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Aims: derived from a larger exploration in podiatric specialisation, the research aims relevant to this presentation were to trace the evolution, change over time and impact of specialist titles Content: findings from extensive qualitative research employing a range of methodologies are presented. Content analysis elicited the range of podiatric specialist areas, when titles associated with specialisation entered the professional language of podiatry, how titles have been applied and changes to titles over time. Using diabetes as a clinical exemplar, findings from focus group and key actor interviews illustrate the impact of specialist titles. Via a criterion based, purposive sampling strategy informed respondents were accessed; in order to explore and build upon this baseline data, further informants were identified using snowball sampling. Respondents included podiatrists specialising in diabetes, diabetologists, NHS service managers and representatives from government and professional bodies. In addition to the research findings, social theories pertinent to the area of professional titles are briefly presented. Relevance: research encompassing the origins and effects of professional titles in podiatry has not previously been presented and, as an area, remains under debated within the literature. Whether working in the NHS where titles were greatly influenced by the implementation of Agenda for Change, or in private practice, clinicians experience the effects of their titles and while some have strongly held views on their appropriateness, many remain ambivalent. The demonstrable impact of titles leads to consideration of their potential for the informed user, be they podiatrist or manager. Outcomes: drawing on content analysis covering some sixty five years of job advertising in all of the main chiropody and podiatry journals, the presentation illustrates the emergence, changes over time and current uses of specialist titles in a range of areas. Against this background, titles assigned to podiatrists specialising in diabetes are explored. Findings from in depth key actor and focus group interviews elicit the impact of specialist titles, including changes to: accountability under the law, patients' access to services, clinicians' roles, how clinicians are perceived and services are designed. Discussion: the assignment of professional titles and how they are interpreted is moulded by historical, temporal, cultural and ideological influences. Within podiatry titles have evolved into more than simple descriptors; they have been used to convey concepts of differentiation, status and role. Titles have been employed both to mark new professional boundaries and to maintain existing demarcation. Their impact shapes the way in which practitioners, services and the profession are perceived, clinicians' accountability under the law; and crucially they influence patients' access to healthcare services. In the field of diabetes, podiatrists have been assigned numerous and varying titles, in particular use of the word "specialist" remains the subject of ongoing reflection and debate. Consideration of the wide reaching effects of professional titles, illuminated by social theory, remains an important area for podiatrists to address

В статье рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с политической борьбой в Государственном совете в годы Первой мировой войны, особенности деятельности правительства и организационной работы «Прогрессивного блока» во время общественно-политического кризиса 1915 года, влияние отдельных вопросов на целостность этого политического объединения. В годы Первой мировой войны в Государственном совете, верхней палате Парламента Российской империи, развернулась серьезная политическая борьба, по накалу часто не уступавшая борьбе в Государственной думе. Важной частью этого противостояния было создание в Государственном совете оппозиционного ядра, примыкавшего к «Прогрессивному блоку» и думской оппозиции. Осенью 1915 года, в момент острейшего политического кризиса, должны были пройти частичные выборы в Государственный совет. И в обычное время эти выборы приковывали к себе всеобщее внимание, так как давали представление о раскладе политических сил не только в верхней палате, но и среди избирателей, прежде всего в академических кругах, в дворянской среде и губернских земских собраниях. После присоединения «прогрессивных групп» Государственного совета к «Прогрессивному блоку» эти выборы стали той лакмусовой бумажкой, которая должна была продемонстрировать степень поддержки избирателями тех членов Государственного совета по выборам, которые активно выступали на политической сцене в момент зарождения «Прогрессивного блока». Кроме того, важно было показать общее настроение избирателей в вопросе поддержки «Прогрессивного блока», так как, голосуя за представителей «прогрессивных групп», они косвенно поддерживали и программу блока. ; The issues connected with political struggle in the State Council in the years of World War I, peculiarities of activity of the government and of the organizational operation of the "progressive bloc" during the Russian political crisis of 1915, influence of single challenges on integrity of this political association are considered in the article. In the years of World War I, in the State Council, which was the upper house of the Parliament of the Russian Empire, serious political struggle, which in terms of heat, often, did not concede to fight in the State Duma, unfolded. Creating the oppositional main body, siding with "The progressive bloc" and with the Duma opposition, in the State Council was an important part of this confrontation. In autumn 1915, during the acute political crisis, partial elections to the State Council were passing. Even in usual time, these elections would have riveted common attention on themselves, as they gave an idea of political spectrum not only in the upper house, but also among voters, first of all, in the academic circles, in the noble environment and in provincial territorial meetings. After the State Council's "progressive groups" accession to the "progressive bloc", these elections became the touchstone which had to show extent of support by voters of those members of the State Council at elections which actively appeared on the political scene at the time of origin of the "progressive bloc". Besides, it was important to show the general mood of voters in the question of support of the "progressive bloc" as, voting for the "progressive" groups' representatives, they indirectly supported the bloc's program as well.

