Suchergebnisse

This doctoral research focuses on the various changes taking place today in Bat Trang, a craft village in Vietnam. Like other transition economies, Vietnam is entering the transition period, marking its openness to international economy and its entry in the global market. In this context, we seek to understand the changes induced during the transition from a planned economy to a market one and to show the specificity of industrial district Bat Trang. To do this, it is necessary to study the social dynamics of political, economic, institutional and social settings that shape the Bat Trang. The reconstruction of the evolving relationship between these articulated actors will illuminate the changes in Bat Trang. Following a socio-anthropological approach and referring to the theory of industrial districts, we were able to carry out a thorough analysis on the mutation of Bat Trang on both political and organizational dimension. The craft village Bat Trang really constitutes a model of transition having the discontinuities and continuities from its old system. With the help of sociological theory of Norbet Elias, we were able to reconstruct the interplay between different actors (social, economic and institutional) that structure the development of Bat Trang, showing dynamics of their interaction. Through our study in Bat Trang, we could also measure the originality of a form of industrial agglomeration in Vietnam. For us, firstly, Bat Trang is a traditional area where people know how to mobilize its expertise and its traditional organization; to overcome its handicaps and to promote an adaptation of its activities. Although there is very little help from the local authority, the firms are in the process of making a technological conversion by either a replacement (from coal-fired kilns to Liquid Petroleum Gas kilns - LPG kilns) or an adaptation (invention new LPG kiln). New introduced actors (clubs, associations) whose main task is to provide technical assistance to firms can create new activities and figure out new outlets for marketing. Bat Trang is also an area being institutionalized as manifested by the presence of the industrial and vocational training center. It lives a profound transformation in which the artisans are turning to a more industrialized production. In recent years, it is clear that the Bat Trang receives substantial support from local politics. Of course, we must take into account new phenomena in Bat Trang that exert some influence (negative or positive) on this area development. This is the relocation of activities, low innovation capacity in the industrial district, the weak link to R & D, marketing, etc. To all resolve, it requires mobilization of internal and external resources for a local synergy. ; Cette recherche doctorale porte sur les mutations diverses qui s'opèrent aujourd'hui à Bat Trang, un village de métier au Vietnam. Comme d'autres économies en transition, le Vietnam est entré dans une phase de transition, marquée par son ouverture à l'économie internationale et son inscription au marché mondial. Dans ce contexte, nous cherchons à comprendre les mutations induites lors du passage d'une économie planifiée à une économie de marché et à montrer la spécificité de l'agglomération industrielle du district de Bat Trang. Pour ce faire, il convient d'étudier la dynamique sociale des acteurs politiques, économiques, institutionnels et sociaux qui forment la configuration de Bat Trang. La reconstitution de l'évolution des relations articulées entre ces acteurs permettra d'éclairer les mutations de Bat Trang. En suivant une approche socio-anthropologique et en nous référant à la théorie des districts industriels, nous avons procédé à une analyse approfondie de la mutation de Bat Trang sur la dimension tant politique qu'organisationnelle. Le village de métier de Bat Trang constitue un véritable modèle de transition portant des ruptures et des continuités par rapport à son système antérieur. A l'aide de la théorie sociologique de Norbet Elias, nous avons reconstitué le jeu entre les différents acteurs (sociaux, économiques et institutionnels) qui structurent le développement de Bat Trang, en montrant la dynamique de leur interaction constante. À travers l'étude de Bat Trang, nous avons aussi mesuré l'originalité d'une forme d'agglomération industrielle au Vietnam. Pour nous, Bat Trang, c'est tout d'abord une zone traditionnelle qui a su s'appuyer sur son savoir-faire et son organisation traditionnelle ; qui a su surmonter ses handicaps pour promouvoir l'adaptation de toutes ses activités. Bien qu'il existe très peu d'aides des autorités locales, les entreprises de la zone sont en train d'opérer une conversion de leur technologie par un remplacement (des fours à charbon par des fours à gaz) ou une adaptation (invention de nouveaux fours à gaz). Les nouveaux acteurs introduits dans le système (club, association) ont pour tâche principale de fournir une assistance aux entreprises qui peuvent ainsi créer de nouvelles filières d'activités et trouver de nouveaux débouchés de commercialisation. Bat Trang constitue également une zone en cours d'institutionnalisation qui se manifeste par la création de la zone industrielle et d'un centre de formation professionnelle. La transformation profonde de Bat Trang amène les artisans à se tourner vers une production plus industrialisée. Au cours des dernières années, la zone de Bat Trang a reçu, à l'évidence, un appui important des autorités locales, qui ont lancé des actions de politique locale. Nous avons également pris en compte des nouveaux phénomènes qui exercent une certaine influence, négative ou positive, sur le développement de la zone de Bat Trang : délocalisation des activités, faible capacité d'innovation du district, les liens avec la R&D, marketing etc. Pour résoudre les problèmes auxquels la zone est confrontée aujourd'hui, il faudrait une mobilisation des ressources internes et externes pour développer une synergie locale.

This doctoral research focuses on the various changes taking place today in Bat Trang, a craft village in Vietnam. Like other transition economies, Vietnam is entering the transition period, marking its openness to international economy and its entry in the global market. In this context, we seek to understand the changes induced during the transition from a planned economy to a market one and to show the specificity of industrial district Bat Trang. To do this, it is necessary to study the social dynamics of political, economic, institutional and social settings that shape the Bat Trang. The reconstruction of the evolving relationship between these articulated actors will illuminate the changes in Bat Trang. Following a socio-anthropological approach and referring to the theory of industrial districts, we were able to carry out a thorough analysis on the mutation of Bat Trang on both political and organizational dimension. The craft village Bat Trang really constitutes a model of transition having the discontinuities and continuities from its old system. With the help of sociological theory of Norbet Elias, we were able to reconstruct the interplay between different actors (social, economic and institutional) that structure the development of Bat Trang, showing dynamics of their interaction. Through our study in Bat Trang, we could also measure the originality of a form of industrial agglomeration in Vietnam. For us, firstly, Bat Trang is a traditional area where people know how to mobilize its expertise and its traditional organization; to overcome its handicaps and to promote an adaptation of its activities. Although there is very little help from the local authority, the firms are in the process of making a technological conversion by either a replacement (from coal-fired kilns to Liquid Petroleum Gas kilns - LPG kilns) or an adaptation (invention new LPG kiln). New introduced actors (clubs, associations) whose main task is to provide technical assistance to firms can create new activities and figure out new outlets for marketing. Bat Trang is also an area being institutionalized as manifested by the presence of the industrial and vocational training center. It lives a profound transformation in which the artisans are turning to a more industrialized production. In recent years, it is clear that the Bat Trang receives substantial support from local politics. Of course, we must take into account new phenomena in Bat Trang that exert some influence (negative or positive) on this area development. This is the relocation of activities, low innovation capacity in the industrial district, the weak link to R & D, marketing, etc. To all resolve, it requires mobilization of internal and external resources for a local synergy. ; Cette recherche doctorale porte sur les mutations diverses qui s'opèrent aujourd'hui à Bat Trang, un village de métier au Vietnam. Comme d'autres économies en transition, le Vietnam est entré dans une phase de transition, marquée par son ouverture à l'économie internationale et son inscription au marché mondial. Dans ce contexte, nous cherchons à comprendre les mutations induites lors du passage d'une économie planifiée à une économie de marché et à montrer la spécificité de l'agglomération industrielle du district de Bat Trang. Pour ce faire, il convient d'étudier la dynamique sociale des acteurs politiques, économiques, institutionnels et sociaux qui forment la configuration de Bat Trang. La reconstitution de l'évolution des relations articulées entre ces acteurs permettra d'éclairer les mutations de Bat Trang. En suivant une approche socio-anthropologique et en nous référant à la théorie des districts industriels, nous avons procédé à une analyse approfondie de la mutation de Bat Trang sur la dimension tant politique qu'organisationnelle. Le village de métier de Bat Trang constitue un véritable modèle de transition portant des ruptures et des continuités par rapport à son système antérieur. A l'aide de la théorie sociologique de Norbet Elias, nous avons reconstitué le jeu entre les différents acteurs (sociaux, économiques et institutionnels) qui structurent le développement de Bat Trang, en montrant la dynamique de leur interaction constante. À travers l'étude de Bat Trang, nous avons aussi mesuré l'originalité d'une forme d'agglomération industrielle au Vietnam. Pour nous, Bat Trang, c'est tout d'abord une zone traditionnelle qui a su s'appuyer sur son savoir-faire et son organisation traditionnelle ; qui a su surmonter ses handicaps pour promouvoir l'adaptation de toutes ses activités. Bien qu'il existe très peu d'aides des autorités locales, les entreprises de la zone sont en train d'opérer une conversion de leur technologie par un remplacement (des fours à charbon par des fours à gaz) ou une adaptation (invention de nouveaux fours à gaz). Les nouveaux acteurs introduits dans le système (club, association) ont pour tâche principale de fournir une assistance aux entreprises qui peuvent ainsi créer de nouvelles filières d'activités et trouver de nouveaux débouchés de commercialisation. Bat Trang constitue également une zone en cours d'institutionnalisation qui se manifeste par la création de la zone industrielle et d'un centre de formation professionnelle. La transformation profonde de Bat Trang amène les artisans à se tourner vers une production plus industrialisée. Au cours des dernières années, la zone de Bat Trang a reçu, à l'évidence, un appui important des autorités locales, qui ont lancé des actions de politique locale. Nous avons également pris en compte des nouveaux phénomènes qui exercent une certaine influence, négative ou positive, sur le développement de la zone de Bat Trang : délocalisation des activités, faible capacité d'innovation du district, les liens avec la R&D, marketing etc. Pour résoudre les problèmes auxquels la zone est confrontée aujourd'hui, il faudrait une mobilisation des ressources internes et externes pour développer une synergie locale.

