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This literature review seeks to answer the question: What is the role of historical narratives in constructing the post-conflict citizen? The author explores some of the sociopolitical implications of telling a particular narrative as a tool for making sense of the past, the present, and the future, as well as a key element in the subjectification of the post-conflict citizenry. This is, the creation of new subjectivities, roles, expectations, and codes of conduct consistent with the goal of national reconstruction. The author delves into three main areas: 1) the normative post-conflict citizen 2) the different types of historical narratives and their deployment for citizenship formation 3) youth's engagement and responses to historical narratives and civic subjectification. Conclusions point to some of the challenges and opportunities that Colombia –as one of the most recent cases of political transition– might face in relation to historical narratives, post-conflict citizenship, and peacebuilding efforts.

Cover -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Maps -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- PART I: INTRODUCTION -- 1 International Power and Crisis Management -- The lunacy of war -- The power and motivation of national leaders -- The foundations of international power -- Ideology, religion and power -- Crisis management -- PART II: POWER IN HISTORY -- 2 Historical Roots of International Conflict -- Civilization and human conflict -- Cities, states and empires -- The growth of European power -- Industrialization -- Imperialism and nationalism -- Revolution, socialism and democracy -- 3 The Balance of Power -- The Congress of Vienna -- The revolutions of 1848 -- Four more French revolutions -- Cavour, Bismarck and Napoleon III -- The Franco-Prussian War -- The Balance of Power -- Achievements of the Congress of Vienna: 1815-1914 -- 4 The Outbreak of the First World War -- An explosive mixture -- The Kaiser and the German Navy -- Sarajevo -- Mobilization timetables -- The people who started the war -- 5 The Rise of Hitler -- Wilson's Fourteen Points and the Treaty of Versailles -- The failure of the League of Nations -- Versailles as the creator of Hitler -- Germany, Italy and Japan -- Hitler's war -- Whose fault? -- PART III: CRISIS AND CONFLICT UNDER THE NUCLEAR UMBRELLA -- 6 The Cold War -- The birth of the nuclear era and the Cold War -- Stalin and the peak of the Cold War: 1948-53 -- The Khrushchev era: 1953-64 -- Brezhnev and the arrival of Gorbachev: 1964-85 -- 7 Czechoslovakia and Berlin 1948 -- The Communist coup in Czechoslovakia -- The Berlin blockade -- 8 Cuba 1962 -- Khrushchev's gamble -- Anatomy of the crisis -- Crisis management -- 9 The First Arab-Israeli Wars 1948-67 -- The foundation of Israel -- The Suez War of 1956 -- The Six Day War of 1967 -- Assessment -- 10 The Arab-Israeli War of 1973 -- Sadat's Initiative for Peace.

That humanitarian rules were applicable in armed conflicts was accepted long before the nineteenth century, but the fact that non-international armed conflicts were regarded as beyond the ambit of international regulation meant that the application of such norms to internal armed conflicts was certainly not a matter of course. Towards the end of the eighteenth century there had been a move towards the application of the laws of warfare to non-international armed conflicts as well as international conflicts, but this was based on the character of the conflicts and the fact that both were often of a similar magnitude, rather than any humanitarian concern to treat the victims of both equally. Not until the nineteenth century did the application of the laws of war to non-international armed conflicts become a widespread issue in international law.

International boundaries are man made separation lines which divided between more then 200 different states which exist to day all over our globs. Anyhow, all of today's boundaries were created in the past; sometimes some years ago, sometimes some decades ago and some boundaries were even established some hundred years ago. By this, they are legitimate targets for historical geography research. ; Tomasz Wiskulski

The ongoing War on Terror and the rise of nonstate actors in armed conflicts around the world have led both critics and proponents of international law to argue the Geneva Conventions currently governing warfare are no longer relevant. Yet what are the prospects for a new Geneva Convention to take hold in the international community? In order to begin to address this issue, I examine the factors influencing the decision of states to commit to the existing laws of war. Using an event history analysis of the ratification of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and 1977 Additional Protocols I and II, I find formative events involving past experience with war, as well as several other domestic and external factors, shape the incentives to commit to international law. In particular, far from pushing war-torn states to join international agreements in the hopes of mitigating the costs of armed conflict, the legacy of war makes states less willing to be constrained by international humanitarian law. The findings have implications for the role of formative events on incentives for international cooperation and foreshadow that the path toward widespread acceptance of any new Geneva Convention, should one ever be negotiated, would likely be formidable. Adapted from the source document.

Die größer gewordene internationale Interdependenz hat auch das Konfliktpotential in Bereichen wie Handel, Umwelt, Wettbewerb, aber auch dem der Menschenrechte steigen lassen. In den letzten Jahren sind einige neue internationale Gerichte geschaffen worden, um Konflikte lösen zu helfen. Die Beiträge in diesem Band fragen nach Erfolgsbedingungen dieser Gerichte, aber auch nach der Notwendigkeit weiterer Gerichte.InhaltsübersichtPreface of the Editors – Stefan Voigt: Introduction – Daniel Sutter: The Deterrent Effects of the International Criminal Court – Kai Ambos: Comment – Anne van Aaken: Making International Human Rights Protection More Effective: A Rational-Choice Approach to the Effectiveness of Provisions for Ius Standi – Stefan Oeter: Comment – Eric Neumayer: Do international human rights treaties improve respect for human rights? – Lars P. Feld: Comment – Eric A. Posner: The Decline of the International Court of Justice – Gralf-Peter Calliess: Comment – Tom Ginsburg: International Judicial Lawmaking – Dieter Schmidtchen: Comment – Cesare P.R. Romano: International Courts and Tribunals: Price, Financing and Output – Wolfgang Kerber: Comment – Laurence R. Helfer: Why States Create International Tribunals: A Theory of Constrained Independence – Stefan Voigt: Comment – George Tridimas: The relevance of confederate structures in the judicial architecture of the Draft EU Constitution – Hans-Bernd Schäfer: Comment – Justus Haucap, Florian Müller and Christian Wey: How to Reduce Conflicts Over International Antitrust? – Karl M. Meessen: Comment – Wilfried Hinsch and Markus Stepanians: International Justice and the Problem of Duty Allocation – Max Albert: Comment

Criticizes Carl Schmitt's analysis of liberal universalistic international law. Schmitt's method for contrasting contemporary realities with an idealized "golden age" of international relations is analyzed with attention to his references to Thomas Hobbes & examples of historical distortions. L. Collins Leigh

Frontmatter --Contents --Acknowledgements --A Note to the Reader --Introduction /Esman, Milton J. / Telhami, Shibley --PART I. The Role of International Organizations in the Post-Cold-War Era --1. A Survey of Interventions /Esman, Milton J. --2. The Past, the Present, and the Future Prospects /Donnelly, Jack --3. Anomie, System Reform, and Challenges to the UN System /Hopkins, Raymond F. --PART II. The Case of Lebanon --4. The Case of Nineteenth- Century Lebanon /Khalaf, Samir --5. The Domestic Context and Perspectives in Lebanon /Hudson, Michael C. --6. How Peace Keeping Becomes Intervention: Lessons from the Lebanese Experience /Weinberger, Naomi --PART III. The Case of Yugoslavia --7. Historical Roots of the Yugoslav Conflict /Gagnon, V. P. --8. Redrawing Borders in a Period of Systemic Transition /Woodward, Susan L. --9. The International Community and the Yugoslav Crisis /Burg, Steven L. --PART IV. Conclusion --10. An Outline of a Comparison Between Yugoslavia and Lebanon /Preisler, Barry --11. Changing Roles /Telhami, Shibley --References --Contributors --Index