In 2007, although Tennessee was (and still is) the third largest tobacco¬producing state, it enacted the Non¬Smoker Protection Act (NSPA), making most enclosed public and workplaces, and restaurants 100% smoke-free. This study triangulates archival documents with interviews, legislative debates and quantitative data for a stakeholder analysis of why and how the diverse interests in the state collaborated to develop the policy and identifies areas and opportunities for improvement. The study utilizes the policy cycle and stages of policy development approach and three public policy models – garbage can or multiple streams, policy networks, and socio¬economic influences – to give us understanding of the phases of the development of the NSPA – agenda-setting, legislative development, and implementation. While the dominant thesis for the origin of this smoke¬free policy (SFP) was government¬centered, the activities of non¬governmental actors, such as efforts by students of University of Tennessee in Knoxville to have smoke¬free domitories and that of Campaign for Healthy and Responsible Tennessee (CHART) to repeal preemption (nongovernmental¬centered thesis), and societal changes (bubble¬up thesis) contributed to its emergence. The SFP entered the state's policy agenda when the problem of tobacco use in the state (health consequences and costs) and policy solutions (including SFP) became coupled with favorable political circumstances involving Governor Phil Bredesen's unexpected announcement of support for a statewide SFP during smoke¬free state buildings bill signing ceremony in June 2006. This announcement created a window of opportunity for SFP change, which was seized by a change agent in the state, CHART. In February 2007, the Governor included SFP in the administration's legislative package for the 105th Legislative Session. Additionally, SFP bills were sponsored in both houses of the Legislature to make SFP a priority item on the state's policy agenda. The development of the NSPA was facilitated by factors, such as the administration's continuous support for the SFP, activities of CHART, public support for the SFP, U¬turn in the position of Tennessee Restaurant Association (now Tennessee Hospitality Association) to support 100% SFP and limited opposition from tobacco interests in the state. Although implementation of the NSPA has generally proceeded smoothly, about half of the stakeholders prefer that the exemptions are repealed, particularly those for age¬restricted venues, non¬enclosed areas of public places and private businesses with three or fewer employees. This study suggests that there is high level of knowledge on tobacco use (the problem) and control (policy solutions) in policy circles and the key remaining factors for policy change are favorable political environment and a change agent. The development of the NSPA suggests that proponents for policy change should know and understand their policy and political environment and be alert for any change that will facilitate the development of an SFP.

. Darba nosaukums: "Politiskās varas resursu vēsturiskās attīstības tendences" Sociālajās zinātnēs ir pieņemts uzskatīt, ka politiskā vara ir viens no politikas zinātnes centrālajiem jautājumiem. Darba gaitā tiek aprakstīta varas fenomena analīze dažādu pētnieku pieejās – četru tīklu teorija (Manns, Domhofs, daļēji arī Poggi), Plurālisms (Dāls), Elites teorija (Vēbers) u.c. teorijas, kā arī alternatīvas pieejas varas skaidrojumam, piemēram, Fuko un Ārendte. Situāciju, kad viena sabiedrības daļa savās interesēs egoistiski spēj pārvaldīt otru, nosaka politiskās varas resursu pārsvars valdošo aprindu rokās – taču šis apstāklis kropļo sabiedriskās atražošanās procesa humāno dabu. Darba mērķis ir noskaidrot kura no politiskās varas pastāvēšanas tendencēm gūst pārsvaru atsevišķos sabiedrības attīstības posmos, kā arī identificēt mūsdienu politiskās varas subjektu atbildīguma pakāpi viņu izvirzījušo un ar varu apveltījušo viņam pakārtoto iedzīvotāju priekšā. Mēģinājums atklāt šīs bīstamās un nevēlamās tendences iemeslus parādās darba hipotēzē: galveno varas resursu koncentrāciju šauras sabiedrības grupās nosaka zemu politiskās varas subjektu atbildīguma pakāpi viņu izvirzījušo un ar varu apveltījušo viņam pakārtoto iedzīvotāju priekšā. Lai pierādītu hipotēzi ir pētītas varas izpausmes dažādos sabiedrības attīstības posmos, saistībā atbildības attiecībām. Rezultātā secinot, ka darba uzstādījums bija pārāk plašs un ka varas tendences šāda darba ietvaros ir iespējams pētīt tikai kādā noteiktā laikā un telpā. Taču darbs atklāj, ka dažādos laikos un dažādās valstīs katra no tendencēm iegūst atšķirīgas izpausmes, tomēr jebkurā gadījumā – tieši varas resursu koncentrācija ir tas, kas nosaka zemu atbildības pakāpi. ; . The subject of my research is historical development tendencies of political power resources. It is one of the most important questions in political science. We can use this concept to explore almost all fields of politic. Yet it is very difficult to define concept of political power. Popular definition is generated by M. Weber – it is capability to realize own volition in some social relations, in the teeth of others opposition. Nevertheless, other theorists are criticizing this definition, because it does not explain origin of power as well as proposing other dimensions to analyze power. If we are looking at this question from historical point of view, there is assumption that political power has two tendencies: one leaded to accountable government, other is power concentration and lack of political accountability. In my opinion it is dangerous situation. The causes of such situation explain hypothesis of work: concentration of main resources of power in hands of narrow group of society is determined by low level of political accountability. Objective of this work is – to study which of tendencies of power relations getting superiority in historical development of society. To improve this concept I used consecutive theoretical base: Marks K., Mann M., Tofler E., Fuko M., Gidenss E. and others. There are three kinds of political power resources: informative, physical and economical. Political subjects had contented about those resources in time of three stages of history: agrarian, industrial and informative.