This doctoral research focuses on the various changes taking place today in Bat Trang, a craft village in Vietnam. Like other transition economies, Vietnam is entering the transition period, marking its openness to international economy and its entry in the global market. In this context, we seek to understand the changes induced during the transition from a planned economy to a market one and to show the specificity of industrial district Bat Trang. To do this, it is necessary to study the social dynamics of political, economic, institutional and social settings that shape the Bat Trang. The reconstruction of the evolving relationship between these articulated actors will illuminate the changes in Bat Trang. Following a socio-anthropological approach and referring to the theory of industrial districts, we were able to carry out a thorough analysis on the mutation of Bat Trang on both political and organizational dimension. The craft village Bat Trang really constitutes a model of transition having the discontinuities and continuities from its old system. With the help of sociological theory of Norbet Elias, we were able to reconstruct the interplay between different actors (social, economic and institutional) that structure the development of Bat Trang, showing dynamics of their interaction. Through our study in Bat Trang, we could also measure the originality of a form of industrial agglomeration in Vietnam. For us, firstly, Bat Trang is a traditional area where people know how to mobilize its expertise and its traditional organization; to overcome its handicaps and to promote an adaptation of its activities. Although there is very little help from the local authority, the firms are in the process of making a technological conversion by either a replacement (from coal-fired kilns to Liquid Petroleum Gas kilns - LPG kilns) or an adaptation (invention new LPG kiln). New introduced actors (clubs, associations) whose main task is to provide technical assistance to firms can create new activities and figure out new outlets for marketing. Bat Trang is also an area being institutionalized as manifested by the presence of the industrial and vocational training center. It lives a profound transformation in which the artisans are turning to a more industrialized production. In recent years, it is clear that the Bat Trang receives substantial support from local politics. Of course, we must take into account new phenomena in Bat Trang that exert some influence (negative or positive) on this area development. This is the relocation of activities, low innovation capacity in the industrial district, the weak link to R & D, marketing, etc. To all resolve, it requires mobilization of internal and external resources for a local synergy. ; Cette recherche doctorale porte sur les mutations diverses qui s'opèrent aujourd'hui à Bat Trang, un village de métier au Vietnam. Comme d'autres économies en transition, le Vietnam est entré dans une phase de transition, marquée par son ouverture à l'économie internationale et son inscription au marché mondial. Dans ce contexte, nous cherchons à comprendre les mutations induites lors du passage d'une économie planifiée à une économie de marché et à montrer la spécificité de l'agglomération industrielle du district de Bat Trang. Pour ce faire, il convient d'étudier la dynamique sociale des acteurs politiques, économiques, institutionnels et sociaux qui forment la configuration de Bat Trang. La reconstitution de l'évolution des relations articulées entre ces acteurs permettra d'éclairer les mutations de Bat Trang. En suivant une approche socio-anthropologique et en nous référant à la théorie des districts industriels, nous avons procédé à une analyse approfondie de la mutation de Bat Trang sur la dimension tant politique qu'organisationnelle. Le village de métier de Bat Trang constitue un véritable modèle de transition portant des ruptures et des continuités par rapport à son système antérieur. A l'aide de la théorie sociologique de Norbet Elias, nous avons reconstitué le jeu entre les différents acteurs (sociaux, économiques et institutionnels) qui structurent le développement de Bat Trang, en montrant la dynamique de leur interaction constante. À travers l'étude de Bat Trang, nous avons aussi mesuré l'originalité d'une forme d'agglomération industrielle au Vietnam. Pour nous, Bat Trang, c'est tout d'abord une zone traditionnelle qui a su s'appuyer sur son savoir-faire et son organisation traditionnelle ; qui a su surmonter ses handicaps pour promouvoir l'adaptation de toutes ses activités. Bien qu'il existe très peu d'aides des autorités locales, les entreprises de la zone sont en train d'opérer une conversion de leur technologie par un remplacement (des fours à charbon par des fours à gaz) ou une adaptation (invention de nouveaux fours à gaz). Les nouveaux acteurs introduits dans le système (club, association) ont pour tâche principale de fournir une assistance aux entreprises qui peuvent ainsi créer de nouvelles filières d'activités et trouver de nouveaux débouchés de commercialisation. Bat Trang constitue également une zone en cours d'institutionnalisation qui se manifeste par la création de la zone industrielle et d'un centre de formation professionnelle. La transformation profonde de Bat Trang amène les artisans à se tourner vers une production plus industrialisée. Au cours des dernières années, la zone de Bat Trang a reçu, à l'évidence, un appui important des autorités locales, qui ont lancé des actions de politique locale. Nous avons également pris en compte des nouveaux phénomènes qui exercent une certaine influence, négative ou positive, sur le développement de la zone de Bat Trang : délocalisation des activités, faible capacité d'innovation du district, les liens avec la R&D, marketing etc. Pour résoudre les problèmes auxquels la zone est confrontée aujourd'hui, il faudrait une mobilisation des ressources internes et externes pour développer une synergie locale.

Tutkimuksessa selvitetään, missä määrin työpaikkojen työsuojeluvalvontaa toteutetaan alueellisesti eri tavalla eli toteutuuko valvonta työpaikoilla yhtenäisesti eri puolilla Suomea. Tutkimuksen ennakko-oletuksena on, että merkittävä syy työsuojeluvalvonnan alueelliseen erilaisuuteen on valvonnan organisointi viiden itsenäisen aluehallintoviraston työsuojelun vastuualueen tehtäväksi. Työsuojeluhallintoa ja työsuojeluvalvonnan toteutumisen yhtenäisyyttä työpaikoilla ei ole tutkittu tieteellisesti 2000-luvulla. Tämä tutkimus arvioi työsuojeluhallinnon rakennetta ja valvonnan toteutumista sekä hallinnon että työpaikkojen näkökulmasta. Tutkimus antaa sekä tieteellisesti perusteltuja teoreettisia että hallinnon asiakkaiden näkökulmia työsuojeluhallinnossa käynnissä olevaan valvonnan yhtenäistämiskehitykseen. Tutkimuksen teoreettisena viitekehyksenä on hallinnon evaluaatiotutkimus, joka tarkoittaa hallinnon toimivuuden arviointia käyttäjä- ja asiakasnäkökulmasta. Työsuojeluhallinto toteuttaa työpaikoille kohdistuvaa työsuojeluvalvontaa työsuojelutarkastuksina, jolloin hallinnon asiakkaita ovat työpaikat ja niiden työnantajat ja työntekijät. Pääasiallisena tutkimusaineistona ovat valvontatietojärjestelmä Veran raportit ja niistä tehdyt 27 valvonnan alueellista vertailua sekä henkilöhaastattelut, jotka kohdistuvat 52:een työsuojeluhallinnon, työmarkkinajärjestöjen ja työpaikkojen työsuojeluhenkilöön. Tutkimuksessa on kolme päälukua: työsuojeluhallituksen aika 1973-1993, itsenäisten alueellisten työsuojeluviranomaisten aika vuodesta 1993 lähtien sisältäen työmarkkinajärjestöjen roolin työsuojeluvalvonnassa ja valvonnan alueellinen vertailu. Tutkimusmatkani kohti yhtenäistä työpaikkojen työsuojeluvalvontaa alkoi työsuojeluhallituksesta, joka perustettiin vuonna 1973 osana hyvinvointivaltion rakentamista ja valtiojohtoista suunnitteluoptimismia. Valtiollinen työsuojelu koottiin yhden ministeriön alaisuuteen. Työsuojeluhallituksen aikana oli keskusjohtoinen, ainakin osittain yhtenäinen työsuojeluvalvonta, mutta keskusviraston toiminta ei onnistunut, koska työnantajat vastustivat sitä koko ajan pitäen sen toimintaa konspiratiivisena, vehkeilevänä. Työsuojeluhallitus lakkautettiin vuonna 1993 osana keskusvirastojärjestelmän purkamista 1990-luvun alun taloudellisen laman seurauksena. Valtion harjoittamaa sääntelyä purettiin hallinnon kaikilla sektoreilla, ja hallintoa madallettiin lähemmäksi asiakasta. Valtion merkitystä vähennettiin koko yhteiskunnassa ja hyvinvointivaltiosta tehtiin kilpailuvaltio, jolloin markkinaliberalismi ja New Public Management voimistuivat. Työsuojeluhallituksen lakkautuksessa tehtiin ehkä muutakin politiikkaa; pirstaloimalla valvovaa hallintoa heikennettiin samalla työpaikoille kohdistuvaa keskitettyä valvonnan voimaa. Itsenäisten alueellisten työsuojeluviranomaisten aikana vuodesta 1993 lähtien entisten työsuojelupiirien ja nykyisten aluehallintoviraston työsuojelun vastuualueiden toiminnallinen itsenäisyys korostui. Hallinnon toiminnassa näkyy, ettei työsuojeluvalvonnalla ole yhteistä keskusjohtoa. Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön työ- ja tasa-arvo-osasto, jonka alaisuuteen työsuojelu keskushallinnossa kuuluu, toteuttaa Kansainvälisen työjärjestön ILO:n (International Labour Organization) sopimusten tulkintaa, että työsuojeluhallinto on riippumaton valvontatehtävää suorittaessaan eikä ministeriö siten puutu valvonnan alueellisiin menettelytapoihin. Tutkimus käsittelee myös työsuojeluhallinnon laajaa yhteistyötä työmarkkinajärjestöjen kanssa. Järjestöt osallistuvat kaikkeen päätöksentekoon, jossa käsitellään hallinnon tavoitteita, painopisteitä, valvontaohjeita ja resursseja. Tutkimuksessa arvioidaan edustuksellisen demokratian näkökulmasta korporatiivisen etujärjestövaikutuksen ja hallinnon suhdetta riippumattoman työsuojeluvalvonnan päätöksenteossa ja toimeenpanossa. Tarkastuskertomuksiin perustuva alueellisen valvonnan vertailu osoittaa, että työsuojeluvalvonta on eriytynyt vastuualueittain. Työpaikkojen kunnossaolo määritellään usein eri tavalla, joten tarkastajien valvoma työturvallisuuden minimitaso ei toteudu yhdenmukaisesti koko maassa. Siten velvoitteita korjata tai poistaa työturvallisuusepäkohtia annetaan eri tavalla ja lopputuloksena on se, ettei työnantajia kohdella tasapuolisesti. Tutkimuksen johtopäätöksenä on, että työsuojeluvalvonta on osa kansallista hallintotoimintaa ja laillisuusvalvontaa, ei alueellista tai paikallista hallintoa. Työsuojelu ei eroa toimialoittain maantieteellisesti, koska eri ammattialojen työ on pääpiirteissään samanlaista koko maassa ja niiden työturvallisuus ei juurikaan eroa maantieteellisesti. Tämän vuoksi myös työsuojeluvalvonnan pitäisi olla yhdenmukaista koko maassa. Suomeen pitäisi perustaa Pohjoismaiden mallin mukainen työsuojelun keskusorganisaatio, joka koordinoisi yhtenäistä laillisuusvalvontaa samalla tavalla kuin Poliisihallitus, Syyttäjälaitos ja uusi Tuomioistuinvirasto koordinoivat toimialojensa laillisuusvalvontaa ja toiminnan menettelytapoja. ; This study examines the extent to which workplace occupational safety and health (OSH) enforcing is carried out differently across the Finnish regions, in other words whether workplace enforcing is uniform across Finland. The presupposition of the study is that an important reason for the regional disparity in labour inspection is the decentralized organization of the inspection to by the five independent divisions of occupational health and safety of the regional state administrative agency. The OSH administration and the uniformity of the implementation of OSH in the workplace have not been scientifically studied in the 21st century. This study assesses the structure and implementation of the OSH administration from the perspective of both the administration and the workplace. The study provides a scientifically justified analysis covering both theoretical and customers' perspectives on OSH management and the ongoing integration of health and safety enforcement. The chosen theoretical approach of the study is the administrative evaluation framework, which means assessing the functionality of administration from the user and customer perspective. The Labour Inspectorate carries out workplace safety inspections in the form of occupational safety inspections, whereby the customers of the administration are the workplaces and their employers and employees. The main research material are OSH inspection database Vera reports and personal interviews carried out with 52 persons in the job protection administration, labour organizations and employment OSH personnel. The study consists of three main empirical chapters: the Labour Protection Board, the Central Office 1973-1993, the independent Regional Labour Inspectorate since 1993, including the role of labour organizations in labour inspection and the regional comparison of labour inspection. Shift towards an integrated job labour inspection started with the Labour Protection Board which was established in 1973 as part of the construction of the welfare state during the era of optimism in state-directed planning State labour protection was brought together under one ministry. The Labour Protection Board the system was center-led, at least regarding uniform occupational health and safety enforcing, but the Board's operations were not successful, mainly because the employers were opposed to it throughout its existence. The Labour Protection Board was abolished in 1993 as part of the dismantling of the central office system that followed the economic recession in the early 1990s. State regulation in all sectors of government was decentralized and administration was brought closer to the customers. The role of the state was diminished in society as a whole and the welfare state became a competitive state, with neoliberalism and New Public Management becoming stronger. Other objectives were also part of the decision to abolish the Labour Protection Board; at the same time, the fragmentation of supervisory authorities weakened the efficiency of workplace control. The era of the independent regional labour inspectorates since 1993 underlines the functional independence of the former OSH Inspectorate and the current division of occupational health and safety of the regional state administrative agency. The operation shows that there is no common central management for labour enforcement. The Department for Work and Gender Equality of the Social and Health Ministry, which is responsible for occupational safety in central administration, interprets International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions as meaning that the labour administration is independent in carrying out its supervisory function. Thus, the Ministry does not interfere with regional control procedures. The study also deals with the extensive co-operation between the labour protection administration and the labour market organizations. Trade unions are involved in all decision-making concerning management objectives, priorities, control guidelines and resources. The study examines the influence of corporatist interest groups and the governance of occupational health and safety enforcing decision-making and implementation from the perspective of representative democracy. A comparison of regional control based on inspection reports shows that OSH control of occupational health and safety has varied between the regional divisions. The condition of workplaces is often defined differently, so the minimum level of occupational safety supervised by inspectors is not uniformly applied throughout the country. Thus, obligations to remedy or eliminate occupational safety deficiencies in workplaces are given different treatment and the result is that employees are not treated equally. The conclusion of the study is that health and safety control should be in the competence of national administration and judicial review, not regional or local administration. Occupational safety and health does not differ geographically by industry, as the work of the various occupations is broadly similar throughout the country and there is little geographical variation in occupational safety. For this reason, labour inspection should also be uniform throughout the country. Finland should set up the Nordic model of a more centralized OSH system, which would coordinate an integrated review of legality in the same way as the National Police Board, the Prosecutor's Office and the Court of Justice co- ordinate the law enforcement and operational procedures of their respective sectors.

