Suchergebnisse

El problema del desarrollo económico, al desmedro de los estándares ambientales por medio del comercio internacional, se refleja a través de la teoría económica del refugio de contaminación. A fin de establecer si Chile es un país refugio de contaminación, se realizó un estudio de caso mediante el método sistemático de los elementos que conforman el concepto conocido como pollution haven. La presencia de estos elementos deja en evidencia que, a pesar de la restructuración de la institucionalidad ambiental, el país aún posee un estándar deficiente luego de la persistencia de una protección preventiva débil del medio ambiente y la existencia de normativa y políticas públicas que colocan al entorno en subordinación del desarrollo económico. ; The problem of international trade based economic development which occurs surpassing the environmental standards is reflected in the theory of pollution haven. To establish whether Chile is in fact a pollution haven we dissect the elements constituting the concept and empirically prove the presence of the phenomenon. Despite the recent restructuring of environmental protection institutions, the Chile still appears to be attractive for the polluting and natural resource extraction based industries. We employ a systematic approach based on qualitative legislation and jurisprudence analysis to prove that the structural weaknesses coupled with an active fostering of direct foreign investment evidence the pollution haven phenomenon in Chile.

A detailed Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Chile is developed for the year 2017. The main data source for developing the SAM is the Central Bank of Chile, from which a 2017 Inputoutput Table (IOT), the national accounts and the Integrated Economic Table (IET) are obtained. Additional sources are used to disaggregate the accounts for the SAM, including household and labor surveys. The developed SAM includes 24 activities, 37 commodities, three production factors (capital and two types of labor classified by skill level), enterprises, households (disaggregated to five income quintiles), the government, 4 types of taxes, investment, stock changes, margins, and rest of the world. To allow detailed representation of the agricultural sector, agriculture is disaggregated into 12 activities and 24 commodities, while industry and services are represented by three and 9 subsectors, respectively.

Three key characteristics help shed light on Chile's development performance. First, strong institutions and sound macroeconomic policies have contributed to long-term economic growth. Second, market-oriented policies have boosted growth through productivity-enhancing reforms and helped improve the design of public services and social policy. Third, as the world's biggest copper producer and exporter, Chile is characterized by commodity dependence. These characteristics have helped the government achieve an average annual growth rate of almost 5 percent over the last 30 years, while reducing the poverty rate to less than 8 percent. Chile's middle class is one of the largest in Latin America; yet, inequality remains substantial. Economic development has led to a steep increase in life expectancy and a decline in fertility rates. Indeed, though relatively less than other countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Chile is advanced in the demographic transition, which pose important challenges to economic growth and labor productivity.

In this study, we identify institutional factors and processes that foster local government decisions about disaster risk reduction, especially critical infrastructure investments and maintenance. We propose that municipal institutional capacities, organization, leadership, and multilevel governance will affect critical infrastructure investments by local governments. To examine these ideas, we employ qualitative analysis to compare two representative medium&ndash ; sized cities in Chile. Our results suggest that there are two main institutional factors that constitute the foundation for improvements in critical infrastructure in Chile: municipal institutional context and the local administration&rsquo ; s links with decision makers at higher levels of governance. These results imply that future interventions to strengthen local government efforts for disaster risk reduction in terms of critical infrastructures would benefit from a pre-intervention diagnosis of the target location&rsquo ; s existing institutional context and linkages with external governance actors.

This paper examines the link between multinational enterprises and plant exit in Chile. We investigate three main questions: are affiliates of foreign multinationals more likely to exit than domestic firms? Does the exit probability of multinationals depend on its export orientation?, and Does the presence of multinationals affect the survival of other firms in the economy? Our results show that foreign plants are more likely to exit the economy, controlling for other firm and industry characteristics, only during the late 1990s, a period when the Chilean economy experience a massive slowdown. Our data also suggest that only domestic market oriented multinationals responded to this negative shock by being more "footloose"; this is not true for multinational exporters. We also find that the presence of multinationals has a positive effect on plant survival in the early 1990s. This positive effect, however, is fully captured by productivity, once controlling for TFP in our exit regressions we do not find any further impact of multinational presence on a plant's probability of exit. -- Exit ; survival ; multinationals ; foreign direct investment ; exporting