"Two major points can be raised regarding which I consider it to be necessary to reconsider Hollifield's thesis concerning the dilemma of liberal democracies in Controlling immigration. Both are based on the thesis that there is less continuity with respect to how the issue of immigration is politically dealt with and institutionalized in policy initiatives. Regarding the developments in Germany of the 1990th it is questionable to still speak about a dominant liberal consensus with a distinct commitment to human and civil rights in the field of immigration policy. The first argument is that processes of social exclusion have notably changed the legal rights for immigrants regarding both the formal requirements for immigration and the social and political rights that are granted to them once they have set foot into Germany. In particular, the dramatic drop in the figures of asylum seekers and immigrants of German origin over the last two years clearly shows that the nation-state still disposes of effective means to restrict immigration. These figures make manifest that at least to a considerable degree liberal states are able to regulate and control immigration. The basic mechanism by which the extremely rigid approach to immigration and political asylum is legitimized is the re-definition of the boundaries between members and non-members of the community. Today we are witnessing a new attempt to define the boundaries between the We and the Other both at the national and at the European level. The configuration of immigration politics and policy will not remain untouched by this development. In the 1990th this has created a consequential process of social exclusion of ethnically defined groups from equal access to societal resources and life chances. This aspect often escapes a perspective which primarily focuses on the policy debate and the resulting legal decisions. At least regarding a certain fraction of immigrants and asylum seekers this logic of exclusion has also become dominant in different policy areas and increasingly shapes the legal conditions and administrative restrictions under which these groups live in German society. This brings me to my second point regarding to which I think Hollifield's thesis of the stability of the liberal consensus needs to be revisited. There is a growing fraction of immigrants and asylum seekers that are systematically excluded from the liberal realm of humanitarian and civic rights. Manifestly, the liberal consensus does not refer to all immigrant groups and asylum seekers equally. Defining them by the status of being illegal this group is radically exempted from this consensus. In spite of the humanitarian rhetoric, the daily practice of dealing with immigrants shows that a right-based politics presupposes the decision of who is considered to be entitled to claim even the most fundamental rights." (extract)

Psychiatric sociol is discussed. Among psychiatrists & sociol'ts 3 diff positions exist: (1) those who deny the organic basis of functional mental disorders & interpret them solely in sociol'al & psychol'al terms (T. Szasz, E. Becker, & T. Scheff); (2) those who accept partially the sociol'al explanations for specific mental illnesses, but do not go so far as to say that existing psychotherapy would be of no benefit in treatment (H. Warren Dunham); & (3) those who feel that some 'unusual' soc situation (eg, a traumatic experience) disrupts body functioning to an unusual extent over a long period of time, & that the change in body functioning upsets the chemical balance within which the nervous system operates so that there are behavioral abnormalities. It is stated that sci may at a later point discover that what are now thought of as functional disorders may have a partially organic basis. It is equally possible that what are now thought of as organic mental disorders will be found to have a partially sociogenic or psychogenic origin. Some important discoveries to this effect have already been made. However, there are many aspects of psychiatric sociol that do not challenge the current organic or psychol'al interpretation of mental disorder. For each of these, various individual studies are discussed: (A) the `ecological' studies by R. E. Park & Ernest W. Burgess & their students at the U of Chicago in the 1920's; (B) the relation between SC & the incidence of schizophrenia as studied by A. Hollingshead & F. C. Redlich, SOCIAL CLASS AND MENTAL ILLNESS (see SA 6992); (C) the book PSYCHOSIS AND CIVILIZATION, by Herbert Goldhamer & Andrew Marshall, Glencoe, Ill: the Free Press, 1953; (D) the study of role relations in mental hosp's, in particular Alfred H. Stanton & Morris S. Schwartz, THE MENTAL HOSPITAL: A STUDY OF INSTITUTIONAL PARTICIPATION IN PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS AND TREATMENT, New York, NY: Basic Books, 1954; (E) the relationship of fan, members to the mental patients & their influence on the latter's mental state, as studied by a group of sociol'ts at the Nat'l Instit of Niental Health (see SA 3814, 3852, 3853, 3854, 3860, & 3861); (F) sample surveys of PO toward mental health, eg, John C. Nunally, POPULAR CONCEPTIONS OF MENTAL ILLNESS: THEIR DE- VELOPMENT AND CHANGE, New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1961; (G) educ'al efforts such as CLOSED RANKS: AN EXPERIMENT IN MENTAL HEALTH EDUCATION, by John & Elaine Cumming, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard U Press, 1957; & (H) the study of stress by Arnold M. Rose ('Mental Health Attitudes of Youth as Influenced by a Comic Strip,' see SA A0799). It is noted that sub-disciplines are developing rapidly for a variety of reasons. In the US, most of the psychiatric sociol'ts are members of the Society for the Study of Soc Problems, which publishes Social Problems. A theoretical gap between psychiatrists, psychol'ts & sociol'ts is noted. M. Maxfield.