Actuality of research theme. In the current context of reforming the education sector, the problem of financial support for the initiated reforms needs special attention, since its success depends on the degree of its sufficiency. This fully applies to the system of vocational education, as in recent years the problem of shortage of workers has been actualized. It is possible to solve the problem of providing the leading branches of the national economy with personnel only in the conditions of sufficient level of financing of education in general and profesional-technical in particular.Problem statement. The issue of managing the reform process and decentralizing power to ensure the country's sustainable development is intrinsically linked to the educational reform process, so finding effective reform mechanisms and funding levels requires particular attention and in-depth theoretical and practical research. Analysis of the last researches and publications. Significant contribution to the consideration of the problem of development of education and its financing were made by Burkovskaya Ya. G., Vovkanych S., Petrenko V.P., Palekhova V.A., Semov L. [1-4] and others. Selection of unexplored parts of general issue. The formation of conditions for the sustainable development of the national economy depends on the level of provision of the necessary personnel, compliance with the level of their preparation to the requirements of the present, which cannot be ensured without sufficient level of education funding. Therefore, there is a need to study the effectiveness of funding mechanisms for profesional-technical education in Ukraine in the context of decentralization and reform of the administrative and territorial structure in the country. Task statement, research aim. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the level and mechanisms of financing the process of reforming and developing profesional-technical education in Ukraine. Method or methodology of realization of research. In the process of realization researches drawn on scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical grouping) and special (abstracting, economical-mathematical design, etc.) methods of study of the economic phenomena and processes. Exposition of basic material (job performances). This paper analyzes the dynamics and mechanisms of financing the reform of profesional-technical education in Ukraine.As a result of the analysis of the structure of funding sources, it has been established that in recent years there has been a shift in the financial burden for the maintenance of profesional-technical education institutions from the state to local budgets.It is shown that according to the actual and planned indicators of financing, there is a coincidence in relation to the state budget with systematic failure to meet the planned indicators by local budgets.The effectiveness of financial support for the decentralization of profesional-technical education reforms has been analyzed. The results show that at the initial stage of reforms, their success was threatened by the under-financing by their local governments. At the state level, the problem was solved in 2016 through a stabilization grant.According to the analysis of the dynamics of the state budget subvention volumes to the local budgets for the modernization and updating of the technical and technical base of the profesional-technical institutions, its distribution between the regions of Ukraine and the level of implementation of the planned indicators, it has been found that during 2016-2018, its volumes increased from UAH 50 million to 100 million, and in 2019 decreased to the level of 2016. The actual amount of the subvention was lower than planned, which resulted in a total underfunding of UAH 11 million 235.3 thousand.The analysis showed that during 2016-2019, the regional funding priorities had changed, but the subsidy volumes did not depend on the size of the oblast and the corresponding amount of profesional-technical institutions in them.The conducted analysis showed that the highest level of subsidizing the modernization and updating of the material and technical base of vocational schools during the 2016-2019 years was received by Kharkiv, Kirovograd, Kherson, Dnipropetrovsk, Odessa, Ternopil and Kyiv regions. Poltava and Transcarpathian regions received the lowest subsidies in these years.Consequently, the imbalances in the distribution of subsidies are not justified and the subsidy mechanism needs a more prudent approach, since among the regions that have not received subsidies are those where there is a significant need for staffing.The foregoing makes it possible to conclude on the establishment of a system of financing vocational services, in particular continuous, non-deficit ways, taking into account regional needs of the labor market and the level of provision of educational services. It will be advisable in further studies to look for mechanisms to further attract financial resources for the development of profesional-technical education on public-private partnerships. It is promising to study the procedures for compensation of interest on credit resources by banking institutions in cooperation with stakeholders to improve educational services.Conclusions. The analysis of the dynamics and mechanisms of financing the reform of profesional-technical education in Ukraine shows that in recent years there has been a shift in financial burden for the maintenance of profesional-technical institutions from state to local budgets.It is established that there is a coincidence of actual and planned indicators of funding in the state budget and a discrepancy in local budgets.The level and effectiveness of financial support for the decentralization of profesional-technical education reforms have been analyzed. It has been shown that due to the underfunding of local budgets at the initial stage of reforms, their extension was in jeopardy. The situation was corrected by the use of a stabilization grant from the state budget.According to the results of analysis of the dynamics of the state budget subvention volumes to the local budgets for modernization and updating of the technical and technical base of the profesional-technical institutions, its distribution between the regions of Ukraine and the level of implementation of the planned indicators, it was established that during 2016-2019 the regional priorities for financing changed, but the volumes of the subvention did not depend the size of the area and the corresponding amount of profesional-technical institutions in them. The analysis showed that there are imbalances in the distribution of subsidies between regions, which is not justified, so the subsidy mechanism needs a more prudent approach, since among the regions that received subsidies are those where there is a significant need for staffing. The above makes it possible to conclude the establishment of a system of financing profesional-technical services, including continuous, deficit-free ways, taking into account the regional needs of the labor market and the level of provision of educational services (involvement of teaching staff of qualified specialists, exchange of experience, international internships, extension of the list educational services, etc.).

Gone is the early decade's turmoil, growth is back on a sustainable path. The expected 2005 slowdown turned out benign in the US, Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe, hardly noticeable in Asia, absent in Japan which emerged out of deflation. Prospects for 2006 and 2007 should confirm this. Disequilibria have had no major impact: the hike in oil prices has not fuelled inflation; central bankers have maintained their credibility, this kept long term interest rates low. As a result, housing markets have proved buoyant and savings rates have decreased, thus providing an effective transmission channel for a possible rise in interest rates. US Current account is becoming abysmal; disequilibria settle and push growth further. The storm should stay at bay so long as faith in people's and countries' situations remains. ; Après les désordres du début de la décennie, bulle technologique, scandales financiers, tensions géopolitiques, l'économie mondiale a retrouvé la voie d'une croissance durable. Le ralentissement anticipé pour l'année 2005, après une croissance record en 2004, a été plus modéré que prévu et l'expansion est restée largement diffusée. Le resserrement monétaire aux États-Unis n'a pas vraiment entamé le dynamisme de l'économie américaine qui, malgré une baisse de régime en 2005, croît toujours à des rythmes enviés par l'Europe, restée à la traîne. Le ralentissement a été à peine perceptible en Asie, plus net en Amérique latine et dans les pays de l'Est, sans toutefois remettre en cause le rattrapage de ces économies en développement sur les économies plus avancées. Le Japon est sorti de la déflation, et la reprise de 2004 s'est confirmée en 2005. En 2006 et en 2007, la croissance mondiale se poursuivrait à des rythmes voisins de ceux de 2005.Les déséquilibres auxquels doit faire face l'économie mondiale n'ont à ce jour pas infléchi son sentier de croissance. En dépit des inquiétudes réitérées par les observateurs ou les banquiers centraux, le choc pétrolier n'a pas déclenché d'inflation. Les discours des banques centrales et les politiques monétaires ont montré la volonté des autorités monétaires de s'opposer à un emballement inflationniste. Aidées par la concurrence des pays émergents qui empêche les pressions haussières sur les prix de s'exprimer, les banques centrales sont parvenues à convaincre de leur capacité à intervenir sur le cours des évènements, empêchant la remontée des taux longs à hauteur de celle des taux courts.Le marché immobilier a largement profité de la faiblesse des taux longs. L'injection de liquidités par le crédit immobilier, en permettant aux vendeurs de réaliser leurs plus-values et d'en consommer une fraction, a été à l'origine d'une baisse du taux d'épargne des ménages dans les pays où le marché immobilier a été le plus dynamique. En cas de remontée des taux longs, l'exubérance de l'immobilier est réversible et les récentes expériences anglo-saxonnes de resserrement monétaire ont rassuré sur l'efficacité de l'arme des taux.Le déficit courant américain prend un caractère vertigineux, mais n'a pas eu pour l'instant les conséquences dévastatrices qu'il pouvait laisser craindre. Les déséquilibres s'installent dans la durée, au plus grand bénéfice de la croissance. Leur soutenabilité repose sur le contrôle des situations patrimoniales, qu'elles soient entre pays ou entre agents. Ou du moins, sur la croyance dans ce contrôle.