AbstractParticipatory budgeting emerged in Latin America, specifically in Brazil in the year 1989, expanding gradually along the continent. Its implementation has been varied in the different countries as well as in each one of them. Chilean experiences of participatory budgeting have been mostly in municipalities. More than 40 municipalities of different political affiliations developed since 2001 participatory budgets and maintained it to date. This article describes and analyzes the only case of participatory budgeting at the regional level in Chile, developed since 2014 in Los Ríos region. The paper aims to explore the institutional design and conditioning factors in its development in order to identify the factors that influence democratic processes in public investment at the regional level. As main result, as well as in the municipal experiences, the predominant factor in the origin and development of participatory budgeting is the government's political will. However, the initial empowerment of social leaders was decisive for this participatory mechanism no to been used as a cooptation strategy or as a renewal of political clientelism at territorial level, as it has been shown in most cases of this nature both in Chile and in Latin America. The methodology applied was the study of case. The methodological proposal on categorization of "origin and conditioning factors" of the participatory budgeting elaborated by Goldfrank (2006) and Cabannes (2004) and later merged into the work of Montecinos (2012 and 2014) was take as reference.

Through a case study to advertisers who have been faced with complaints involving its reputation, this article seeks to explore the relationship between pluralism and advertising, identifying possible risks to the Media dependence on advertising investment. From a quantitative and qualitative analysis warns that the influence of the warning on the environment is diffuse, not given directly but assumed as implicit, which involved highly complex political, commercial and professional practice, which has a major impact on content production and generation of a public discussion space. ; A través de un estudio de caso a empresas anunciantes que se han visto enfrentadas a denuncias que afectan su reputación, este artículo busca explorar la relación entre pluralismo informativo y publicidad, identificando los posibles riesgos que conlleva para el medio su dependencia de la inversión publicitaria. Como resultado de un análisis tanto cuantitativo como cualitativo, se advierte que la influencia del avisador sobre el medio es difusa, no se da de forma directa sino que se asume como algo implícito, de alta complejidad donde intervienen dimensiones políticas, comerciales y de práctica profesional, lo que impacta en la producción de contenidos y en la generación de un espacio de discusión pública.

Through a case study to advertisers who have been faced with complaints involving its reputation, this article seeks to explore the relationship between pluralism and advertising, identifying possible risks to the Media dependence on advertising investment. From a quantitative and qualitative analysis warns that the influence of the warning on the environment is diffuse, not given directly but assumed as implicit, which involved highly complex political, commercial and professional practice, which has a major impact on content production and generation of a public discussion space. ; A través de un estudio de caso a empresas anunciantes que se han visto enfrentadas a denuncias que afectan su reputación, este artículo busca explorar la relación entre pluralismo informativo y publicidad, identificando los posibles riesgos que conlleva para el medio su dependencia de la inversión publicitaria. Como resultado de un análisis tanto cuantitativo como cualitativo, se advierte que la influencia del avisador sobre el medio es difusa, no se da de forma directa sino que se asume como algo implícito, de alta complejidad donde intervienen dimensiones políticas, comerciales y de práctica profesional, lo que impacta en la producción de contenidos y en la generación de un espacio de discusión pública.

This article provides an account of the development of the casino industry in Chile. For most of the 1930s up to the 1980s the industry remained stagnant and restricted to a few locations. From 1990 the industry grew, but in particular after 2005 following a new law that permitted the creation of new casinos in all regions, with the main aim of promoting tourism. The new casinos had to operate as part of an "integral project," which included sizable investments in the tourism sector. This was a novel business development strategy. The new industry attracted old and new investors, including foreign operators, who often associated with Chilean business groups, providing the resources needed to finance these developments and enjoying healthy profits for most of the period.