Once featured on a Hungarian forint banknote, this engraving is a reproduction of one of the three female figures, symbolizing Peace (see banknote below). Isolated from its original context, the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing is responsible for this reproduction. While this print may not preserve the figure's origins, the decision to perpetuate this illustration alone speaks to timeless universal belief in peace as a something to imagine and strive for. Designed and engraved by Tyroler József, the banknote from which the figure originates represents a brief period in Hungary's history in which political reformer Lajos Kossuth inspired Hungary's struggle for independence from Austria. Born in 1822, much of József's early life is unknown until his move to Budapest in 1837. There, József learned how to design and engrave. Producing a number of illustrations for various newspapers, his most radical work was for the banknote designs he created between 1848 and 1849 in recognition of the Hungarian revolution during the time. The banknote which included this female figure was a two forint note, featuring Kossuth's signature who was at the time the governor-president of Hungary. Political reformer and journalist Lajos Kossuth rose through the ranks of power in Hungary during the 1840s, believing the country's liberty was contingent on its independence. Ultimately rising to the position of Minister of Finance, one of his major orders of business was to re-establish a separate coinage in an effort to create an independent national identity for Hungary, which he called "Kossuth notes." Leaning against a shield, the woman steadies herself to her left by placing her hand on a fasces. Echoing ancient Roman tradition, the fasces represents official authority, characterized by an ax head projecting from a bundle of wood tied together by a strap. The ax, however, is not present in this depiction of Peace, which may be influenced by the Roman custom to remove the ax when within the city's bounds, signifying the citizen's right to appeal a governmental ruling. Swords lying at her feet, Peace is illustrated here as both authoritative and accessible, clutching an olive branch as a direct symbol of Peace for the country of Hungary. Seamlessly reproduced, this small, intricate engraving offers a simple depiction of peace mythologized. By using traditional black ink in which to describe this figure, József was able to articulate the different textures and materials of her dress, shield, and weapons. After the revolution failed and Kossuth went into exile, the Austrian government demanded these notes be collected and destroyed. Few survived, however, allowing József's interpretation of peace to be reproduced in print form for a wider audience. —Stephanie Holstein ('18) From the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, New York. BE217 written on back of paper. p979 in top right corner of back of frame, BN112 and 1:23 in bottom left. $35.00 ; https://digital.kenyon.edu/arthistorystudycollection/1000/thumbnail.jpg

Esta Tesis tiene como tema la formación de asociaciones u otros formatos de proyectos colectivos, organizados para promover la enseñanza del Portugués como Lengua de Herencia para Brasileirinhos, niños hijos e hijas de inmigrantes brasileñas y brasileños en Europa. En el contexto inmigratorio, la referencia a una lengua materna, más la nacionalidad de origen de los padres traen a la luz interesantes señales diacríticas de identificación y autoafirmación, y estas cuestiones pueden emerger a partir de los intereses materiales y simbólicos mutuos, de la movilización de recursos y de la fuerza de los marcadores de diferenciación en la inmigración. También es importante señalar que la inmigración y la lengua están implicadas en las dimensiones globales de poder y los intereses de los Estados nacionales. Así, llegué a la principal pregunta ¿Cómo este fenómeno de la inmigración y de la enseñanza de la lengua de origen está relacionado con los procesos globales y las experiencias locales de movilizaciones sociales de las y los inmigrantes brasileños, como en el caso de esas organizaciones en Cataluña? El objetivo general de la Tesis fue analizar quiénes son, por qué se organizan y cómo actúan las inmigrantes brasileñas y brasileños que constituyen asociaciones-iniciativas en el exterior, con la motivación de promover la enseñanza a sus hijos de la llamada lengua de herencia, a partir de las experiencias concretas de tales asociaciones en Cataluña. Entre las metodologías, realicé: recogida de datos sobre la inmigración brasileña y sobre las políticas lingüísticas del portugués en los contextos inmigratorios; investigación bibliográfica, documental y de campo sobre la enseñanza del portugués como lengua de herencia; y trabajo de campo etnográfico junto a las iniciativas asociativas de inmigrantes con proyectos de enseñanza del brasileño como lengua de herencia. Los resultados de la investigación demuestran que estas iniciativas están localizadas en varias ciudades de Europa y de otras regiones del mundo donde hay presencia de inmigración brasileña. Son iniciativas constituidas, sobre todo, por mujeres-madres brasileñas que viven en el exterior con sus hijos. En la gran mayoría de los casos, ellas están casadas con personas de otra nacionalidad, formando familias de nacionalidades mixtas (brasileña y otra). Esas brasileñas presentan alto nivel de escolarización, recurso fundamental para legitimar, justificar y concientizar a las personas sobre la valorización de sus identidades y de la importancia de la Lengua de Herencia. Ellas proceden de varias regiones de Brasil, especialmente del sureste. Las iniciativas se presentan como espacios de vivencia y experiencias comunes, donde se afirman valores y tradiciones del grupo, además de presentarse como espacios donde lo que está en juego son las estrategias de construcción de identidades, de reconocimiento y de afirmación de ser brasileña o brasileño. A partir de estrategias múltiples de articulación para ganar conocimiento, reconocimiento y visibilidad, esas mujeres invierten en capacitación y formación académica y actúan en red. Además de las acciones locales, de los capitales sociales y simbólicos de esas mujeres, el poder de organización en red resultó fundamental para que adquirieran visibilidad, pues, de esta forma, comparten experiencias y fortalecen estrategias de reivindicación ante los órganos gubernamentales. ; This thesis has as its theme the formation of associations, or other formats of collective projects, that are organized to promote the teaching of Portuguese as a Heritage Language for Brasileirinhos, children who are sons and daughters of Brazilians immigrants in Europe. In the context of immigration, the reference to a mother tongue, plus the parents' nationality of origin bring to light interesting diacritical signs of identification and self-assertion, and these questions can emerge from mutual material and symbolic interests, these issues can emerge from mutual material and symbolic interests, the mobilization of resources, and the strength of markers of differentiation in immigration. It is also important to note that immigration and language are implied by the global dimensions of power and the interests of national states. Thus, I came to the main question: How are this phenomenon of immigration and the teaching of the language of origin related to the global processes and the local experiences of social mobilizations of Brazilian immigrants, as in the case of these organizations in Catalonia? The general objective of the Thesis was to analyze who they are, why they get organized, and how Brazilian immigrants that constitute associations/initiatives abroad deal with it, with the motivation to promote the so-called heritage language for their children, from the concrete experiences of such associations in Catalonia. Among the methodologies: I carried out: data collection on Brazilian immigration and Portuguese language policies in the context of immigration; bibliographic, documentary and field research on the teaching of Portuguese as a heritage language; and fieldwork with the associative initiatives of immigrants with projects of teaching the Brazilian language as a heritage language. The research results show that these initiatives are located in several cities in Europe and in the world where there is a presence of Brazilian immigration. These initiatives are constituted mainly by Brazilian women/mothers living abroad with their children. In the vast majority of cases, these women are married to people of another nationality, forming families of mixed nationalities (Brazilian and other). These Brazilians have a high level of schooling, a fundamental resource to legitimize, justify, and raise awareness about the value of their identities and the importance of the Heritage Language. They come from several regions of Brazil, mainly from the southeast region. The initiatives are presented as living spaces and common experiences, where they affirm the values and traditions of the group. In addition to presenting themselves as spaces where what is at stake are the strategies of building identities, recognition, and affirmation of being Brazilian. From multiple strategies of articulation to gain knowledge, recognition, and visibility, these women invest in training and the academic formation and act in a network. In addition to the local actions, the social and symbolic capitals of these women, the power of network organization was fundamental to gain visibility, because in this way they share experiences and strengthen strategies to make their claims to government agencies.