This paper starts with a dilemma. How to ensure the adequate protection of individual health data and privacy in a global pandemic, which has intensified the use of digital applications for the purposes of data sharing and contact-tracing? There is no simple answer to this question when choosing between the protection of public health and individual privacy. However, the history of the existing case-law regarding infectious diseases control, both Polish and European, teaches about numerous examples in which health data and privacy were not adequately protected, but, on the contrary, were misused leading to human rights infringements. In light of this case law and public health ethics, this paper argues radically that the use of digital applications to fight the Covid-19 pandemic has not been sufficiently justified at least in the Polish context. Especially, unconvincing benefits from the use of these tools do not outweigh the likelihood of human rights infringements with far-reaching consequences for political, social and economic rights now and in the future. In its novelty, this article combines a historical-legal method with the concept of public health ethics and a human rights-based approach and to foster further research and discussion. The text also responds to the pressing need to analyze those human rights issues embedded in the Polish reality. ; Patrycja Dąbrowska-Kłosińska - Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland ; Agnieszka Grzelak - Kozminski University in Warsaw, Poland ; Agnieszka Nimark - Cornell University, United States of America; Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (CIDOB), Spain ; Patrycja Dąbrowska-Kłosińska is Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Administration and Social Sciences at the Warsaw University of Technology and Research Fellow at the School of Law, Queen's University Belfast. ; Agnieszka Grzelak is Associate Professor at the College of Law, Kozminski University, Warsaw. ; Agnieszka Nimark is a Visiting Scholar at the Reppy Institute for Peace and Conflct Studies, Cornell University and Associate Senior Researcher at the Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (CIDOB). ; Patrycja Dąbrowska-Kłosińska: p.dabrowska@qub.ac.uk ; Agnieszka Grzelak: agrzelak@kozminski.edu.pl ; Agnieszka Nimark: an355@cornell.edu ; 61 ; 94 ; 3 ; Alston P., Does the past matter? 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El fenómeno migratorio de España a América ha sido clave para la evolución histórica de ambos territorios, provocando importantes cambios sociales, económicos, demográficos, políticos y culturales, en las dos orillas del Atlántico. Esta tesis doctoral analiza este proceso a lo largo del siglo XVII, contribuyendo así a llenar un hueco temporal aún no tratador y prestando especial atención al colectivo femenino para hacer visible su participación Para su realización se han empleado tres grupos de fuentes documentales: las licencias de embarque a Indias permiso indispensable para poder pasar de forma legal a Ultramar- custodiadas en el Archivo General de Indias de Sevilla, la correspondencia privada inserta en ellas y, por último, los expedientes de procesos inquisitoriales iniciados por el Santo Oficio Novohispano, ubicados en el Archivo General de la Nación de México; estos últimos con la finalidad de localizar a emigrantes españolas ya establecidas en el continente. Hemos recurrido al empleo de una metodología doble, cuantitativa y cualitativa, que nos ha permitido acceder no solo a la evolución de las migraciones en cifras sino también al lado más humano de estos movimientos poblacionales. Con este trabajo ha quedado constatado el importante número de desplazamientos que tuvo lugar a lo largo del Seiscientos, al haber contabilizado 39.897 emigrantes (33,20% respecto a todo el periodo colonial), especialmente durante las tres primeras décadas, alcanzando cifras nunca experimentadas con anterioridad. Los datos reflejan que la coyuntura de crisis experimentada en la mayoría de las áreas españolas, en contraposición al desarrollo de las colonias americanas, actuó como factor de expulsión. Asimismo, los cambios habidos en las relaciones y el tráfico comercial entre ambos continentes también tuvieron repercusiones en el caudal migratorio. Entre los capítulos tratados, hemos dado importancia al origen de los emigrantes. Estos fueron mayoritariamente andaluces, seguidos de extremeños, como venía ocurriendo en los siglos precedentes, y los destinos mayoritarios continuaron siendo Nueva España y Perú. Nos ha interesado, también, conocer el carácter colectivo de esta emigración; así sabemos que entre los años 1600-1630, la emigración tuvo un importante rasgo familiar: resultado de ello fue el traslado de gran cantidad de mujeres; en efecto, una cuarta parte del total de los emigrados en el siglo XVII fueron de sexo femenino, siendo su papel fundamental en las colonias americanas: destacó la presencia de solteras, debido al significativo número de hijas que viajaron junto a sus padres, así como de nodrizas y criadas. El estudio cualitativo nos ha permitido conocer en profundidad las motivaciones femeninas para partir, así como los temores experimentados por quienes se arriesgaron a afrontar tamaña aventura, temores superados, en la mayoría de ocasiones, gracias a la intervención y ayuda de familiares o conocidos establecidos previamente en Indias. Sin dejar de lado motivos particulares, las mujeres que se decidieron a atravesar el Atlántico lo hicieron por necesitar encarecidamente mejorar su situación -el amplio mercado matrimonial habido en los territorios americanos les facilitaba conseguir dicho fin-, solventar determinados problemas o reencontrarse con personas ya instaladas allí. Sin embargo, aunque América les ofrecía un escenario donde alcanzar determinados sueños, ha quedado visibilizado que no todas las desplazadas gozaron de la misma for-tuna, viéndose involucradas en complejas circunstancias. Claro ejemplo de ello fue el número de procesadas por la Inquisición en Nueva España. En su conjunto, no obstante, hemos podido apreciar que estas mujeres cambiaron radicalmente el rumbo de sus vidas; que muchas consiguieron mejorar significativamente sus realidades, mejorando sus situaciones y, a veces, experimentando mayores libertades que sus contemporáneas peninsulares. ; The migration phenomenon from Spain to America has been key for the historical evolution of both territories, implying important social, economic, demographic, political and cultural changes, in both Atlantic shores. This PhD analyses this process throughout the 17th century, contributing to fulfil a time space unexplored, and paying special attention to women in order to make their part visible. In order to do that, three groups of sources have been used: India boarding licences — an essential permit to be able to cross legally to Ultramar — watched over at the General Archive of the Indies, Seville, the private correspondence attached to them, and, finally, the process inquisitorial records initiated by the Novohispanic Holy Office, located in the General Archive of Mexico; the latter with the aim of locating Spanish emigrants settled in the continent. We have used a quantitative and qualitative double methodology, that has allowed us access to not only to the evolution of migrations in numbers, but also to the most human side of these populational movements. With this project, it has been confirmed the significant number of journeys that took place throughout the 600s, since it has been counted 39,897 emigrants (33.20% in the whole colonial period), specially during the first three decades, achieving numbers never experienced before. Data reflects that the situation of crisis experienced in most of the Spanish territory, contrary to the American colonies' development, acted as a factor of expulsion. Besides, the changes in the relationships and the commercial traffic between both continents had an impact in the migratory volume. Among the chapters treated, we have given more importance to the origin of the emigrants. These were mainly Andalusian and from Extremadura, as it had also been happening in the precious centuries, and the destinations were mostly New Spain and Peru. We have also been interested in knowing the collective character of this emigration; so we know that between 1600 and 1630, emigration had an imporcant family feature, resulting in the move of a great number of women; indeed, a quarter of the total emigrants in the 17th century was women, having an essential role in the American colonies. There were numerous single women, due to the number of daughters that travelled along with their parents, as well as nursemaids and maids. The qualitative study has allowed us to deeply know the female motivations to move, as well as the fears experienced by those who risked themselves in that adventure, most of them overcome thank to the intervention and help from the families and acquaintances previously settled in Indies. Without leaving aside the particular reasons, the women who decided to go across the Atlantic Ocean had to do it because they needed to improve their situation — the huge matrimonial market in the American territories enable them to improve it -, solve some problems or meet again with people already settled there. However, although America offered them a place where they could achieve their dreams, it has been proven that not all the women who went there were that lucky, since they found themselves involved in difficult situations. A clear example is the number of women who were prosecuted because of the Inquisition in the New Spain.

The combined analysis of haplotype panels with phenotype clinical cohorts is a common approach to explore the genetic architecture of human diseases. However, genetic studies are mainly based on single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and small insertions and deletions (indels). Here, we contribute to fill this gap by generating a dense haplotype map focused on the identification, characterization, and phasing of structural variants (SVs). By integrating multiple variant identification methods and Logistic Regression Models (LRMs), we present a catalogue of 35 431 441 variants, including 89 178 SVs (≥50 bp), 30 325 064 SNVs and 5 017 199 indels, across 785 Illumina high coverage (30x) whole-genomes from the Iberian GCAT Cohort, containing a median of 3.52M SNVs, 606 336 indels and 6393 SVs per individual. The haplotype panel is able to impute up to 14 360 728 SNVs/indels and 23 179 SVs, showing a 2.7-fold increase for SVs compared with available genetic variation panels. The value of this panel for SVs analysis is shown through an imputed rare Alu element located in a new locus associated with Mononeuritis of lower limb, a rare neuromuscular disease. This study represents the first deep characterization of genetic variation within the Iberian population and the first operational haplotype panel to systematically include the SVs into genome-wide genetic studies. ; GCAT|Genomes for Life, a cohort study of the Genomes of Catalonia, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP); IGTP is part of the CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalunya; GCAT is supported by Acción de Dinamización del ISCIII-MINECO; Ministry of Health of the Generalitat of Catalunya [ADE 10/00026]; Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) [2017-SGR 529]; B.C. is supported by national grants [PI18/01512]; X.F. is supported by VEIS project [001-P-001647] (co-funded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), 'A way to build Europe'); a full list of the investigators who contributed to the generation of the GCAT data is available from www.genomesforlife.com/; Severo Ochoa Program, awarded by the Spanish Government [SEV-2011-00067 and SEV2015-0493]; Spanish Ministry of Science [TIN2015-65316-P]; Innovation and by the Generalitat de Catalunya [2014-SGR-1051 to D.T.]; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI, Spain) [BFU2016-77244-R and PID2019-107836RB-I00]; European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, EU) (to M.C.); Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [FPI BES-2016-0077344 to J.V.M.]; C.S. received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement [H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2016-754433]; this study made use of data generated by the UK10K Consortium from UK10K COHORT IMPUTATION [EGAS00001000713]; formal agreement with the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC); this study made use of data generated by the Genome of the Netherlands' project, which is funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research [184021007], allowing us to use the GoNL reference panel containing SVs, upon request (GoNL Data Access request 2019203); this study also used data generated by the Haplotype Reference Consortium (HRC) accessed through the European Genome-phenome Archive with the accession numbers EGAD00001002729; formal agreement of the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) with WTSI; this study made use of data generated by the 1000 Genomes (1000G), accessed through the FTP portal (http://ftp.1000genomes.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/ftp/release/20130502/); this study used the GeneHancer-for-AnnotSV dump for GeneCards Suite Version 4.14, through a formal agreement between the BSC and the Weizmann Institute of Science. Funding for open access charge: GCAT|Genomes for Life, a cohort study of the Genomes of Catalonia, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP); IGTP is part of the CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalunya; GCAT is supported by Acción de Dinamización del ISCIII-MINECO; Ministry of Health of the Generalitat of Catalunya [ADE 10/00026]; Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) [2017-SGR 529]; B.C. is supported by national grants [PI18/01512]; X.F. is supported by VEIS project [001-P-001647] (co-funded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), 'A way to build Europe'); a full list of the investigators who contributed to the generation of the GCAT data is available from www.genomesforlife.com/; Severo Ochoa Program, awarded by the Spanish Government [SEV-2011-00067 and SEV2015-0493]; Spanish Ministry of Science [TIN2015-65316-P]; Innovation and by the Generalitat de Catalunya [2014-SGR-1051 to D.T.]; [Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI, Spain) [BFU2016-77244-R and PID2019-107836RB-I00]; European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, EU) (to M.C.); Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [FPI BES-2016-0077344 to J.V.M.]; C.S. received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement [H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2016-754433]; this study made use of data generated by the UK10K Consortium from UK10K COHORT IMPUTATION [EGAS00001000713]; formal agreement with the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC); this study made use of data generated by the Genome of the Netherlands' project, which is funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research [184021007], allowing us to use the GoNL reference panel containing SVs, upon request (GoNL Data Access request 2019203); this study also used data generated by the Haplotype Reference Consortium (HRC) accessed through the European Genome-phenome Archive with the accession numbers EGAD00001002729; formal agreement of the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) with WTSI; this study made use of data generated by the 1000 Genomes (1000G), accessed through the FTP portal (http://ftp.1000genomes.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/ftp/release/20130502/); this study used the GeneHancer-for-AnnotSV dump for GeneCards Suite Version 4.14, through a formal agreement between the BSC and The Weizmann Institute of Science. ; "Article signat per 21 autors/es: Jordi Valls-Margarit, Iván Galván-Femenía, Daniel Matías-Sánchez, Natalia Blay, Montserrat Puiggròs, Anna Carreras, Cecilia Salvoro, Beatriz Cortés, Ramon Amela, Xavier Farre, Jon Lerga-Jaso, Marta Puig, Jose Francisco Sánchez-Herrero, Victor Moreno, Manuel Perucho, Lauro Sumoy, Lluís Armengol, Olivier Delaneau, Mario Cáceres, Rafael de Cid, David Torrents" ; Postprint (published version)

