked to the concepts of self-regulation, freedom of speech and independence. This situation causes that influences perceived by the journalists —from the actor level, institution level and system level (Oller & Meier, 2012)— directly affct their professional freedom of action and, therefore, their rates of autonomy. The results show that most of the journalists interviewed considered to have complete freedom in their media and that the main constraints come from the system levels, specifically the current legislation in communication.

The current combination of economic recession and info-technological revolution is drastically affecting the working environment of journalists and challenging their autonomy more than ever. This article focuses on how journalists in specific European countries perceive professional autonomy and analyzes the various factors that affect such autonomy. Continuity and discontinuity in journalism cultures are factors that can help us to understand the barriers to media independence and the occupational freedom of journalists. Periods of political and economic instability or crisis can bring about a break down in professional values, the loss of whole journalistic communities, and abrupt changes to journalistic practices, all of which have a detrimental impact on journalistic autonomy. Our analysis leads us to suggest that an integrated media policy should not focus solely on discrete elements observable within media systems and practices (such as ownership structures, public service broadcasting, etc.) but should also support invisible configurations of various attributes and practices (such as aspects of professionalization, ethical considerations, and education) that influence the journalistic culture and enhance the quality of journalism over time. ; peerReviewed

Although many theories have been developed and a great amount of research has been conducted on autonomy and professional discretion, knowledge on the extent to which fear of being subjected to workplace violence might restrict such autonomy and professional discretion being used is limited. This article draws on a survey study (N=1,236) and compares the experiences of workplace violence of Swedish social workers, teachers and journalists. The aim of the article is to determine how digitalisation could be linked to workplace violence and also determine the extent to which workplace violence could affect the autonomy and professional discretion of these professional groups and prevent them from carrying out their democratic role. The results show the differences regarding where and how these professionals received threats and provides an alarming picture of the implications of such threats. 40% of the respondents had considered stopping working on a specific social problem, topic, target group, or task due to their fear of being subjected to hate, threats and harassment. ; Sociologisk Forsknings digitala arkiv

The medical services have undergone substantial changes over the past decades, and the design and content of health care have been determined by economic programmes, streamlining, and rationalization. The calls to cut costs and implement reorganizations have come largely from politicians and have been handled by middle and high-level managers. Advances in medicine and technology have led to heavier burdens on staff, and another challenge concerns having to deal with patients who are more knowledgeable and demanding than was previously the case. Therefore, health care professionals are required to carry out more tasks simultaneously, and they also have to contend with additional obligations to different stakeholders. The main objective of the research underlying this thesis was to gain a better understanding of how medical and health care personnel are affected by having multiple obligations, which can even be conflicting in relation to these professionals themselves, their patients, and their employers. To identify and elucidate the experiences of care personnel in this context, data were collected by use of an open interview form in the first study and by performing in-depth interviews in the three subsequent investigations. The gathered data were assessed by content analysis in Study 1, by grounded theory in Studies 2 and 3, and by modified analytic induction in Study 4. All of the participants in the four investigations had in common the fact that they were licensed practitioners in various fields of medicine and health care, and thus they were responsible their own professional conduct. The first study included 42 resident physicians, and the results showed that these professionals were highly engaged in their work and were satisfied with their career choice, but they had mixed emotions about their work situation. It was clear they needed confirmation, more support, and greater opportunity for reflection under stressful working conditions. The eight participants in the second study represented all levels in one psychiatric care organization, which was being reorganized with respect to the authorities in charge, as well as the treatment strategies in use. It became apparent that a change in a theoretical frame of reference or a revision of internal obligations proceeded according to a completely different timetable compared to a more technical transformation of a method or an external change in the organization. Professional autonomy and authority were threatened, and professional identity was shaken. Ten middle managers took part in the third study. They had developed strategies and above all a personalprofessional maturity that gave them non-negotiable independence and authority. They were guided by their basic values, respect, and integrity in relation to how they perceived themselves, their personnel, and their patients, and even with regard to their own superiors and the organization in which they worked. The fourth study included 13 clinicians who served as both teachers and researchers, and had several formal commissions and different employers. These individuals had an extremely complicated and demanding work situation, but they felt that the various tasks they performed enhanced each other. They got feedback on their work, and their authority was not questioned. Furthermore, the work they did was stimulating and challenging, and led to self-development. The medical and health care services will be continually restructured to meet the demands of patients and society. One of the most important challenges is to make this an attractive area of work, so that the personnel will not want to leave. Health care professionals are not going to stand idly by while their autonomy and authority are undermined, rendering them a mere cog in an industrialized health care system. They want to contribute their expertise, and when they feel they are appreciated and treated with respect, they become involved in and committed to both the organization and their original mission to give their patients the best possible care.

The current combination of economic recession and info-technological revolution is drastically affecting the working environment of journalists and challenging their autonomy more than ever. This article focuses on how journalists in specific European countries perceive professional autonomy and analyzes the various factors that affect such autonomy. Continuity and discontinuity in journalism cultures are factors that can help us to understand the barriers to media independence and the occupational freedom of journalists. Periods of political and economic instability or crisis can bring about a break down in professional values, the loss of whole journalistic communities, and abrupt changes to journalistic practices, all of which have a detrimental impact on journalistic autonomy. Our analysis leads us to suggest that an integrated media policy should not focus solely on discrete elements observable within media systems and practices (such as ownership structures, public service broadcasting, etc.) but should also support invisible configurations of various attributes and practices (such as aspects of professionalization, ethical considerations, and education) that influence the journalistic culture and enhance the quality of journalism over time.

Although many theories have been developed and a great amount of research has been conducted on autonomy and professional discretion, knowledge on the extent to which fear of being subjected to workplace violence might restrict such autonomy and professional discretion being used is limited. This article draws on a survey study (N=1,236) and compares the experiences of workplace violence of Swedish social workers, teachers and journalists. The aim of the article is to determine how digitalisation could be linked to workplace violence and also determine the extent to which workplace violence could affect the autonomy and professional discretion of these professional groups and prevent them from carrying out their democratic role. The results show the differences regarding where and how these professionals received threats and provides an alarming picture of the implications of such threats. 40% of the respondents had considered stopping working on a specific social problem, topic, target group, or task due to their fear of being subjected to hate, threats and harassment.

The nursing professionalization is still a work in progress, especially because forms of medical dominance and conflicts with other health professions often undermine its professional autonomy. This article contributes to the understanding of the relationship between professionalization and autonomy building in the health professions by presenting the case of Italian nursing, where medical dominance, supported by the legal system, is the main factor preventing nursing from achieving professional autonomy. The work aims particularly to understand how professionalization and professional autonomy can follow two parallel and sometimes opposite paths toward building the nursing profession, and the role of academic knowledge and specialized roles to legitimize and strengthen professional autonomy. The analysis draws on the literature addressing professionalization, professional autonomy, and medical dominance, as well as various sources on Italian nursing. They include national legislation, research literature, and national sociological surveys on Italian nurses.