«Վիշապներ» կոչված կոթողներն իբրև Աստղիկ-Դերկետո դիցուհու արձաններ» մենագրությունը (Երևան, 1941) Մանուկ Աբեղյանի վերջին աշխատանքներից է, որում հեղինակն իր տեսակետներն է առաջարկում հնագիտական հուշարձան վիշապաքարերի և դրանց իմաստաբանության վերաբերյալ: Աշխատանքը գրվել է այն բանից հետո, երբ լույս է տեսել Բ. Պիոտրովսկու «Վիշապներ» գրքույկը (1939 թ.): Հոդվածում ցույց է տրվում, որ այս ձեռնարկման հիմքում ընկած էին մի կողմից անձնական հակասությունները Լենինգրադի հետ՝ «Սասունցի Դավիթ» էպոսի 1000-ամյակին նվիրված միջոցառումների կապակցությամբ (1939 թ.), մյուս կողմից էլ կարևորվում էր գիտական բանավեճը։ Դրանով բանագետը այլ տեսակետ էր հայտնում, քան հնագետները՝ տարանջատելով առասպելական և հնագիտական «վիշապ» հասկացությունները: Այստեղ կար ևս մեկ ու ավելի խոր պատճառ. Ն. Մառը (և իր դպրոցը) ու Մ. Աբեղյանը տարբեր գիտական աշխարհայացքների կրողներ էին: Մ. Աբեղյանը իր տեսությունները զարգացնում էր հիմնականում հնդեվրոպաբանության տեսանկյունից, մինչդեռ Ն. Մառը էապես դեմ էր հնդեվրոպաբաններին՝ նրանց հակադրելով իր «ասիանիկ» տեսությունը, որը կիրառում էր նաև հայագիտության բնագավառում, մասնավորապես՝ վիշապաքարերի երևույթը մեկնաբանելիս: Ներկայացվող հոդվածը անդրադարձ է կատարում քննարկվող գրքի ստեղծման յուրահատուկ հանգամանքներին՝ հենվելով արխիվային նյութերի և հուշագրությունների վրա:
Среди исследований великого арменоведа Манука Абегяна особое место занимают работы, касающиеся армянских народных верований и мифов, в которых важную роль играют «вишапы» (арм. дракон). Среди них – монография «Памятники, называемые «Вишапы» как статуи богини Астхик-Деркетто» (Ереван, 1941). На основе архивных материалов и мемуаров в настоящей работе рассматриваются специфические обстоятельства создания книги. Эта монография – ответ школе Н. Марра, хотя его имя в книге не затрагивается. Острие критики направлено на Б. Пиотровского, затем на Я. Смирнова. Работа была написана сразу после публикации брошюры «Вишапы» Б. Пиотровского (1939). Основой для написания книги, с одной стороны, послужили личные противоречия с Ленинградом или с И. Орбели в связи мероприятиями, посвященными 1000-летию эпоса «Давид Сасунский» (1939), а с другой – в своих теоретических воззрениях М. Абегян основывался на индоевропеистике, но придерживался иного мнения, нежели археологи, усматривая различия между мифическими и археологическими концепциями «вишапа». Здесь крылась еще одна более глубокая причина. Н. Марр (и его школа) и М. Абегян придерживались различных научных взглядов. Н. Марр, в сущности, был против индоевропеистов, которым он противопоставлял свою «азианическую» теорию, применяя ее в области арменоведения. Следовательно, с одной стороны, это была борьба разных школ, борьба за привилегии в арменоведении, а с другой – столкновение гигантов, способствующее развитию науки.
Among the studies of the great armenologist Manuk Abeghyan the works concerning the Armenian folk beliefs and myths are especially important, in which the "vishaps" (Arm. for dragon) play an essential role. Among such works is the monograph "Monuments called "Vishaps" as statues of the goddess Astghik-Derketto" (Yerevan, 1941). Based on the archive materials and memoirs, the present work focuses on the specific circumstances of the book's creation. The work is written as an answer to the school of N. Marr, though his name is scarcely touched within it. The main criticism is directed to B. Piotrovskiy, then to Y. Smirnov. The book was written just after the publication of B. Piotrrovskiy's brochure "Vishaps" (1939). In the background of this undertaking were the personal contradictions of M. Abeghyan with Leningrad or with H. Orbeli connected with the events dedicated to the 1000th anniversary of the epic "David of Sasun" (1939). On the other hand, through this publication a scientific debate was highlighted, in which M. Abeghyan had different opinion than the archeologists, separating the mythical and archaeological concepts of the "vishap". There was another deeper reason here too: N. Marr (with his school) and M. Abeghyan were the bearers of vari-ous scientific world-outlooks. M. Abeghyan developed his theories mainly from the point of view of Indo-European Studies, while N. Marr was essentially against the Indo-Europeanists to whom he opposed his "Asianique" theory by applying it also in the field of Armenology. Hence, on the one hand, this was a struggle of different schools, a struggle for the priveleges in Armenology, and on the other hand – a clash of gigantes, of which the science was moving forward.