In order to assist governments in ensuring efficient housing markets and providing access to suitable housing conditions for all people, research about the functioning of housing markets is needed. My thesis, which is comprised of three essays that repre-sent the main chapters, contributes to the research on the economic processes that work within housing markets, especially with regard to challenges that arise from ur-ban concentration. In particular, I study the following research questions: • What are causes of vacancies in the housing market? • What are the effects of real estate transfer taxes on activity in the housing market? • What are the differences between counties in the provision of technical infra-structure? 1. Causes of Vacancies We summarize theoretical approaches, which may explain the mechanisms leading to vacancies under the assumptions of the standard market model, search and matching theory and behavioral economics. Concerning the latter, we propose a new frame-work to explain why and under which conditions homeowners are hesitant to sell their dwellings, which may lead to vacancies. In this framework, we highlight the fact that even if buyers and sellers are homogenous individuals, their willingness to pay differs depending on market developments. Under the assumptions of the standard market model, we hypothesize that vacancies only arise if the market price equals the suppliers' minimum price. Next to that, we identify the following factors that could explain an increase in vacancies: Greater market power, higher heterogeneity between dwellings, low holding costs of dwellings, high list prices, a high share of small dwell-ings, less intermediaries and a shorter mandatory period of notice of tenants. Despite the wide range of models explaining vacancies, there is need for new theoretical frameworks. We evaluate the identified hypotheses in the theoretical literature by comparing them with the results found in the empirical studies. Some hypotheses have either been in-vestigated by the empirical literature only to a limited degree or have not been inves-tigated at all. Next to the positive analysis of the mechanisms that cause vacancies, we need to pose the normative question, if and under which circumstances vacancies should be considered problematic. Vacancies in the short run may be a necessity in a search and matching context to reach an efficient market outcome; i.e., to offer poten-tial buyers a heterogeneous pool of options to choose from and to fit their individual needs. Additionally, with the assumptions of behavioral economics, an owner of a vacant dwelling might find greater pleasure in speculating with the object than a buyer would enjoy living in it. However, vacancies could indicate a welfare loss if caused by a monopoly that artificially reduces the housing supply on a market. A reduction of information asymmetry could reduce vacancies and increase welfare. 2. Effects of Real Estate Transfer Taxes German states can set their own real estate transfer tax rates. To date, the real estate transfer tax rates range between 3.5% and 6.5%. Although the tax rates do not seem to be particularly high, the tax results in a relatively high tax amount to be paid; even small changes in the tax rate may cause buyers to accelerate a planned transaction to pay a lower tax rate. In our empirical analysis of different German states, we estimate that a one-percentage-point increase in the transfer tax produces significant anticipation effects for the month just before a tax is increased (about 43% more transactions before and 44% less after) and yields approximately 6% fewer overall transactions and therefore much lower market activity. We show that in many cases, the former first-best option – to buy or sell a single-family home – is apparently no longer the optimal choice. Thus, we expect ownership rates to decrease as letting apartments becomes more attractive than selling. This questions the wisdom of real estate transfer tax increases when other political measures that attempt to support homeownership creation are in place. Addi-tionally, retired households, which tend to stay in houses that are too large after their children have left, could be discouraged from downsizing to their actual needs. Indi-viduals may forgo better job offers in other regions or accept longer commutes, which can have negative consequences on urban labor markets. 3. Efficiency of County Road Provision When houses in urban areas are expensive, an adequate road network allows residents to locate further away from agglomeration centers. This takes pressure off housing prices and infrastructure systems in cities and supports housing markets in rural areas. I use the example of county roads to study whether counties differ in their efficiency of the provision of infrastructure. Efficiency refers to the use of economic resources (input) in the most technologically efficient manner to produce a certain amount of output. Studies on the efficient provision of roads incorporated the 'quantity' of roads (e.g., the length of the road network) and the 'quality' of roads (e.g., an index that measures road condition) as the relevant output indicators. I address two major problems of previous studies. First, to measure the quality of roads, I acquired new and improved data on road condition by county governments. Second, I focus on the data referring to a road network of approximately the same age. An old road network asks for more frequent maintenance and thus higher costs. Therefore, it is possible that governments with an older road network in their region could be identified as less efficient than governments with a newer road network, even if they do not actually employ their financial resources in a less efficient manner. The results of my study indicate that there are substantial efficiency differences and efficiency reserves in the provision of roads in eastern German counties: Depending on the specification, in the median county, the same level of outputs (i.e., area of roads and road condition) could be achieved using 48% to 70% fewer inputs (i.e., expendi-tures). I also find that my results differ greatly from existing studies applying proxy data for the quality of roads (e.g., the number of accidents).

As of December 31, 2015, there were 15,995 diagnosed and reported persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who were residents of San Francisco, California at time of diagnosis. Approximately one quarter of men who have sex with men (MSM) in San Francisco are HIV-positive. Despite a high HIV burden, a higher proportion of HIV-positive San Franciscans are virally suppressed (72% in 2014 in San Francisco) than nationally (55% nationally in 2013), and 81% of all cases in San Francisco had at least one HIV viral load or CD4 test in 2014 (versus 71% nationally in 2013). Recently, new strategies have emerged to prevent HIV transmission, including post-exposure prophylaxis, treatment as prevention and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). With these new tools, the end of the HIV epidemic is within reach. New HIV diagnoses in San Francisco are now half of what they were a decade ago, down from 528 new HIV diagnoses in 2006 to 255 in 2015. The Getting to Zero (GTZ) consortium, formed in San Francisco after World AIDS Day in 2013, which is comprised of representatives from the San Francisco Department of Public Health, the University of California San Francisco, public and private medical providers, community based organizations, other San Francisco government agencies and people living with HIV (PLWH), aims to get to zero new HIV transmissions, zero HIV deaths and zero HIV stigma in San Francisco. My dissertation is aligned with the mission of the GTZ consortium.My dissertation seeks to address how the population dynamics of MSM (through migration and HIV serostatus) could affect the prevalence and incidence of HIV in San Francisco and may help explain why there is ongoing HIV transmission in the era of PrEP and treatment as prevention. The ability to migrate has increased for PLWH as survival markedly improved following introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy in 1996. Although there is a high frequency of migration among the general U.S. population and among PLWH in San Francisco, migration patterns of MSM in San Francisco have, to my knowledge, never been described. Output from the novel migration model outlined in Chapter 2 can be used to understand the dynamics of the MSM population in San Francisco and macro-level forces that could affect the prevalence and incidence of HIV in the population. Estimating the number of MSM by HIV status also allows researchers to have a denominator of this hidden population for use in estimating prevalence, incidence, service needs and funding allocations. Further, estimating the number of HIV-negative in-migrants relative to the overall MSM population is important because research has shown that recent MSM migrants to metropolitan areas are at increased risk of HIV acquisition because of higher risk behaviors. My results suggest that the overall MSM population and all the MSM subpopulations studied decreased in size from 2006 to 2014. Further, there were differences in migration patterns by race and by HIV serostatus.Next, given the goal of eliminating all transmission of HIV, I assessed the association between knowledge of an HIV-negative partner's PrEP use and reported condomless anal sex (CAS) among sexually active MSM in San Francisco. In 2010, the iPrEx trial showed that a daily dose of tenofovir disoproxil fumerate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) for HIV-negative persons in HIV serodiscordant relationships could reduce HIV transmission by 42%. In 2012, the FDA approved daily FTC/TDF for HIV prophylaxis. Although no increase in CAS was observed in the iPrEx trial, there is concern that expansion of PrEP could result in reduced condom use. The study population for iPrEx, individuals who consented to participate in a randomized-controlled trial, likely did not represent the general population of MSM. Furthermore, participants knew that they could have been randomized to receive a placebo and, therefore, it is not surprising that in this setting, no increase in CAS was observed. Recent research has focused on PrEP use and CAS reported by HIV-negative individuals on PrEP; no research to my knowledge has focused on PLWH's reported condom use during sex if they know that their HIV-negative partner is on PrEP. I found that there was a higher prevalence of reported CAS and insertive condomless anal sex (ICAS) in partnerships that were either seroconcordant or serodiscordant with PrEP, compared to partnerships that were serodiscordant without PrEP. There was evidence that men in this sample were adapting their condom use based on their sexual partner's HIV status and PrEP use, and their own viral suppression status. Discordant partnerships with PrEP had an increased adjusted prevalence of reported CAS and ICAS.I used causal inference methods to determine the effect of internalized HIV stigma (IHS) on viral suppression. Past research on IHS has focused on ART adherence as an outcome, and depression has been determined to be a mediator along this path. To my knowledge, no research has looked at the effect of IHS on viral suppression as an outcome. Research focusing on IHS in San Francisco has been limited to subgroups of HIV-positive individuals, such as homeless and marginally housed HIV-positive adults. Causal inference methods were used to estimate the counterfactual proportion of HIV-positive adults virally suppressed if all adults in HIV care in San Francisco did not experience IHS compared to the proportion of HIV-positive adults virally suppressed if all adults in HIV care in San Francisco did experience IHS, by following the causal roadmap. Three estimators were used to estimate the average treatment effect: simple substitution, inverse probability of treatment weighting, and targeted maximum likelihood estimation (TMLE). The results from each estimator were similar, and a statistically significant causal effect was observed for all. Using TMLE, the counterfactual proportion of adults virally suppressed would decrease by roughly 4.5% if all adults did not experience internalized HIV stigma as opposed to if all adults experience internalized HIV stigma.

