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The French electoral system, which concerns «political» elections, is marked by several fundamental features. The most remarkable is undoubtedly the presidential election, which is THE electoral moment in France and which conditions the life of the political regime of the Fifth Republic. Beyond that, respect for equal suffrage, the links with nationality and the exercise of legislative power to define the voting methods of the various elections are the highlights of electoral matters. It is also important to take into account the reforms that have been carried out in this area, with regard to the objective of electoral parity or the reconfiguration of parliamentary elections, which is currently being reflected in a draft constitutional law and a draft organic law designed to promote the renewal of democratic life and the moralization of public life. ; El sistema electoral francés, que se refiere a las elecciones «políticas», tiene varias características fundamentales. La más destacada es sin duda la elección presidencial, que es EL momento electoral en Francia y que condiciona la vida del régimen político de la Quinta República. Además, el respeto de la igualdad de sufragio, los vínculos con la nacionalidad y la competencia legislativa para regular los métodos de votación de las distintas elecciones son los aspectos más destacados en materia electoral. También es importante tener en cuenta las reformas a las que ha sido sometido, en relación con el objetivo de la paridad electoral o la reconfiguración de las elecciones parlamentarias, que actualmente se está reflejando en un proyecto de ley constitucional y una ley orgánica destinada a promover la renovación de la vida democrática y la moralización de la vida pública.The French electoral system, which concerns «political» elections, is marked by several fundamental features. The most remarkable is undoubtedly the presidential election, which is THE electoral moment in France and which conditions the life of the political regime of the Fifth Republic. Beyond that, respect for equal suffrage, the links with nationality and the exercise of legislative power to define the voting methods of the various elections are the highlights of electoral matters. It is also important to take into account the reforms that have been carried out in this area, with regard to the objective of electoral parity or the reconfiguration of parliamentary elections, which is currently being reflected in a draft constitutional law and a draft organic law designed to promote the renewal of democratic life and the moralization of public life.

After the fall of the communist regime, Romania chose to adopt a very inclusive electoral system, namely PR with low threshold and a guaranteed representation of minorities. Since then, the story of the Romanian electoral system is the story of a movement to make the electoral law less inclusive. Legal thresholds have been introduced and raised, and proposals to shift to a majoritarian system are gaining ground among Romanian politicians. In this article, the main motivations pushing for a less inclusive electoral law are examined. It appears that the largest Romanian parties hope the reform will strengthen their political representation. Yet, by proposing a less inclusive electoral law, they are playing a risky game in a political system still marked by high electoral volatility. Furthermore, the dominant model of democracy that guides the choice of electoral rules has evolved. The new model of democracy gives a reduced role to parties and a bigger role to individual politicians. Finally, the memory of the democratic interwar period is losing influence among the Romanian political elite. Consequently, the proportional representation (PR) system in use during this period is losing its attractiveness. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Although there have been many analyses of the phenomenon of 'manufactured majorities,' ie, those where a party wins a majority of seats on a minority of the popular vote, there has been much less analysis of situations where this party in fact comes in second in the popular vote. This article analyzes such 'spurious majorities' by assessing all such outcomes in democratic parliamentary elections. Spurious majorities have essentially been a phenomenon of Commonwealth elections, especially in Australian states & to a lesser extent Canadian provinces. Spurious majorities tend to occur in two-&-a-half-party systems with relatively close vote totals between the two main parties, in elections that do not use party list proportional representation. They arise from both malapportionment & 'the equivalent of gerrymandering.' Despite their unfairness, spurious majorities have rarely led to substantive electoral system change. 1 Table, 1 Figure. Adapted from the source document.

The article focuses on the electoral thoughts and ideas of Ambedkar, Gandhi and Patel. Dr Ambedkar's efforts for the implementation of representative electoral system have been discussed, along with the evolution of electoral methods that determines every election in India. The article highlights the shortcomings of electoral methods adopted in India as socially marginalized groups and classes have always been underrepresented or represented inappropriately. The article also discusses the functioning of different electoral methods such as two round system and proportional representation system. The present electoral system adopted in India needs to be reformed as per Ambedkar's electoral ideas to ensure representative, inclusive and equitable democracy.

Patrick Dunleavy examines a topic of foundational importance for any liberal democracy– how well does the electoral system (in this case the Westminster plurality rule, aka 'first-past-the-post') convert votes into seats? A sudden growth in two-party support in 2017 allowed the UK's ancient voting system to work far more proportionately. But is this outcome a one-off blip, or the start of a new long-term trend?

Cover -- Contents -- List of Tables -- Acknowledgements -- Foreword -- List of Contributors -- Part 1 Introduction -- 1 The Strategy and History of Electoral System Choice -- Part 2 The Americas -- 2 The Americas: General Overview -- 3 Argentina: Compromising on a Qualified Plurality System -- 4 Brazil: Democratizing with Majority Runoff -- 5 Costa Rica: Modifying Majoritarianism with 40 per cent Threshold -- 6 Mexico: Designing Electoral Rules by a Dominant Party -- 7 The United States: the Past - Moving from Diversity to Uniform Single-Member Districts -- 8 The United States: the Future - Reconsidering Single-Member Districts and the Electoral College -- Part 3 Western Europe -- 9 Western Europe: General Overview -- 10 France: Reform-mongering Between Majority Runoff and Proportionality -- 11 Germany: Partisan Engineering of Personalized Proportional Representation -- 12 Italy: Lofty Ambitions and Unintended Consequences -- 13 Spain: from Civil War to Proportional Representation -- 14 Sweden: Introducing Proportional Representation from Above -- 15 Switzerland: Introducing Proportional Representation from Below -- 16 The United Kingdom: Reforming the Westminster Model -- Part 4 Eastern Europe -- 17 Eastern Europe: General Overview -- 18 The Baltics: Independence with Divergent Electoral Systems -- 19 The Czech Republic: Entrenching Proportional Representation -- 20 Hungary: Compromising Midway on a Mixed System -- 21 Poland: Learning to Manipulate Electoral Rules -- 22 Russia: Compromising a Long-Lasting Transitional Formula -- Part 5 Africa -- 23 Africa: Dictatorial and Democratic Electoral Systems since 1946 -- 24 Africa: Electoral Systems in Emerging Democracies -- 25 South Africa: Proportional Representation in the Puzzle to Stabilize Democracy -- Part 6 Asia and the Pacific -- 26 Asia and the Pacific: General Overview.

Initially the paper will treat the history of pluralist elections held in Macedonia since its independence and the establishment of a democratic system after 1991 and throughout the democratic transition until today. Given the fact that elections determine the character of the political regime of the country, Macedonia so far has applied several electoral systems. Majoritarian system in the allocation of seats in parliament was initially implemented, then combined election system, followed by current proportional system of elections. These frequent reforms in the electoral system in Macedonia have come as a result of dissatisfaction of opposition with manipulation of electoral processes that have been held so far. Almost every new legislature of the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia has by chosen by a new electoral law or amendments to the current election law. Currently, in the Republic of Macedonia, talks to change the current Electoral Code backed by the European Commission are being held. Requests for change, initiated by the opposition, are dealing with the number of electoral units, the issue of open voting lists, applying the mechanisms and guarantees to ensure the impossibility of fraud in the electoral process. The purpose of this research is to give a contribution through the scientific arguments in order to identify the best modalities of the electoral system in Macedonia relying on political, social, psychological factors, including the citizen's awareness.