[spa] La presente investigación se enmarca en el proyecto IMPACT-EV: Evaluating the impact and outcomes of EU SSH research (2014-2017), financiado por el Programa Marco de la Unión Europea orientado a analizar el impacto social, científico y político en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades (SSH). En este sentido, la tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo específico responder si: ¿Existe investigación en sociología de la educación con impacto social?. En base a la revisión de las Actuaciones Educativas de Éxito (AEE) identificadas en el proyecto INCLUD-ED: Stretegies for inclusion and social cohesion in Europe from education (2006-2011), única investigación en SSH incluida en el listado de los 10 proyectos de más impacto de la Comisión Europea, se focalizan en presentar las claves para lograr una investigación con impacto social que otorgue beneficios y recompense a la sociedad: I. Investigación basada en los conocimiento validados por la comunidad científica internacional; II. Retorna al objetivo original de las Ciencias Sociales en servir a la sociedad, comprender las dinámicas sociales y buscar impacto y beneficio en la sociedad; III. Reconoce la inteligencia cultural de todos los individuos, respetando y contemplando la diversidad como una riqueza e incorpora todas las voces en plano de igualdad; IV. Entiende la educación como práctica de libertad y cambio social, buscando la mejora de los aprendizajes y de toda la comunidad educativa. Es así que, la investigación permite superar mitos educativos sobre la inversión económica, antecedentes familiares, capacidades psicológicas de los niños y niñas, entre otros elementos que se utilizan para justificar el fracaso escolar, resaltando el efecto transformador de la formación con bases científicas del profesorado y profesionales en el ámbito educativo. Así como también señalar la participación en toma de decisiones y educativas de la familia y comunidad en las escuelas. En línea a futuro, la tesis doctoral ve necesario avanzar en la evaluación del impacto social educativo, así como la medición del costo beneficio de las políticas educativas, estableciendo nexos mayores entre el ámbito científico y la población para maximizar el impacto social. ; [eng] This research is framed under the IMPACT-EV project: Evaluating the impact and outcomes of EU SSH research (2014-2017), funded by the European Union's Framework Program aimed at analyzing the social, scientific and political impact of Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) investigations. In this sense, the doctoral thesis specific objective is to answer to the follownig research question: Is there research in sociology of education with social impact? Based on the review of the Successful Educational Actions (SEA) identified by the INCLUD-ED project "Strategies for inclusion and social cohesion in Europe from education (2006-2011)", the only research project on social sciences highlighted by the European Commission among the 10 success stories of the EC Framework Programmes of Research, focuses on presenting the keys required to achieve a research with social impact that will benefit and contribute to the improvement of reward society:: I. Research based on the validated knowledge by the international scientific community; II. Takes up the original objective of the Social Sciences in serving society, understanding social dynamics and seeking impact and benefit in society; III. To recognize the cultural intelligence of all individuals, respecting and contemplating diversity as a richness and incorporating all voices on an equal footing; IV. To understand education as a practice of freedom and social change, seeking to improve learning and the entire educational community. Thus, this research allows us to overcome existing educational myths about economic investment, family background, psychological abilities of children, among other elements that are commonly used to justify school failure, highlighting the transforming effect of training with scientific bases of teachers and professionals in the educational field. As well as pointing out the family and community participation in decision making in schools. Areas for future research derived from this doctoral thesis are the evaluation of the educational social impact, as well as the measurement of the cost-benefit of educational policies, establishing greater links between the scientific field and the diverse publics in order to maximize social impact.

"This expansive volume stands as the definitive scholarly work on the global motorsport industry to date. The broad scope of subject matter is comprehensive, providing significant theoretical and empirical insights into the complex dynamics shaping the relationship between motorsport and society." Mark Lowes, Associate Professor in the Department of Communication, University of Ottawa, Canada This compelling collection deftly maps the social, political, and economic contours of racing from local grassroots events to such international spectacles as Formula One racing to provide much-needed, critical attention on motorsportswhich to date have received insufficient scholarly attention. Mary G. McDonald, Homer C. Rice Chair in Sports and Society, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA This book explores the history and politics of motor racing, one of the most popular and lucrative elements in the international sport industry. Written by a group of international scholars and motor racing specialists it discusses the sports origins, the relationship of motor racing to nation building and modernity (noting its links to fascism and dictatorship), the links between motor racing and the automobile industry, motor racing and the politics both of gender and of race, motor racing, the media and postmodernity, and motor racing, the spatial and globalization. This book speaks to scholars in history, politics, sport studies, the sociology of sport, sport management and cultural studies, along with the many lay readers who are interested in the relationship between motor sport and society. Damion Sturm is a Senior Lecturer in Sport Management at Massey University (Auckland, New Zealand).With a specialisation in global sport media cultures (inclusive of celebrity, fan and material cultures), he recently co-edited Sport in Aotearoa New Zealand: Contested Terrain (with Roslyn Kerr, 2022), co-authored Media, Masculinities and the Machine (with Dan Fleming, 2011), and has published works on mediatisation, technological innovations and sporting events (Formula One, the Indy 500, Formula E, Formula One eSports, cricket, rugby league and the Americas Cup). Stephen Wagg retired as Professor of Sport and Society at Leeds Beckett University, UK, in 2019. He is now an Honorary Fellow in the International Centre for Sport History and Culture at De Montfort University in Leicester. He has written widely on the politics of sport, of childhood and of comedy. His latest book is Cricket: A Political History of the Global Game 1945-2017 (2018). David L. Andrews is Professor of Physical Cultural Studies in the Department of Kinesiology at the University of Maryland, College Park, USA. His research contextualizes sport and physical culture in relation to the intersecting cultural, political, economic, and technological forces shaping contemporary society. His books include: Making Sport Great Again?: The Uber-Sport Assemblage, Neoliberalism, and the Trump Conjuncture (2019, Palgrave Macmillan), The Routledge Handbook of Physical Cultural Studies (2017), and Sport, Physical Culture, and the Moving Body: Materialisms, Technologies, Ecologies (2020).