Floods are one of the most important catastrophic consequences of extreme weather conditions which might lead to considerable losses of property and life. In recent years, several major floods having high social impact occurred in many parts of the world including Europe. Nearly every year during the last few decades major flooding has happened somewhere on the European continent. For the period 1980-2002, the greatest number of floods occurred in France (22 %), Italy (17 %) and the UK (12 %). The highest number of fatalities occurred in Italy (38 %), followed by Spain (20 %) and France (17 %) (Innovations Report online). Recent flooding highlights the specific need to evaluate societal vulnerability to the response of flooding to global change and climatic vulnerability. Floods becoming a part of our lives incited a new hazard culture – namely, a living with flood attitude - which is based on a more integrated approach including measures such as prevention, insurance, forecasting, warning and evacuation, and land use planning. In addition, flood risk education and awareness increased in importance. The main scope of the study is to provide a better understanding and insight of flood causing weather conditions and to explain the links between climate and floods in the mesoscale catchments with a size of a few hundreds up to a few thousand square kilometers. The present research was carried out as a part of the SPHERE Project (Systematic, Palaeoflood and Historical data for the improvEment of flood Risk Estimation) funded by the European Union. The project duration was between March 2000 and July 2003. The Institute for Hydraulic Engineering (IWS) at the University of Stuttgart was one of the project partners responsible for the investigation of the links between floods and climate. Within this task, IWS identified the flood-prone large-scale meteorological conditions in the Study Areas – Ardèche in France and Llobregat in Spain – and developed a discharge downscaling method which enables the analysis of possible past and future floods to estimate the flood risk. For the analysis of present and past floods NCEP Re-analysis Data (gridded sea level pressure), past GCM scenarios (KIHZ Project) and historical Point Sea Level Pressure and Temperature data from several stations in Europe (IMPROVE Project) were obtained. For the purposes of the current study, the identification of the short- and long-term relationships between climatic variability and flooding (on timescales of decades and centuries) is of great importance. Furthermore, the investigation of the changes in frequencies of flood-causing weather conditions and the identification of possible trends might help in the assessment of future flood frequency projections. The performance of the climatic and hydrologic models has improved considerably in the last decades. Despite the high number of sophisticated models developed, new ideas, more applications and challenging approaches are still sought. New and innovative hydrometeorological methods are required for the investigation of the flood phenomenon and for explaining the complex relationships and interactions in the nature. This work implies a first application as well. The aim of this dissertation is to present a new method to explain flood-prone weather conditions by using discharge information observed in the selected basin. Discharge includes significant information in terms of floods, since it is regarded as one of the end- products of precipitation. Hence, it can be integrated into the investigation of flood-causing weather conditions. An automated identification procedure based on fuzzy rules is developed for flood-producing weather situations based on the large-scale observations. In order to establish a daily link between circulation patterns and flood events, investigation of discharge increases instead of discharge is suggested. This approach is useful in mesoscale catchments with short concentration times. A new downscaling method, different from conventionally-used downscaling methods, was developed to generate daily discharge time series directly from large-scale atmospheric information. The common way of linking large-scale information to local-scale variables is usually downscaling of precipitation and temperature from large-scale atmospheric features and to link them to discharge with a rainfall-runoff model. In this work, a stochastic discharge simulation was developed to downscale discharge from atmospheric circulation directly. The research delivers interesting and promising results. The investigation in both Study Areas provided successful outcomes concluding that there is a strong link between the occurrence of certain circulation patterns and the occurrence of floods in the Studied Regions. ; Hochwasser entsteht als Folge extremer Wettersituationen und zählt zu den häufigsten auftretenden Katastrophen weltweit. In den letzten Jahren wurde in vielen Teilen der Welt von einer Vielzahl von Hochwasserereignissen mit großen Schäden berichtet. Im Zeitraum von 1980 bis 2002 haben sich auch in Europa viele Flutkatastrophen ereignet. Die häufigsten Hochwasserereignisse traten in Frankreich, Italien und Großbritannien auf (22 %, 17 %, bzw. 17 % der in Europa gemessenen Ereignisse, Innovation-Report). Im Hinblick auf wirtschaft-liche Folgen waren in erster Linie Deutschland und Italien betroffen, beide mit einem Schadensumfang von 11 Milliarden Euro, gefolgt von Spanien und Großbritannien mit einer Schadenshöhe von 6 Milliarden Euro. Die aktuellen Hochwasserereignisse gaben Anlass zu der Spekulation, dass der anthropogene Treibhauseffekt zu einem Anstieg der Auftrittsrate derartiger Extremereignisse im Klimasystem führe. Der gegenwärtige Wissensstand der Klimaforschung kann einen derartigen direkten Zusammenhang nicht belegen. In heutigen Klimamodellen, die das reale Klima in mathematischen Modellen abbilden, sind einige klimarelevante Prozesse noch nicht zufriedenstellend dargestellt, z.B. die Wirkung von Wolken, Aerosolen oder die veränderliche solare Strahlung. Aus diesem Grund werden verbesserte Klimamodelle benötigt, um konkrete Aussagen über die eventuellen Auswirkungen des Klimawandels zu ermöglichen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll im Folgenden der Zusammenhang zwischen Klima und Hochwasser untersucht werden. Dafür soll ein Link zwischen großräumigen atmosphärischen Variablen (z.B. Druckfelder) und den lokalen, hydrologisch relevanten Parameter (z.B. Niederschlag, Temperatur, Strahlung, hier: Abfluss) in mesoskaligen Einzugsgebieten hergestellt werden. Dieser Zusammenhang ist von besonderer Bedeutung etwa bei der Abschätzung der Folgen von Klimaänderungen auf das Hochwassergeschehen. Hochwasserereignisse sind meistens die Folge von ungewöhnlichen Wettergeschehnissen. Um die Entstehung von Hochwasser erklären zu können, wurden bereits zahlreiche Untersuchungen über den Zusammenhang zwischen Klima und Hochwasser durchgeführt. Bei gemäßigtem Klima führen hohe Niederschlagsmengen, die in mesoskaligen Einzugsgebieten innerhalb von kurzer Zeit fallen, in der Regel zu Hochwasser. Es ist offensichtlich, dass es einen engen Zusammenhang zwischen atmosphärischer Zirkulation und klimatischen Variablen gibt. Bislang wurde sehr wenig über die Zusammenhänge zwischen großräumigen atmosphärischen Variablen und Abflussmengen geforscht. Diese sollen in der vorliegenden Arbeit mit Hilfe verschiedener Methoden eingehend untersucht werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird einen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen dem großräumigen atmosphärischen Geschehen und dem Hochwasser hergestellt. Auf der Basis dieser Zusammenhänge zwischen den großräumigen atmosphärischen Variablen und den lokalen Parametern wird ein Abfluss-Downscaling Modell erarbeitet. Dieses dient zur Generierung von Abfluss-Reihen in täglicher Auflösung, welche auf beobachteten Bodenluftdruckdaten oder aus GCM stammenden Klimaszenarien basiert. Somit kann ein direkter Link zwischen groß- und kleinräumigen Variablen in mesoskaligen Einzugsgebieten erstellt werden. Basierend auf künftigen Klimaszenarien kann die Vorgehensweise ebenfalls für die Prognose der künftigen Hochwasserereignisse verwendet werden.

The Norwegians' construction and use of second homes has been an issue in public planning since the development of its antecedent, the cabin, began to take toll on the beautiful Norwegian landscape in the 1950s and 1960s. Still today, the development of second homes have great impacts on landscape, but maybe more troublesome are impacts to ecology and environmental issues such as energy use and use of materials. Although new environmental issues have been introduced by the continued development and increasing material standards, planning still seem to follow the same principles for spatial allocation and material use that were laid down in combination with the introduction of regulations in the 1965 planning act. Alongside the increased environmental issues, the increased material standards have also introduced other kinds of problems. One consequence is the rising cost of second homes, which secludes many from ownership. Nonetheless, second home ownership is still presented as something truly Norwegian and as a relief from the everyday stress. This thesis contributes by investigating some underlying political-economic structures and mechanisms that seem to drive the continued development of the phenomenon. This approach is entirely new as a research focus. This aim has been followed through three different articles, which the following synthesising chapters reflect upon, while also aligning the methodological, theoretical and empirical methods of the three articles. The first article reflects on the discrepancy between rising second home ownership cost and annual salary, links it to motives for ownership and, based on this, develops a concept of a Norwegian second home ownership paradox. The second article empirically explores the hypothesis of the first article, primarily through a questionnaire survey among second home owners. The third article looks at how planning and development of second homes have changed in an interplay with political changes of society, i.e. how neoliberalism seems to have influenced second home planning and which developments it has resulted in. The thesis adopts a critical realist ontology and the methodology that follows of moving from the concrete to the abstract and back again. It does so through the so-called RRREI(C) schema, which first aims at developing a so-called laminated system of the phenomenon, and then goes on to redescribe components of the laminated system with regards to a chosen theoretical frame. After this, it is a matter of either theoretically explaining antecedent causes to these components, or through retroduction, discover such antecedent causes. Subsequently, the theoretical frame needs to be empirically tested and possibly the frame needs to be altered, accordingly. As a basic theoretical frame, a concept of sustainability that adopt a strong conceptualizing, i.e. an understanding that rejects the notion that nature is substitutable with human-made capital, is chosen. This understanding operates for framing the problem issue in focus throughout the thesis. The main theoretical concepts rest on the mechanisms of the capitalist industrial growth oriented society. Therefore, the thesis is to some extent also a critical analysis of contemporary society and the consumerist practices, which it articulates on a broad spectrum and of which the Norwegian second home phenomenon is an intricate example. Through a questionnaire survey that asks about second home owners' motives for ownership and use as well as whether their second home is financed through debt, the thesis investigates the reality of the Norwegian second home ownership paradox. Through a case study of the municipality of Trysil, applying document and interview analysis, some examples of the influences of neoliberalism on second home planning are investigated. The thesis contributes to research on different levels. First, there is the general contribution of the ontology of critical realism to research on second homes. The thesis shows how the rich ontology and following methodology can contribute to a deeper understanding of underlying structures and mechanisms that have not been seriously questioned before. The thesis also contributes to research by exemplifying how the RRREI(C) model for scientific inquiry of can be carried out, which is very rarely seen before. Second, the thesis contributes to the general knowledge production related to the research field of Norwegian second homes by offering a theorization and conceptualization of the field, which has been predominantly empirically oriented. The conceptualization and empirical confirmation of a second home ownership paradox as well as a description of the transformation of the phenomenon as going from convivial and simple to technocratic and commodified including iatrogenic second home planning, serves as new concepts to the understanding of the Norwegian second home phenomenon in relation to sustainability (environmental, social and economic). The thesis thereby also proves relevant to a wider theoretical debate related to sustainability in general, economic growth and the prospects of ecological modernization. Thirdly, these new concepts, and the analysis that lies behind them, prove valuable because planning needs to take a new direction if second home developments are not to continue the unsustainable practices it rests upon now. To foster a discussion, the thesis develops a set of planning principles, which basically tries to tame the increasing materiality of second home developments. Second home development needs, however, to be further problematized in relation to many different aspects of sustainability and the critical perspective should enter mainstream political discourse if a transition of the phenomenon is to be hoped for. The analysis and concepts put forth here might offer a starting point from which the basic conditions of planning could be discussed. If such basic conditions are not discussed and transformed, the continued reliance on planning for solving the multiplicity of environmental, economic and socio-cultural problems, originated in the modern second home phenomenon, will probably prove insufficient. At least, this is what history tells us. ; Norges bygging og bruk av fritidsboliger har vært et problem i den offentlige planleggingen siden utviklingen av den moderne fritidsboligens forgjenger, hytta, begynte å forandre det vakre norske landskapet på 1950- og 1960-tallet. Utviklingen av fritidsboliger har fortsatt stor innvirkning på landskapet, men kanskje mer problematisk er innvirkningen på økologi og miljørelaterte faktorer som energibruk og bruk av materialer. Selv om nye miljøspørsmål har meldt seg gjennom fortsatt utbygging og økende materialstandarder, synes planleggingen fremdeles å følge de samme prinsippene for lokalisering og materialbruk som ble introdusert i forbindelse med innføringen av forskrifter i bygningsloven av 1965. Sammen med nye typer miljøbelastninger har økt materiell standard også medført andre typer problemer. En konsekvens er det stigende prisnivået for fritidsboliger, som avskjærer mange fra eierskap. Ikke desto mindre blir det å eie fritidsbolig fortsatt sett på som noe ekte norsk og som en utvei fra hverdagens stress. Denne avhandlingen undersøker noen underliggende politisk-økonomiske strukturer og mekanismer som ser ut til å drive den fortsatte utviklingen av fritidsbolig-fenomenet. Denne tilnærmingen er helt ny som forskningsfokus. Dette formålet har blitt fulgt gjennom tre forskjellige artikler som de følgende «kappe»-kapitlene reflekterer over, samtidig som de forbinder de metodologiske og teoretiske tilnærmingene og de empiriske metodene, som de tre artiklene bygger på. Den første artikkelen reflekterer over en stigende uoverensstemmelsen mellom fritidsboligkostnader og folks lønnsnivå og diskuterer denne motsetningen opp imot motiv for eierskap. Med bakgrunn i dette utvikler artikkelen et begrep om et norsk fritidsboligeierskaps-paradoks. Den andre artikkelen undersøker empirisk hypotesen fra den første artikkelen, først og fremst gjennom en spørreskjemaundersøkelse blant eiere av fritidsboliger. Den tredje artikkelen ser nærmere på hvordan planlegging og utvikling av fritidsboliger har endret seg i samspill med politiske samfunnsendringer, dvs. hvordan nyliberalismen ser ut til å ha påvirket planlegging av fritidsboliger og hvilke konkrete utviklingstrekk dette har resultert i. Avhandlingen bygger på kritisk realistisk ontologi og en metodikk basert på denne, der forskningen beveger seg fra det konkrete til det abstrakt og tilbake igjen. Dette gjøres ved å følge det såkalte RRREI(C)-skjemaet, som først tar sikte på å utvikle et såkalt laminert system av fenomenet, og deretter fortsetter ved å beskrive komponentene i det laminerte systemet på nytt ved hjelp av begreper fra en valgt teoretisk ramme. Etter dette handler det om å teoretisk forklare underliggende årsaker til disse komponentene, eller å komme på sporet etter slike underliggende årsaker gjennom såkalt retroduksjon. Deretter må den teoretiske rammen bli empirisk testet. Muligens må rammen så endres i tråd med de empiriske funnene. Som en grunnleggende teoretisk ramme bygger avhandlingen på et begrep for bærekraft med høy vekt på å respektere naturen. Dette innebærer en avvisning av ideen om at naturen er substituerbar med menneskelig kapital. Denne bærekraftforståelsen utgjør en overordnet ramme for arbeidet med problemstillingene gjennom hele avhandlingen. De viktigste teoretiske begrepene dreier seg om mekanismene i det kapitalistiske industrielle vekstorienterte samfunnet. Derfor inneholder avhandlingen til en viss grad også en kritisk analyse av dagens samfunn og forbrukerpraksis som manifesterer seg på en lang rekke områder og som det norske fritidsboligfenomenet er et intrikat eksempel på. Gjennom en spørreskjemaundersøkelse om fritidsboligeieres motivasjon for eierskap og bruk, samt om hvorvidt fritidsboligen(e) er finansiert gjennom gjeld, belyser avhandlingen i hvilken grad det postulerte fritidsboligeierskaps-paradokset eksisterer i blant norske fritidsboligeiere i dag. Gjennom en case-studie av Trysil kommune, basert på dokument- og intervjuanalyse, belyser avhandlingen dessuten eksempler på nyliberalismens påvirkning på fritidsboligplanleggingen. Avhandlingen bidrar til forskningslitteraturen på ulike nivåer. For det første gir den et generelt teoretisk bidrag gjennom å anvende kritisk realistisk ontologi innenfor forskning på fritidsboliger. Avhandlingen viser hvordan denne rike ontologien og tilhørende metodikk kan bidra til en dypere forståelse av underliggende strukturer og mekanismer som i liten grad har blitt undersøkt tidligere innenfor dette forskningstemaet. Tilsvarende bidrar avhandlingen generelt til forskningslitteraturen ved å eksemplifisere hvordan den kritisk-realistiske modellen for vitenskapelig undersøkelse dvs. RRREI(C)-skjemaet, kan brukes i praksis, noe som sjelden er sett før. For det andre bidrar avhandlingen til generell kunnskapsproduksjon innenfor forskningen om fritidsboliger gjennom teoretisering og konseptualisering av dette forskningstemaet, som for tidligere for det meste har vært ensidig empirisk orientert. Avhandlingen bidrar også med nye begreper til forståelsen av det norske fritidsboligfenomenet i forhold til bærekraft (miljø, sosial og økonomisk) gjennom konseptualisering og empirisk bekreftelse av et norsk fritidsboligeierskaps-paradoks, samt en beskrivelse av fenomenets forvandling fra å være samværsorientert og enkelt til å være teknokratisk og varepreget. En iatrogen (dvs. med negative bivirkninger) fritidsboligplanlegging hører også med til denne endringen. Disse begrepene bidrar til en forståelse av fritidsboligfenomenet i forhold til bærekraft. Avhandlingen bidrar derfor også med kritiske perspektiver til en bredere teoretisk debatt rundt bærekraft, økonomisk vekst og økologisk modernisering. For det tredje er avhandlingens sentrale begreper og analysene som ligger bak dem verdifulle i lys av at planleggingen må ta en ny retning hvis utbyggingen av fritidsboliger ikke skal fortsette langs det ikke-bærekraftige sporet den følger nå. For å stimulere til diskusjon utvikler avhandlingen et sett av planleggingsprinsipper som kan bidra til å snu det økende materielle forbruket som fritidsboliger fører med seg. For å få til en overgang til et bærekraftig fritidsbolig-fenomen, er det imidlertid nødvendig med ytterligere problematisering av utbyggingen av fritidsboliger i forhold til de mange forskjellige aspektene av bærekraft. En slik problematisering må også bli en del av den fremherskende politiske diskursen. Analysen og begrepene som presenteres her, kan gi et utgangspunkt for å diskutere de grunnleggende vilkårene for planlegging. Hvis slike grunnleggende forhold ikke blir diskutert og endret, vil planleggingen fortsatt være ute av stand til å løse mangfoldet av miljømessige, økonomiske og sosialkulturelle problemer som det moderne fritidsboligfenomenet gir opphav til. Det forteller historien oss i det minste.

10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 1/6 PROFESSOR ASAO INOUE SELECTED FOR TOP TEACHINGAWARD Home | PRESS RELEASES | Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award Previous  Next  Professor Asao Inoue, an associate professor of English, has beenawarded the top teaching honor at Fresno State. William A. Covino, provost and vice president for Academic A􀃠􎁡airs, namedInoue as recipient of the 2012 Excellence in Teaching Award. The Provost's Awards announced Tuesday, May 1, also honored: Amanda Adams, assistant professor of Psychology, recipient of theFaculty Service Award Saúl Jiménez-Sandoval, professor of Modern and ClassicalLanguages, Gradvuate Teaching and Mentoring Award William Bommer, professor of Management, Research, Scholarshipand Creative Accomplishment Award Bryan Berrett, associate professor of Communicative Disorders andDeaf Studies, Technology in Education Award.       Search . SECTIONS ACADEMICS  CAMPUS &COMMUNITY  RESEARCH  ALUMNI  PRESS RELEASES  FEATURED VIDEOS  NEWS SOURCES Fresno StateMagazine  CommunityNewsletter  Fresno State  The Collegian  Bulldog Blog  ACADEMICS CAMPUS & COMMUNITY RESEARCH ALUMNI ATHLETICS FEATURED VIDEOS  ABOUT PRESS RELEASES MEDIA GUIDE ARCHIVES10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 2/6 Four faculty members received the Promising New Faculty award,recognizing exemplary achievements in teaching, research/creativeactivities and/or service among nontenured, tenure-track faculty. Thehonorees are: Juan-Carlos Gonzalez, assistant professor of Educational Researchand Administration. Elizabeth Payne, assistant professor of Theatre Arts. Jason Bush, assistant professor of Biology. Kim Youngwook, assistant professor of Electrical and ComputerEngineering. Asao Inoue , associate professor of English, receives the Excellence inTeaching Award. He has been at Fresno State since 2007. He approachesthe challenge of teaching high-level writing skills with an innovativepedagogy that emphasizes students' roles in their own education. Hefrequently asks students to evaluate and challenge traditionalinstructional environments and to examine alterna tive teaching methodsthat foster greater individual success. One important aspect of histeaching philosophy is getting students to talk about their writing inrhetorical and re􀃖􍙥exive ways. Inoue's on-campus service includes work asorganizer and facilitator for the Symposium on Remediation in Englishand as a committee member for the Improving Student Writing Initiative,Criterion As sessment Committee. His community service includes work ascurriculum designer, teacher, and program assessment coordinator forUniversity 20 (Academic Reading course), Summer Bridge Program, andthe Educational Opportunity Program. He has active memberships in theCon ference on College Composition and Communication, NationalCouncil of Teachers of English, Asian American Studies Association,Rhetoric Society of America, and Council of Writing ProgramAdministrators. In 2000, he received the Faculty Development SeminarAward. His national hon ors and awards include the Ford FoundationPredoctoral Fellowship for Minorities in 2003. Amanda Adams , assistant professor of Psychology, receives the FacultyService Award. She has been at Fresno State since 2006. Her passion forhelping families who have children with autism drives her to createopportunities for students' development, both as practitioners of appliedbehavior analysis and as researchers that disseminate new knowledge.She has worked tirelessly to develop and secure support for the CentralCalifornia Autism Center (CCAC) on campus. The center pro videsopportunities for students to learn to apply Applied Behavior Analysisprinciples, conduct research, and learn important professional skills.Adams provides important service to the local community by educatingpractitioners who treat autism, families who are a􀃠􎁥ected by autism, andpolicy makers who develop programs and provide 􀃕􍕮nancial support fortreating autism. For four years, she has worked with students to plan and Go Bulldogs  Videos  Social MediaDirectory  10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 3/6 implement Autism Awareness Field Day. She is involved in otherawareness/fundraising events, including the CCAC Gala Fundraiser andannual golf tournament. She is a member of the California Chapter of theAssociation for Applied Behav ior Analysis and received the Provost'sAward for Promising New Faculty in 2009. Saúl Jiménez-Sandoval , professor of Modern and Classical Languagesand Literatures, receives the Graduate Teaching and Mentoring Award. Hehas been at Fresno State since 2000 and has a well-established record ofexceptional graduate teaching. Jiménez-Sandoval has been a driving forcein the development of the Spanish M.A. curriculum, personally developingand teaching 􀃕􍕶ve new seminars for the program. In his teaching, hestresses the basic human emotions of love, despair, and hope. He isdescribed as a proli􀃕􍕣c thesis director and has served on the Spanish M.A.exam com mittee each semester since his arrival. Jiménez-Sandovalbelieves in students' ability to push them selves and excel. His studentshave been accepted to Ph.D. programs at UCLA, Irvine, Berkeley, Stanford,Arizona, British Columbia, and Alberta. He was the recipient of the 2003-04 Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity Award. Through hisexemplary scholarship, he serves as a model of the teacher-scholar tostudents and faculty. His public lectures include the 2005 InternationalCo􀃠􎁥ee Hour presentation on the sacred role of poetry in Aztec culture,and his articles include his recent publication on the canonical Mexicancoming-of-age novel, Las batallas en el desierto William Bommer , professor of Management, receives the Research,Scholarship and Creative Ac complishments Award. He has been at FresnoState since 2008. Bommer uses his research on a regular basis in theclassroom. His research spans a number of topics in the 􀃕􍕥eld of manage -ment and applied psychology. Two primary areas of research for which heis known internationally are the areas of transformational leadership andorganizational citizenship. Widely published, his research is impressive.His work is commonly cited in college texts and is regularly assigned indoctoral-level seminars. In the past two years, he has been the principalinvestigator on three di􀃠􎀠 erent external grants. These grants have totaledmore than $600,000. His work has been used for doctoral training in the􀃕􍕥elds of management, psychology, marketing, education, andmanagement information systems. He also served as the outside experton two di􀃠􎁥erent dissertation committees in Australia. Bryan Berrett , associate professor of Communicative Disorders and DeafStudies, receives the Technology in Education Award. He has been atFresno State since 1998. In 2010, he was one of four CSU faculty to beawarded Sony's multimedia award. Berrett has demonstratedtremendous