Recommended readings (Machine generated): Allen, R. (2005), 'English and Welsh agriculture, 1300-1850: outputs, inputs and income'. URL: http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/13622/1/Allen%20-%20English%20and%20Welsh%20agriculture.pdf -- Allen, R. (2007), 'Pessimism preserved: real wages in the British industrial revolution', Oxford University Department of Economics Working Paper 314. URL: http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/working_papers/paper314.pdf -- Barker, D.J.P., Eriksson, J.G., Forsén, T. and Osmond, C. (2002), 'Fetal origins of adult disease: strength of effects and biological basis', International Journal of Epidemiology, 31, 1235-9 -- Bell, F. and Millward, R. (1998), 'Public health expenditures and mortality in England and Wales 1870-1914', Continuity and Change, 13, 221-49 -- Bleakley, H. (2007), 'Disease and development: evidence from hookworm eradication in the American South', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122 (1), 73-117 -- Bleakley, H. (2010), 'Malaria eradication in the Americas: a retrospective analysis of childhood exposure', American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2 (2), 1-45 -- Brickman, P. and Campbell, D. (1971), 'Hedonic relativism and planning the good society', in M.H. Appley, ed., Adaptation-level Theory: a Symposium, New York: Academic Press, 287-302 -- Broadberry, S., Campbell, B., Klein, A., Overton, M. and Van Leeuwen, B. (2011), 'British economic growth, 1270-1870'. URL: http://www.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/seminars/ModernAndComparative/papers2011-12/Papers/Broadberry.pdf -- Cain, L. (1970), 'The sanitary district of Chicago: a case study in water use and conservation', Journal of Economic History, 30 (1), 256-61 -- Chadwick, E. (1842), Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain, Edited, with an Introduction, by M.W. Flinn, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (1965 edition) -- Clark, G. (2001), 'Farm wages and living standards in the industrial revolution, England, 1670-1850', Economic History Review, 54, 477-505 -- Clark, G. (2005), 'The condition of the working class in England, 1209-2004', Journal of Political Economy, 113, 1307-40 -- Clark, G., Huberman, M. and Lindert, P. (1995), 'A British food puzzle, 1770-1850', Economic History Review, 48, 215-37 -- Costa, D.L. (1998), The Evolution of Retirement: an American Economic History, Chicago: University of Chicago Press -- Crimmins, C. and Finch, E. (2004), 'Inflammatory exposure and historical changes in lifespans', Science, 305, 1736-9 -- Davidson, A.R. and Reid, A.R. (1927), 'On the calculation of rates of mortality', Transactions of the Faculty of Actuaries, 11, 183-232 -- Deaton, A. (2005), 'The great escape: a review essay on Fogel's The escape from hunger and premature death, 1700-2100', NBER Working Paper 11308. URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w11308 -- Derrick, V.P.A. (1927), 'Observations on (1) errors of age in the population statistics of England and Wales, and (2) the changes in mortality indicated by the national records', Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 58, 117-59 -- Eveleth, P. and Tanner, J. (1976), Worldwide Variation in Human Growth, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1st edition).

A future of criminology and a criminologist for the ages /Rolf Loeber and Brandon C. Welsh --Some future trajectories for life course criminology /D. Wayne Osgood --Does the study of the age-crime curve have a future? /Rolf Loeber --Developmental origins of aggression : from social learning to epigenetics /Richard E. Tremblay --Biology of crime : past, present, and future perspectives /Adrian Raine and Jill Portnoy --Self-control, then and now /Terrie E. Moffitt --Criminological theory : past achievements and future challenges /Terence P. Thornberry --Individuals' situational criminal actions : current knowledge and tomorrow's prospects /Per-Olof H. Wikström --Lack of empathy and offending : implications for tomorrow's research and practice /Darrick Jolliffe and Joseph Murray --Person-in-context : insights and issues in research on neighborhoods and crime /Gregory M. Zimmerman and Steven F. Messner --Risk and protective factors in the assessment of school bullies and victims /Maria M. Ttofi and Peter K. Smith --Adult onset offending : perspectives for future research /Georgia Zara --The next generation of longitudinal studies /Magda Stouthamer-Loeber --Research on criminal careers, part 1 : contributions, opportunities, and needs /Alfred Blumstein --Research on criminal careers, part 2 : looking back to predict ahead /Alex R. Piquero --The harvesting of administrative records : new problems, great potential /Howard N. Snyder --Twenty-five years of developmental criminology : what we know, what we need to know /Marc Le Blanc --Pushing back the frontiers of knowledge on desistance from crime /Lila Kazemian --Does psychopathology appear fully only in adulthood? /Raymond R. Corrado --Preventing delinquency by putting families first /Brandon C. Welsh --The future of preventive public health : implications of brain violence research /Frederick P. Rivara --"Own the place, own the crime" prevention : how evidence about place-based crime shifts the burden of prevention /John E. Eck and Rob T. Guerette --Community approaches to preventing crime and violence : the challenge of building prevention capacity /Ross Homel and Tara Renae McGee --Taking effective crime prevention to scale : from school-based programs to community-wide prevention systems /J. David Hawkins [and others] --The human experiment in treatment : a means to the end of offender recidivism /Doris Layton MacKenzie and Gaylene Styve Armstrong --Towards a third phase of "what works" in offender rehabilitation /Friedrich Lösel --Raising the bar : transforming knowledge to practice for children in conflict with the law /Leena K. Augimeri and Christopher J. Koegl --Intervening with violence : priorities for reform from a public health perspective /Jonathan P. Shepherd --How to reduce the global homicide rate to 2 per 100,000 by 2060 /Manuel Eisner and Amy Nivette --The problem with macro-criminology /James Q. Wilson --Staking out the next generation of studies of the criminology of place : collecting prospective longitudinal data at crime hot spots /David Weisburd, Brian Lawton, and Justin Ready --The futures of experimental criminology /Lawrence W. Sherman --Stopping crime requires successful implementation of what works /Irvin Waller --The future of sentencing and its control /Michael Tonry.