leadership in the use of technology at Fresno State,particularly in the development of online classes. He has established a10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 4/6 remarkable track record of innovative and practical uses of technol ogy.For example, over the last several years, he has been the recipient ofmultiple Digital Campus grants to convert traditional classes into onlinecourse o􀃠􎁥erings. He coordinates the sign language interpreting program,which now has approximately 30 percent of its coursework o􀃠􎁥ered online.He also has integrated the use of audio and visual multimedia into theAmerican Sign Language computer lab. Most recently, Berrett has beenthe department's leader in converting the education graduate programinto an 80 percent online 20 percent face-to-face format. Promising New Faculty Awards 2011-2012 Juan-Carlos Gonzalez , assistant professor of Educational Research andAdministration, has been at Fresno State since 2009. A skilled professorand scholar, he has fully engaged in service to the university and thecommunity. He serves on multiple editorial boards for peer-reviewedjournals and as a proposal reviewer on a national level. He has beenactive in accreditation activities, chaired the International Committee, andorganized a faculty study trip to Costa Rica. Gonzalez has mentored aMcNair Scholar and worked with the Central California Children's Instituteon research projects. He is an enthusiastic participant in the life of theKremen School and the university as a whole. In addition to his regularcourses, he has taught classes in qualitative research methods and criticalrace theory in education. He has already published four articles andpresented at 23 conferences in the United States. He has also presentedin China and in Mexico. Gonzalez has received numerous awards andhonors, including the Dandoyd Research Award for spring 2012. Elizabeth Payne , assistant professor of Theatre Arts, has been at FresnoState since 2008. A highly tal ented designer, she continues to workprofessionally in theatre in New York and in television, where she hasconsulted on the Conan O'Brien Show. She brings to Fresno State herconsiderable skills in design, teaching, mentorship, and communityoutreach. She is a demanding teacher who has transformed the existingcostume design and technology courses and created new ones, such asCostume History and Design Focus on Film. Seamlessly integrating socialand political issues into her discussion of fashion, she demonstrates tostudents why broad cultural knowledge is crucial to successful designwork. Her classes bring together academics and practical, skill-basedtraining. Payne has also been proactive in generating grants, including aFresno State Enhancing Student Information Literacy Grant, which sheintegrated into her Costume History class. In the area of mentorship, shehas had considerable impact — her door is open to all. She is the recipientof the 2012 Fresno County Board of Education Artist in Residence Grant.10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 5/6 By llarson | May 1st, 2012 | Categories: PRESS RELEASES | 3 Comments SHARE THIS STORY, CHOOSE YOUR PLATFORM!     RELATED POSTS Jason Bush , assistant professor of Biology, has been at Fresno State since2006. Bush has enriched the university environment through his serviceand demonstrated excellence and leadership within the Biol ogyDepartment, the College of Science and Mathematics, and the university,with service on the Cur riculum Committee and the Graduate ScholarshipCommittee. Bush is one of the leading researchers in cancer andproteomic research. He has made 31 presentations since his arrival.Through Dr. Bush's 20 national collaborations, he has been able to extendFresno State resources to develop a broader and resource-richenvironment for his students. He has received $1.5 million in nationalgrants from 􀃕􍕶ve externally funded proposals, including NIH, AmericanCancer Society, Keep-A-Breast Foundation, Susan G. Komen for the Cure,and CSUPERB. Bush was also a co-principal investigator in the $4.5 millionRIMI grant for the development of a research facility in the Central Valley.In addition to ex ternal funding, he has augmented his research with$120,000 in internal grants. He is a consultant and grant reviewer for theSusan G. Komen for the Cure, as well as an active member of theUniversity of California, San Francisco-Fresno Research Group. Youngwook Kim , assistant professor of Electrical and ComputerEngineering, has been at Fresno State since 2008, demonstrating hisdedication to high quality teaching, research and creative activities, andstudent involvement in his research. He has taught a wide repertoire ofundergraduate and graduate courses focusing primarily on highfrequency electronics. Through online methodology, he provides studentswith the opportunity to learn at their own pace. Kim's research focuses onelectromagnetics and the application of Doppler and ultra-wide bandradar systems to human detection applications, such as security,surveillance operations, and search-and-rescue missions. While at FresnoState, he has published several journal papers and six conference papers.His research totals $167,659 in external funding. Currently, Kim ispreparing a proposal on data fusion and target sensing models in wirelesssensor network environments. He is also serving as a grant developmentchair for the Untenured Faculty Organization and is a member of theProfessional Development Committee, the Honors Committee, and theResearch and Grant Review Committee within the Lyles College ofEngineering.10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 6/6 SAÚL JIMÉNEZ-SANDOVALAPPOINTEDINTERIM PRESIDENTOF FRESNO STATE October 28th, 2020 | 0Comments TRANSPORTATIONINSTITUTE RELEASESPROMISINGFINDINGS OFCOVID-19 PUBLICTRANSIT STUDY October 28th, 2020 | 0Comments NURSING MUNIT CONTFREE HEALSERVICES OWEST FRES October 27th, Comments Fresno State News Hub isthe primary source ofinformation about currentevents a􀃠􎁥ecting CaliforniaState University, Fresno, itsstudents, faculty and sta􀃠􎀻;providing an archive ofnews articles, videos andphotos, as well as links tomajor resources on campusas a service to theuniversity community. 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The Indonesian Revolution was Hamengku Buwono's finest hour, so much so that the rest of his career, despite its distinction, looks almost like an anticlimax. His central conviction, that the time of colonialism was over, seemed to guide all his actions during 1949, and he was prepared to take great personal and political risks to justify it. He was playing for high stakes, because the Dutch had exiled some of his ancestors and seriously considered doing the same to him. His judgement that, when it came to the point, they would not dare to do so, proved correct, but it may have been a narrow escape. One of the aims of this study is to discern Hamengku Buwono's system of beliefs, and indeed what he stood for in his career. Since he rarely made any statements of ideology, we have to judge largely from his actions, of which there were many in the Revolution period. The first obvious - indeed self-evident - feature is a sturdy and obdurate anti-colonial nationalism. Despite the beliefs or hopes of the Dutch that Hamengku Buwono might favour the stability, comfort, and privileges which they had afforded him during their rule, the evidence for this is faint indeed. Far more compelling is the evidence for his belief that the colonial era was past, that it was time for Indonesians to take responsibility for their own future, and that he could and should assist the process. This involved committing all his prestige, status, and political flair on the side of the Republic. But there was a limit to his radicalism. His conflict with Amir Sjarifuddin in late 1947, if the Dutch intelligence reports are to be believed, and - more substantively - his strong support of the Republican leadership in the Madiun affair demonstrated his lack of sympathy for extreme social revolution, and his identification with the moderate nationalist viewpoint. In maintaining links with such varied leaders as Soekarno, Hatta, Sudirman, Nasution and Sjahrir, he seemed to aspire to a middle-of-the-road stance. Closely allied with this was an unbending conviction that the Indonesian people were firmly behind the Republic and that nothing the Dutch or others could do would alter this. He had extensive evidence of the popularity both of the Republic itself and its leaders, and of his own personal popularity. Public enthusiasm was evident in a string of meetings and public events, the patriotism with which the youth had flocked to join the militia in 1945, and the extent to which all social groups in Yogyakarta accepted his leadership. But he was realistic enough to know that others, especially Soekarno, commanded a wider and perhaps deeper allegiance among the Indonesian people as a whole in this period. His anti-colonialism was subject to at least one further qualification. As Dutch intelligence had already discerned, Hamengku Buwono was pragmatically aware that Indonesia needed foreign expertise and investment in all fields, including defence and security. It followed from this that, although he had struggled determinedly against the Dutch during the Revolution, later as a Minister of Defence in an independent Indonesia he was quite prepared to accept the Netherlands Military Mission in Jakarta, because he was well aware of the deficiencies of the armed forces in many fields. It would become evident later that the anti-foreigner feeling which motivated many Indonesian nationalists found little resonance with him. This pragmatism, influenced no doubt by his knowledge of Europe, was reflected in his speech at the transfer of sovereignty when he said, 'we gladly accept the assistance of other nations, particularly that of the Dutch, which are skilled and experienced and imbued with the sincere wish to help our people'. Although outside the scope of this article, a further feature of his world-view was a commitment to more democratic, representational forms of government, mixed in practice with a pragmatic employment of available tools of power. His efforts during 1946-1948 confirm a leaning towards progressive and more democratic political and social forms. His commitment to democracy was not unqualified, His statements during the Revolution contain as many references to the need for unity as to democracy, and it was unclear at this stage what he would do if faced with a choice between the two. Calls for the abandonment of selfish sectional interests, such as he had made in 1949, can easily become an impatience with minority rights, The difficulty presented by the many calls for unity in this period and since, was how to answer the question 'unity on whose terms?' It would become clear much later that for Hamengku Buwono, unity on Soekarno's terms became unacceptable. And what of the power typology? As mentioned above, for most of his career, especially in the 1950s and 1960s, he seemed to fit the 'administrator' profile, but in 1949 his power - restricted though it was to the Yogyakarta area - had many of the characteristics of traditional forms of power. There is a feudal air about the compliance by the Yogyakarta officials and populace with his directives, and the respect afforded him even by the military. This was probably the period in his career when his power most closely resembled the traditional kind. Finally, what was his net contribution to the independence struggle in 1949? Nearly every commentator agrees that it was important, and some even argue that it was essential. Some Indonesian contributors to Tahta untuk rakyat asked what would have happened to the Republic without Hamengku Buwono in 1949 (Roem 1982:133; Natsir 1982:197), with the implication that the Republic's temporary defeat might have become a complete one without Hamengku Buwono's intervention. Counterfactual history is notoriously difficult to handle, and some historians dismiss it as useless speculation; historians cannot behave like scientists in a laboratory conducting an experiment with one set of ingredients, then mixing the batch anew and repeating it with one or two ingredients omitted. But the temptation is great to indulge briefly in counterfactual history. In this case, the proposition that the Republic would not have survived in 1949 without Hamengku Buwono seems hard to justify. Such judgements are essentially impressionistic, but the desire for independence appears to have been too innately powerful in Java and Sumatra for the Dutch attack to succeed, even if Hamengku Buwono's determined and subtle resistance had been absent. The Republic did not ultimately depend on the efforts and standing of any one individual, whether Soekarno, Hatta, Sudirman, or Tan Malaka. A whole host of factors came into play in 1949, including the strong international reaction against the Dutch, the large number of guerrilla fighters - commanded by a range of more or less capable leaders - who were able to keep the countryside in a constant state of uproar, and the discovery by the Dutch that their resources were insufficient to pacify the country. Having said that, we could still reasonably argue that without Hamengku Buwono the Republic's task would have been considerably more difficult in 1949; that his strategy was a unique asset for the Republic; that his exploitation of the various factors involved - such as his own status and Dutch respect for it, his continuing feudal power and links with the various local power apparatuses, the favourable popular feeling for him and for the Republic, his financial support for the Republic at crucial times, the international power equation - was masterly; and that without him the process of restoring the Republican leaders to Yogyakarta and securing the ultimate ceasefire and transfer of sovereignty would have been considerably more complex and time-consuming. Whether or not he (or anyone else) was indispensable, it is hard to see how he could have performed better.