Tungsten (W) is an important and versatile transition metal and has a firm place at the heart of many technologies. A popular experimental technique for the characterization of tungsten and tungsten-based compounds is x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which enables the assessment of chemical states and electronic structure through the collection of core level and valence band spectra. However, in the case of tungsten metal, open questions remain regarding the origin, nature, and position of satellite features that are prominent in the photoelectron spectrum. These satellites are a fingerprint of the electronic structure of the material and have not been thoroughly investigated, at times leading to their misinterpretation. The present work combines high-resolution soft and hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SXPS and HAXPES) with reflected electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS) and a multitiered ab initio theoretical approach, including density functional theory (DFT) and many-body perturbation theory (G0W0 and GW + C ), to disentangle the complex set of experimentally observed satellite features attributed to the generation of plasmons and interband transitions. This combined experiment-theory strategy is able to uncover previously undocumented satellite features, improving our understanding of their direct relationship to tungsten's electronic structure. Furthermore, it lays the groundwork for future studies into tungsten-based mixed-metal systems and holds promise for the reassessment of the photoelectron spectra of other transition and post-transition metals, where similar questions regarding satellite features remain. ; CK acknowledges the support from the Department of Chemistry, UCL. NKF acknowledges support from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/L015277/1). AR acknowledges the support fromthe Analytical Chemistry Trust Fund for her CAMS-UK Fellowship. LER acknowledges support from an EPSRC Early Career Research Fellowship (EP/P033253/1). JL and JMK acknowledge funding from EPSRC under Grant No. EP/R002010/1 and from a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (URF/R/191004). This work used the ARCHER UK National Supercomputing Service via JL's membership of the HEC Materials Chemistry Consortium of UK, which is funded by EPSRC (EP/L000202). JJGM and SM acknowledge the support from the FusionCAT project (001-P-001722) cofinanced by the European Union Regional Development Fund within the framework of the ERDF Operational Program of Catalonia 2014-2020 with a grant of 50% of total cost eligible, the access to computational resources at MareNostrum and the technical support provided by BSC (RES-QS-2020-3-0026). Part of this work was carried out using supercomputer resources provided under the EU-JA Broader Approach collaboration in the Computational Simulation Centre of International Fusion Energy Research Centre (IFERC-CSC) ; Peer Reviewed ; "Article signat per 13 autors/es: C. Kalha, L. E. Ratcliff, J. J. Gutiérrez Moreno, S. Mohr, M. Mantsinen, N. K. Fernando, P. K. Thakur, T.-L. Lee, H.-H. Tseng, T. S. Nunney, J. M. Kahk, J. Lischner, and A. Regoutz" ; Postprint (author's final draft)

International mobility of natural and legal persons and the application of new technologies, create more opportunities to avoid and evade taxes. To retain tax revenues, governments must provide an internationally attractive tax environment, making them compete with other governments. To counter this dynamic, new EU regulation is implemented, i.e. country-by-country reporting and the automatic exchange of information. This dissertation tests the effect of this legislation on tax evasion and avoidance, through an agent-based simulation model that incorporates the individual choices of natural and legal persons. The model estimates the European corporate tax losses in 2019 to be € 104.9 billion, which will increase to an annual loss of € 135.8 billion in 2029 under the current policy regime. Fully implementing CbCR and AEoI decreases the expected tax gap of 2029 by 16.4% to € 113.5 billion. As for the effectiveness of both policies, AEoI is demonstrated to be effective against tax evasion but not against tax avoidance, making the total tax losses € 134.0 billion (a merely 1.3% decline). The expected small effect of CbCR becomes much larger in the long run, it results in € 121.2 billion tax losses which represents a decline of 10.8%. The effectiveness of CbCR is explained by its positive effect on the tax morale of individuals. Given that compliance choices are affected by international differences between legal and tax systems and by information that agents receive from other agents that surround them, compliance must be governed responsively. The model shows that short-term effects of the aforementioned regulations increase the overall compliance level, but also indicates that long-term effects could counteract the intended goals. This dissertation provides a framework that improves tax compliance without fueling tax competition in the long term. The agent-based simulation shows that without responsive regulation, tax competition intensifies and the initial increase in compliance could reverse. A differentiated policy response could increase tax compliance by 6.54%, which translates into an annual increase of € 105 billion in EU tax revenues on income, profits, and capital gains. Attractive tax legislation frequently offers higher levels of financial secrecy, which obscure corporate ownership and the origin of revenues. Besides evading and avoiding taxes, such legislation also provides opportunities for criminal organizations to launder their criminal proceeds. Anti-money laundering regulation aims to mitigate the associated risks of financial secrecy and influence how criminal networks operate. Therefore, this dissertation evaluates the effect of anti-money laundering regulation on the network structures of criminal organizations. It is expected that the AML legislation makes money laundering more difficult and forces money launderers to both specialize and compete with others, which the analysis confirms due to significant changes in the structure of money laundering networks. An adverse effect of AML legislation is that it affects non-criminal organizations too. The importance of high quality corporate registers and transparently sharing this information internationally is an important basis for detecting and prosecuting money laundering.